IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
January 2016 Term
_______________ FILED
March 8, 2016
No. 14-1310 released at 3:00 p.m.
RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
_______________ SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,
Plaintiff Below, Respondent
v.
FRANK S.,
Defendant Below, Petitioner.
____________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Monongalia County
The Honorable Phillip D. Gaujot, Judge
Criminal Action No. 14-F-215
AFFIRMED
____________________________________________________________
Submitted: February 24, 2016
Filed: March 8, 2016
J. Tyler Slavey, Esq. Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
Brewer & Giggenbach, PLLC Attorney General
Morgantown, West Virginia Shannon Frederick Kiser, Esq.
Counsel for the Petitioner Assistant Attorney General
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for the Respondent
CHIEF JUSTICE KETCHUM delivered the Opinion of the Court.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. “A defendant is not entitled to relief from prejudicial joinder
pursuant to Rule 14 of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure when evidence of
each of the crimes charged would be admissible in a separate trial for the other.” Syl. Pt.
2, State v. Milburn, 204 W.Va. 203, 522 S.E.2d 828 (1998).
2. “Any substantial amendment, direct or indirect, of an indictment
must be resubmitted to the grand jury. An ‘amendment of form’ which does not require
resubmission of an indictment to the grand jury occurs when the defendant is not misled
in any sense, is not subjected to any added burden of proof, and is not otherwise
prejudiced.” Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Adams, 193 W.Va. 277, 456 S.E.2d 4 (1995).
3. “The judge and jury share responsibility for the ultimate
determination of territorial jurisdiction in a criminal case involving controverted
jurisdictional facts. The court must first determine as a matter of law whether the
elemental act or consequence at the heart of the disputed evidence would be sufficient to
establish jurisdiction if it occurred within the State. If sufficiency is found by the court,
the matter is submitted to the jury for determination of whether the evidence
demonstrates beyond a reasonable doubt that the act or consequence at issue actually
occurred within the borders of the State.” Syl. Pt. 4, State v. Dennis, 216 W.Va. 331, 607
S.E.2d 437 (2004).
i
Chief Justice Ketchum:
The Petitioner and Defendant below, Frank S., appeals the September 19,
2014, jury verdict of the Circuit Court of Monongalia County finding him guilty of nine
counts of rape, three counts of incest, and eight counts of sodomy.1 These twenty charges
pertained to four girls, his two daughters and two step-daughters. In November of 2014,
the circuit court sentenced him on each of the charges.
Petitioner asserts the circuit court erred in four ways: (1) denying his pre
trial motion to sever the charges against him; (2) allowing the State to amend the
indictment as to the years in which his alleged conduct occurred; (3) sentencing him on
charges he believes could not have occurred in West Virginia; and (4) denying his motion
for acquittal based on insufficient evidence.
Upon review, we find no reversible error. The circuit court acted within its
discretion when it denied Petitioner’s motion to sever the charges against him and
allowed the State to amend the indictment. Furthermore, there was sufficient evidence to
support the jury’s finding that, beyond a reasonable doubt, Petitioner committed all the
alleged acts in West Virginia. Finally, sufficient evidence supported Petitioner’s
September 19, 2014, jury conviction. For these reasons, we affirm.
1
Because the victims are related to Petitioner, we refer to him by his last
name initial. State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W.Va. 641, 645 n.1, 398 S.E.2d 123, 127
n.1 (1990).
1
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Petitioner is accused of sexually abusing his two daughters (L.S. and S.S.)
and his two step-daughters (L.W. and R.W.) while they were children.2 L.S., S.S., L.W.,
and R.W. are now adults. Even though they live in different states and have not kept
contact with each other since they were children, they all provided similar testimony at
Petitioner’s trial. Petitioner’s two ex-wives, the mother of L.S. and S.S. and the mother
of L.W. and R.W., corroborated their testimony at trial.3
Although the exact date is unclear, in 1968 or 1969, Petitioner and his
family moved from Virginia to Morgantown, West Virginia. By then, he had divorced
L.S. and S.S.’s mother and was married to L.W. and R.W.’s mother. L.S., L.W., and
R.W. lived with Petitioner in Morgantown. For most of the relevant time period, S.S.
lived in Florida with her mother.
