People v. Gutierrez

Filed 3/2/16

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION SIX

THE PEOPLE, 2d Crim. No. B264167
(Super. Ct. No. LA075268,
Plaintiff and Respondent, also listed as 2014024993)
(Ventura County)
v.

ORLANDO GUTIERREZ,

Defendant and Appellant.

Orlando Gutierrez was subject to postrelease community supervision
(PRCS) when he was arrested for being under the influence of a controlled
substance and tested positive for methamphetamine. Appellant had an informal
probable cause hearing before a probation officer three days after his arrest. His
first court appearance occurred 23 days later. Twenty-six days after his arrest,
while he was still in custody, the trial court heard both appellant's motion to dismiss
a petition for revocation of PRCS and the petition itself. It denied the motion to
dismiss, found appellant in violation of PRCS, ordered him to serve 60 days in
county jail, and granted him 52 days credit. Appellant contends the trial court erred
because the PRCS revocation process violates his rights to due process and equal
protection, and the requirements of Proposition 36. We remand the matter for a
determination of whether appellant qualifies for treatment under Proposition 36. In
all other respects, we affirm.
 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On November 11, 2013, appellant was convicted of unlawful possession of a
firearm. (Pen. Code,1 § 29800, subd. (a)(l)), and sentenced to two years in prison.
On September 14, 2014, he was released from prison and placed on PRCS, under
the supervision of the Ventura County Probation Agency. The conditions of his
release required, among other things, that appellant consent to drug testing, refrain
from using controlled substances, and refrain from engaging in conduct prohibited
by law.
On February 14, 2015, Oxnard Police Department officers arrested
appellant for being under the influence of a controlled substance and he tested
positive for methamphetamine. On February 17, a senior deputy probation officer
conducted an administrative probable cause proceeding. The probation officer met
with appellant, who acknowledged he had read and received written notice of
alleged violations of the terms of his PRCS, and that he had a right to speak on his
behalf and present letters and documents at the administrative probable cause
hearing. Appellant denied he committed the February 14 offense, and claimed there
was a conspiracy by the Oxnard Police Department to keep him in custody. He
declined probation's recommended offer to return him to PRCS supervision if he
would admit the alleged violations of PRCS and serve 120 days in jail. The
probation officer determined there was probable cause that appellant violated the
terms of his PRCS by using a controlled substance.
On February 23, 2015, probation filed a petition for revocation of
PRCS pursuant to section 3455, with a March 12, superior court revocation hearing
date. The petition attached the probation officer's report describing the terms and
conditions of supervision and the circumstances of the violations, with supporting
documents.

1
All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.

2
 On March 12, appellant filed a request to dismiss the revocation
petition. In his written request and during proceedings on that date, he argued the
revocation process violated his due process, and cited Williams v. Superior Court
(2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 636 (Williams). The trial court ruled that Williams, a
parole revocation case, had no application to PRCS. It found that probation had
conducted a probable cause hearing consistent with Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) 408
U.S. 471 (Morrissey) standards on February 17 and denied appellant's dismissal
request.
Counsel for appellant argued he was entitled to treatment rather than a
custodial sanction for a nonviolent drug offense. Counsel did not indicate whether
appellant was already on Proposition 36 probation.2 Appellant submitted the matter
on the allegations in the petition. The trial court found him in violation of PRCS,
ordered him to serve 60 days in jail, and granted him 52 days of credit (including
actual custody and conduct credits).
PRCS Act
The PRCS was created by the Legislature in 2011 as an alternative to
parole for non-serious, nonviolent felons. It is similar, but not identical to parole.
A felon who qualifies for PRCS may be subject to supervision for up to three years
after his or her release from prison. (§ 3451, subd. (a).) This supervision is
conducted by a county agency, such as the Ventura County Probation Agency,
rather than by the state Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (Ibid.;
People v. Isaac (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 143, 145.) The supervised person may be
subject to various sanctions for violating the conditions of his or her PRCS,
including incarceration in the county jail, but may not be returned to state prison for

2
One document submitted with the revocation petition contains an incomplete
reference which suggests appellant pled guilty to a November 17, 2014 violation of
Health and Safety Code section 11377, subdivision (a), and was placed on
Proposition 36 probation for 36 months.

3
PRCS violations. (§ 3458; see also People v. Espinoza (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th
635, 639.)
Some PRCS conditions are mandated by statute. (§ 3453.) The
county supervising agency also has authority to "determine additional appropriate
conditions of supervision . . ., order the provision of appropriate rehabilitation and
treatment services, determine appropriate incentives, and determine and order
appropriate responses to alleged violations, which can include, but shall not be
limited to, immediate, structured, and intermediate sanctions up to and including . . .
flash incarceration in a city or county jail." (§ 3454, subd. (b).)
A parolee alleged to have violated the terms of his or her release is
arrested and brought before the court. (§ 1203.2, subd. (a)(5); § 3000.08, subd. (c).)
By contrast, a person subject to PRCS is arrested and brought before the supervising
county agency, if their supervising officer, or any peace officer, has probable cause
to believe the person has violated the conditions of his or her PRCS. (§ 3455, subd.
(b)(1).)3 The supervising county agency has authority to return the person to PRCS
with modified conditions, including a period of incarceration in county jail, if it
determines a violation has occurred. (Id. at subd. (a)(1).)
If the supervising agency determines that intermediate sanctions are
not appropriate, the agency shall petition the court pursuant to section 1203.2 to
revoke, modify, or terminate PRCS. (§ 3455, subd. (a).) The petition must include
a written report from the supervising agency that explains "the relevant terms and
conditions of [PRCS], the circumstances of the alleged underlying violation, the
history and background of the violator, and any recommendations." (Ibid.; Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 4.541 (c).)

3
Section 3455 is unconstitutional to the extent that it amends the treatment of
nonviolent drug possession offenders and permits their incarceration under
circumstances prohibited by Proposition 36 and section 3063.1. (People v.
Armogeda (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 428, 435-436.)

4
 The supervised person is entitled to notice of a petition for revocation
of his or her PRCS. (§ 1203.2, subd. (b)(l).) Thereafter, the person may waive a
formal hearing and agree to modifications of his or her PRCS conditions.
Otherwise, the court holds a formal hearing at which the supervised person is
entitled to representation by retained or appointed counsel. (Id. at subd. (b)(2).)
This hearing shall be held within a reasonable time after the filing of the revocation
petition. (§ 3455, subd. (c).)
The supervising agency may order the supervised person to remain in
custody, if the agency determines, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the
person poses a public safety or flight risk, or for any reason in the interests of
justice. (§ 3455, subd. (c).)
At the revocation hearing, the trial court is required to review and
consider the probation officer's report. After considering that report, the court
determines whether the alleged violations occurred and if so, whether to revoke or
terminate the person's PRCS. (§ 1203.2, subd. (b)(l).)
DISCUSSION
Appellant contends the process used to revoke his PRCS violated his
right to due process because he was not promptly arraigned or given a probable
cause hearing before a neutral decision maker, as required by Morrissey. Because
the process afforded persons subject to PRCS differs from that afforded to parolees,
appellant further argues the PRCS revocation process violates his right to equal
protection. Finally, appellant argues the revocation process violates Proposition 36
because it permits a nonviolent drug possession offender to be incarcerated rather
than referred to treatment. (§ 3063.1, subd. (d).)
Due Process
Morrissey held that the requirements of due process apply to parole
revocation proceedings. (Morrissey, supra, 408 U.S. 471 at p. 481.) The minimum
requirements of due process to which each parolee is entitled include "(a) written
notice of the claimed violations of parole; (b) disclosure to the parolee of evidence