2
L.S., S.S., L.W., and R.W. testified the sexual abuse occurred between
1965 and 1975. Consistent with our practice in sensitive cases, we refer to the victims by
their initials. In December 2012, after staying silent for forty to fifty years, L.S.
contacted the Monongalia County Sheriff’s Department to report Petitioner’s sexual
abuse of her and her sisters. The Sheriff’s Department arrested Petitioner the following
month, January 2013, and a grand jury indicted him in May 2013. After May 2013, both
the State and Petitioner moved for continuances, and Petitioner stood trial in September
2014. Petitioner does not argue his constitutional rights were violated by the forty to fifty
year time-gap between his alleged actions and the charges filed against him.
Furthermore, West Virginia does not have a statute of limitations for Petitioner’s
purported crimes.
3
The State also produced testimony from L.S.’s psychotherapist and her
best friend. Both of these witnesses testified L.S. told them about the sexual abuse long
before Petitioner’s arrest.
2
L.S., L.W., and R.W. (the girls who lived with Petitioner in Morgantown)
provided virtually the same testimony about how Petitioner sexually abused them. They
testified the sexual abuse started when they were six or seven and continued until their
early teen years. They claimed Petitioner would single out one of the girls and then tell
the others to go play outside or accompany their mother on errands. When he had his
victim alone, he would force her to have oral or vaginal intercourse with him, using
Vaseline or saliva as lubricant. This sexual abuse usually took place in Petitioner’s
bedroom or in one of the bathrooms. Thereafter, Petitioner would instruct his victim to
use mouthwash and/or a douche and threaten them not to tell anyone what happened.
S.S. testified she stayed with the family for a brief time in Morgantown but
soon moved to Florida to be with her mother. She claims Petitioner raped her about five
or six times in a manner consistent with that described by L.S., L.W., and R.W.
Specifically, she testified Petitioner would get her alone, vaginally and orally rape her,
and then make her use mouthwash afterwards. Finally, S.S. stated that when she returned
from Morgantown, she told her mother what Petitioner did to her. S.S.’s mother did not
report these allegations to the police.
S.S.’s mother confirmed she was told about the sexual abuse upon S.S.’s
return from Morgantown. However, she did not explain why she did not alert the police
even though L.S., her other daughter, still lived in Petitioner’s house. Likewise,
Petitioner’s second wife (the mother of L.W. and R.W.) testified she also knew Petitioner
was having sex with the children. Specifically, she testified she noticed several missing
condoms and suspicious stains in the girls’ underwear. She also stated she would
3
sometimes see L.S.’s red hair in Petitioner’s bed. According to L.S. and R.W.,
Petitioner’s second wife confronted them about whether they were sleeping with
Petitioner. However, Petitioner’s second wife did not explain why she failed to report her
suspicions to the police.
At trial, Petitioner was charged by a twenty-count indictment, which
included nine counts of rape, three counts of incest, and eight counts of sodomy. Counts
one through nine pertained to L.S., Counts ten and eleven pertained to S.S., Counts
twelve through seventeen pertained to L.W., and Counts eighteen through twenty
pertained to R.W. Petitioner denied all the accusations against him and theorized that his
accusers might be motivated by the sale of his house and the proceeds therefrom. On
September 19, 2014, the jury found him guilty on all charges. Accordingly, the circuit
court sentenced him on all charges in November 2014. He now appeals his conviction to
this Court.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Petitioner raises four assignments of error involving differing standards of
review. Accordingly, we discuss each applicable standard of review within our analysis
regarding the assigned error.
4
III.
ANALYSIS
In Petitioner’s four assignments of error, he challenges the circuit court’s
refusal to sever the charges against him; the amendment of the indictment as to when his
alleged conduct occurred; the circuit court’s territorial jurisdiction over certain charges;
and the sufficiency of the evidence against him. For reasons explained in full below, we
conclude the circuit court did not commit any reversible error.
A. Severance under West Virginia Rule of Criminal Procedure 14(a)
Before trial, Petitioner moved to sever the charges against him into four
separate trials – one for each victim. At a hearing on Petitioner’s motion, he argued that
without severance, the jury would improperly infer he was guilty based on the fact that
four victims testified against him. The State responded that if Petitioner’s motion was
granted, the crimes against L.S., S.S., L.W., and R.W. would be admissible in each
separate trial. Thus, severing the charges would result in four identical trials. The circuit
court agreed with the State and denied Petitioner’s motion to sever the charges.
Petitioner argues that even though the charges against him are “of the same
or similar character,” severance is required in this case. We have held that:
Even where joinder or consolidation of offenses is
proper under the West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure,
the trial court may order separate trials pursuant to Rule 14(a)
on the ground that such joinder or consolidation is prejudicial.
The decision to grant a motion for severance pursuant to
W.Va. R. Crim. P. 14(a) is a matter within the sound
discretion of the trial court.
5
Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Hatfield, 181 W.Va. 106, 380 S.E.2d 670 (1988) (emphasis added).
See also Syl. Pt. 6, in part, State v. Mitter, 168 W.Va. 531, 285 S.E.2d 376 (1981) (“[T]he
question of whether to grant a motion for severance rests in the sound discretion of the
trial court.”).
Still, Petitioner asserts the circuit court did not have discretion to deny his
motion to sever because joinder was prejudicial. As the defendant, he has the burden of
demonstrating this prejudice was “compelling,” “specific,” and “substantial.” 1A
CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE: CRIMINAL, § 222
(4th ed. 2015) (footnote omitted); State v. Rash, 226 W.Va. 35, 46, 697 S.E.2d 71, 82
(2010). Petitioner claims that joining these charges against him might have led the jury
to cumulate the evidence against him and convict him because he is a “bad man,” rather
than on the particular charges.
As to this type of prejudice, it is widely recognized that:
Courts have acknowledged the risk that multiple charges
in a single trial may lead a jury to infer a criminal disposition
and cumulate evidence against the accused, but rarely find the
risk sufficient to require severance. The mere claim that the
jury will infer a criminal disposition and thus make it more
difficult for the accused to make his case is not enough[.]
WRIGHT, Supra, § 222 (footnote omitted). Similarly, in rejecting a defendant’s claim that
severance was required because the jury might cumulate the evidence and assume the
defendant to be a bad person, this Court has stated: “Generally, this type of alleged
prejudice is rarely sufficient to grant relief against joinder [under West Virginia Rule of
6
Criminal Procedure 14(a)].” State v. Milburn, 204 W.Va. 203, 209, 511 S.E.2d 828, 834
(1998).
Petitioner claims that, had he been permitted to defend against L.S., S.S.,
L.W., and R.W. separately, “he would have been acquitted of all charges.” However, this
unexplained assertion, by itself, is not sufficient to overcome the circuit court’s discretion
on whether to grant severance under West Virginia Rule of Criminal Procedure 14(a).
“A claim that the defendant would have a better chance of acquittal if the counts were
tried separately is routinely rejected as a ground for separate proceedings.” WRIGHT,
Supra, § 222 (footnote omitted).
Furthermore, “A defendant is not entitled to relief from prejudicial joinder
pursuant to Rule 14 of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure when evidence of
each of the crimes charged would be admissible in a separate trial for the other.” Syl. Pt.
2, State v. Milburn, 204 W.Va. at 209, 522 S.E.2d at 834. Indeed, “if the evidence of
each of the crimes on trial would be admissible in a separate trial for the other, prejudice
to the accused would in no way be enlarged by the fact of joinder.” 1 FRANKLIN D.
CLECKLEY, HANDBOOK ON WEST VIRGINIA RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, at 708 (2d
ed. 1993). We abide by this rule because the purpose of joinder is “promotion of judicial
economy by avoidance of needless multiple trials.” Hatfield, 181 W.Va. at 110, 380
S.E.2d at 674.
Had the circuit court granted Petitioner separate trials for the offenses
against L.S., S.S., L.W., and R.W., evidence as to any one of the victims would have
been admissible in each of the four trials – resulting in four nearly identical and needless
7
trials. Here, Petitioner is accused of sexually abusing the four victims when they were
children. As we have held:
Collateral acts or crimes may be introduced in cases
involving child sexual assault or sexual abuse victims to show
the perpetrator had a lustful disposition towards the victim, a
lustful disposition towards children generally, or a lustful
disposition to specific other children provided such evidence
relates to incidents reasonably close in time to the incident(s)
giving rise to the indictment.