5
against him; (c) opportunity to be heard in person and to present witnesses and
documentary evidence; (d) the right to confront and cross-examine adverse
witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically finds good cause for not allowing
confrontation); (e) a 'neutral and detached' hearing body such as a traditional parole
board, members of which need not be judicial officers or lawyers; and (f) a written
statement by the fact finders as to the evidence relied on and reasons for revoking
parole." (Id. at p. 489.)
In People v. Vickers (1972) 8 Cal.3d 451, our Supreme Court held that
probation revocation proceedings need not be identical to parole revocation
procedures, so long as equivalent safeguards are in place to assure that a probationer
is not arbitrarily deprived of his or her liberty for a significant period of time. (Id.
at p. 458.) "Once taken into custody . . . due process requires that [the probationer]
be accorded both preliminary and formal hearings which conform to Morrissey
standards." (Id. at p. 460.) The probationer is also entitled to representation "by
retained or appointed counsel at all revocation proceedings other than at summary
proceedings had while the probationer remains at liberty after absconding." (Id. at
p. 461.)
In parole revocation proceedings, "due process requires that after the
arrest, the determination that reasonable ground exists for revocation of parole
should be made by someone not directly involved in the case." (Morrissey, supra,
408 U.S. at p. 485.) This determination need not be made by a judicial officer but
may, for example, be made by a parole officer other than the one who initiated the
revocation process. (Id. at p. 486.) By contrast, "a unitary hearing will usually
suffice in probation revocation cases to serve the purposes of the separate
preliminary and formal revocation hearings outlined in Morrissey." (People v.
Coleman (1975) 13 Cal.3d 867, 894-895.)
Appellant contends he was deprived of due process because he was
not arraigned before a court within 10 days of his arrest, and did not receive a
Morrissey-compliant probable cause hearing within 15 days of his arrest. The

6
petition for revocation and the accompanying report indicate that three days after
appellant's arrest and six days before the revocation petition was filed, a probation
officer met with appellant to discuss his alleged violation and the recommendation
that he serve 120 days in jail. Appellant availed himself of the opportunity to speak
at the hearing, denied the February 14 offense, declined the recommended sanction,
refused to waive his right to a section 3455 revocation hearing, and requested the
appointment of counsel.
Morrissey requires only an informal hearing to determine whether
reasonable grounds exist for the revocation of PRCS, conducted by "someone not
directly involved in the case." (Morrissey, supra, 408 U.S. at p. 485; see also
People v. Coleman, supra, 13 Cal.3d at pp. 894-895 ["a unitary hearing will usually
suffice in probation revocation cases"].) These standards were satisfied here. The
record does not suggest that the probation officer who conducted the probable cause
hearing was involved in appellant's arrest.
Williams, supra, 230 Cal.App.4th 636, the case on which appellant
relies, is distinguishable because it involved the revocation of parole, not PRCS.
Williams held that a parolee who remains in custody pending a formal revocation
hearing has a due process right to an in-court arraignment within 10 days of arrest, a
probable cause hearing within 15 days after the arrest, and a revocation hearing
within 45 after arrest. (Id. at p. 665.) It did not consider whether due process
requires the same time limits be observed in a PRCS revocation proceeding.
As we have noted, parole and PRCS, while similar in some respects,
remain two separate forms of supervision. (People v. Espinoza, supra, 226
Cal.App.4th at p. 639.) One significant difference between the two systems appears
in the beginning stage of each process. After a person subject to PRCS is arrested
for an alleged violation of his or her PRCS terms, that person is first brought before
the supervising agency, which determines whether probable cause supports the
alleged PRCS violations. (§ 3455, subd. (b)(l).) A parolee arrested for violating the