Syl. Pt. 2, in part, State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W.Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990).
In a similar case, State v. Rash, 226 W.Va. at 46, 697 S.E.2d at 82, we
rejected a defendant’s assertion that he was entitled to sever charges of sexual abuse as to
two children under West Virginia Rule of Criminal Procedure 14(a). Importantly, we
stated: “The circuit court noted many striking similarities between the two offenses,
including the physical characteristics of the victims, their age at the time of the offenses,
and the fact that the Appellant’s girlfriend was absent . . . when the alleged abuse
occurred.” Id. See also State v. Harris, 226 W.Va. 471, 478, 702 S.E.2d 603, 610 (2010)
(Defendant was not entitled to severance of sexual abuse charges as to multiple victims
because even if the charges were severed, it was likely that the evidence relating to each
of the sexual offenses would be admissible in a separate trial for the other.).
The charges against Petitioner pertaining to the victims are strikingly
similar. These victims are sisters and step-sisters, each of whom testified they were
abused multiple times beginning at or around the age of six, while living or staying with
Petitioner from 1965 to 1975. The victims were abused in a like manner, in the same
location of the home in Morgantown, and were threatened not to reveal the abuse. They
8
testified the abuse usually occurred when Petitioner sent his wife on errands and ordered
her to take along all the children except for one and that the one left behind would be the
one abused in the otherwise empty house. The facts pertaining to each of the victims is
even further intertwined by the fact L.S. claims to have witnessed Petitioner raping one of
the other victims. Thus, evidence pertaining to any of these four victims would have
been admissible in a separate trial as to the other three victims.
Before disposing of this ground for appeal, we note Petitioner’s argument
that the circuit court, in determining whether to grant severance under West Virginia Rule
of Criminal Procedure 14(a), was required to conduct a hearing in accordance with State
v. McGinnis, 193 W.Va. 147, 455 S.E.2d 516 (1994).4 McGinnis is limited to offers of
evidence under West Virginia Rule of Evidence 404(b), which is a prohibition against
evidence of “other offenses to prove that a party acted consistent with such prior
behavior.” 1 LOUIS J. PALMER, JR., ROBIN JEAN DAVIS, FRANKLIN D. CLECKLEY,
HANDBOOK ON EVIDENCE FOR WEST VIRGINIA LAWYERS § 404.04[1][a] at 368 (6th ed.
2015). “Traditionally, this area of the law has been called ‘misconduct not charged’ or
‘uncharged conduct.’” Id. (emphasis added).
4
In McGinnis, we outlined the procedure for determining admissibility of
extrinsic evidence under West Virginia Rule of Evidence 404(b). This procedure entails
an in camera hearing in which a circuit court must be satisfied to the preponderance of
the evidence that the defendant committed the act to be introduced and admitting
evidence of the act does not run afoul of our evidentiary rules’ prohibition on irrelevant
or unduly prejudicial evidence. See Syl. Pt. 2, McGinnis, 193 W.Va. 147, 455 S.E.2d 516
(1994).
9
While we have condoned the use of a McGinnis hearing to determine
whether to sever charges under West Virginia Rule of Criminal Procedure 14(a), we have
never extended our holding in McGinnis to require it. See Rash, 226 W.Va. at 42-43, 697
S.E.2d at 77-78; Harris, 226 W.Va. at 478, 702 S.E.2d at 610. Rather, circuit courts are
merely required to “consider in some depth a motion to grant a severance.” State v.
Ludwick, 197 W.Va. 70, 73, 475 S.E.2d 70, 73 (1996).
In considering Petitioner’s motion, the circuit court conducted a hearing in
which it entertained arguments from both the State and Petitioner on whether severance
was appropriate. The circuit court determined joinder was not prejudicial enough to
make severance necessary. Had the circuit court granted Petitioner’s motion to sever,
testimony from any one victim would have been admissible in each separate trial, thus
resulting in four virtually identical trials. Thus, we find no abuse of discretion in the
circuit court’s denial of Petitioner’s motion to sever.