7
terms of his or her parole is initially brought before the court. (§ 3000.08, subd.
(c).)
The Williams court was concerned that a parolee not be held in
custody indefinitely before that initial court hearing. It imposed the 10-day
arraignment requirement to insure that parolees would be held in custody for no
longer than the statutory flash incarceration period (§ 3000.08, subd. (e)), without
appearing in court. (Williams, supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at p. 663.) This same
concern does not apply in PRCS revocation proceedings because the first step in
that process is a Morrissey-compliant informal hearing before the supervising
agency.
Equal Protection
Appellant argues his equal protection rights were violated because the
procedure used to revoke his PRCS differs from that applied to a parole revocation.
Although appellant did not expressly raise an equal protection claim in his motion
to dismiss the revocation petition, he did argue that his PRCS revocation should be
subject to the procedures mandated by Williams, supra, 230 Cal.App.4th 636,
because PRCS and parole are nearly identical systems of supervision. The trial
court considered and rejected this argument. We will exercise our discretion to
address this constitutional issue. (In re Spencer S. (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 1315,
1323.) "[A] threshold requirement of any meritorious equal protection claim 'is a
showing that the state has adopted a classification that affects two or more similarly
situated groups in an unequal manner. [Citation.]' (In re Eric J. [(1979)] 25 Cal.3d
[522, 530].) 'This initial inquiry is not whether persons are similarly situated for all
purposes, but "whether they are similarly situated for purposes of the law
challenged." [Citation.] (Cooley v. Superior Court (2002) 29 Cal.4th 228,
253. . . .)" (People v. Guzman (2005) 35 Ca1.4th 577, 591-592.) In addition,
reasonable classifications drawn between similarly situated persons do not violate
equal protection "provided the classifications are made with a legitimate goal to be

8
accomplished." (People v. Mora (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1477, 1483.) Appellant
has not shown that he is similarly situated to a current parolee.
First, parole is reserved for those who have committed serious or
violent felonies, are high-risk sex offenders or are mentally disordered. (§ 3451,
subd. (b).) Those who have committed non-serious, nonviolent felonies are subject
to PRCS. (§ 3450, subd. (b)(l).) Distinguishing between these two classes of
offenders does not violate equal protection because persons convicted of different
crimes are not similarly situated for equal protection purposes. (People v. Barrera
(1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 1555, 1565.) The Legislature could reasonably distinguish
between these two groups and rationally conclude that serious or violent felons
should be supervised under more formal procedures than those applied to other
felons: (People v. Wilkinson (2004) 33 Cal.4th 821, 838.)
Proposition 36
After finding that appellant's February 14, 2015 positive drug test
violated the terms of his PRCS, the trial court ordered appellant to serve 60 days in
county jail. Appellant contends this order violated Proposition 36 because he was
not first referred to treatment for a non-violent drug possession (NVDP) offense.
Respondent correctly concedes the issue.
Proposition 36 mandates that, as a general rule, a person who commits
a NVDP offense should be referred to drug treatment rather than to jail. (§ 1210.1;
Gardner v. Schwarzenegger (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 1366, 1369-1371.) Section
3063.1, enacted as part of Proposition 36, requires drug treatment rather than
incarceration for most parolees who violate their parole by committing a NVDP
offense. Parole may be revoked for a first-time NVDP offense only where the
parolee poses a danger to the safety of others. (§ 3063.1, subds. (a), (d)(1).)
Section 3455, applicable to PRCS, contains no such limitations; it authorizes
revocation of PRCS and incarceration for up to 180 days for any violation of
supervision conditions, including an NVDP offense.

9
 Respondent concedes section 3455 may not be applied in a manner
that is inconsistent with the treatment requirements of Proposition 36. Thus, if
appellant is otherwise eligible for treatment under Proposition 36, the trial court
erred when it ordered him to serve 60 days in jail rather than to participate in drug
treatment. Accordingly, we will remand the matter to the trial court for a finding on
that issue. (People v. Armogeda (2015) 233 Cal.App.4t 428.)
DISPOSITION
The trial court's order revoking appellant's PRCS did not violate his
rights to due process or equal protection. However, the court erred when it imposed
a jail term without first determining whether appellant qualifies for drug treatment
under Proposition 36. We remand the matter for a finding on that issue. In all other
respects, the order granting the petition for revocation of community supervision is
affirmed.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION.

PERREN, J.

We concur:

GILBERT, P. J.

YEGAN, J.

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 Donald D. Coleman, Judge
Superior Court County of Ventura
____________________________

Stephen P. Lipson, Public Defender, Michael C. McMahon, Chief Deputy
Public Defender, William Quest, Senior Deputy Public Defender, for Defendant and
Appellant
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Chung L. Mar,
Michael C. Keller, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.