B. Amendment of the Indictment
Petitioner next argues the circuit court erred by allowing the State to amend
the indictment as to the years in which his alleged conduct occurred. Previously, the
indictment set out different years for each of the victims: 1969 to 1971 pertained to L.S.,
1967 pertained to S.S., 1972 to 1974 pertained to L.W., and 1973 to 1975 pertained to
R.W. On the morning of the first day of trial, but before the trial began, the State moved
to amend the indictment to include the years “1965 to 1975” as to all charges. The State
reasoned the amendment clarified to the jury it could convict Petitioner even if his
10
alleged abuse did not occur within the more specific time-frame, e.g., if Petitioner
sexually abused S.S. in 1968 instead of 1967.
Petitioner objected to the amendment on the ground that he prepared his
defense, in part, on disproving the State’s time-line. However, he did not move for a
continuance or claim he planned to present an alibi defense. He now generally asserts the
State’s amendment of the indictment prejudiced his ability to present a defense. Thus, he
argues the amendment to the indictment was substantial, and the circuit court’s failure to
resubmit it to the grand jury was error.
As to amending an indictment, we have held:
Any substantial amendment, direct or indirect, of an
indictment must be resubmitted to the grand jury. An
“amendment of form” which does not require resubmission of
an indictment to the grand jury occurs when the defendant is
not misled in any sense, is not subjected to any added burden
of proof, and is not otherwise prejudiced.
Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Adams, 193 W.Va. 277, 456 S.E.2d 4 (1995). Likewise, “An
indictment may be amended by the circuit court [without resubmission to the grand jury],
provided the amendment is not substantial, is sufficiently definite and certain, does not
take the defendant by surprise, and any evidence the defendant had before the amendment
is equally available after the amendment.” Syl. Pt. 2, in part, Id., 193 W.Va. at 281, 456
S.E.2d at 8 (footnote omitted).
In opposing the amendment, Petitioner has the burden of demonstrating it
was prejudicial or otherwise substantial. Id., 193 W.Va. at 283, 456 S.E.2d at 10. While
the amendment’s timing so close to trial might not have been expected, he could have
11
avoided any claimed prejudice by requesting a continuance. Id., 193 W.Va. at 282, 456
S.E.2d at 9. Furthermore, Petitioner never claimed he planned to present an alibi defense
before the State amended the indictment. See State v. McIntosh, 207 W.Va. 561, 578,
534 S.E.2d 757, 774 (2000) (providing that variance between indictment and proof at trial
as to dates in which sexual abuse occurred was not prejudicial because “an alibi defense
was not attempted”). In fact, he did not present an alibi defense as to any charge.
Finally, as is apparent from the record, the amendment to the indictment did not preclude
him from presenting evidence to discredit the State’s time-line. Accordingly, Petitioner
failed to establish prejudice arising out of the indictment’s amendment.
Likewise, the amendment did not change the essence of the offenses
charged against Petitioner. As we have stated, when “time is not an essential element of
the crime and an alibi defense has not been presented, it has been held that an amendment
as to the date of the offense is not material.” State v. Larry A.H., 230 W.Va. 709, 713,
742 S.E.2d 125, 129 (2013) (quoting State v. Riffe, 191 N.C. App. 86, 661 S.E.2d 899,
905 (2008)). “[T]ime is not an element of the crime of sexual assault, [so] alleged
variances concerning when the assaults occurred did not alter the substance of the
charges against the defendant.” State v. Miller, 195 W.Va. 656, 663, 466 S.E.2d 507, 514
(1995). Without question, Petitioner’s alleged sexual abuse would have been illegal no
matter what year it occurred. Therefore, the circuit court’s amendment of the indictment
was “of form” and not substantial.
Thus, under the facts of this case, we find the circuit court did not abuse its
discretion in allowing the State to amend the indictment against Petitioner.
12
C. Territorial Jurisdiction as to S.S.
Petitioner’s next ground for appeal pertains to the charges related to S.S.
S.S. testified she stayed in West Virginia with Petitioner for only a short time before
moving to Florida with her mother.
However, Petitioner contends that, according to S.S.’s own testimony, it
would have been impossible for the charged conduct to have occurred in West Virginia.
At trial, S.S. claimed she was sexually abused when she was approximately five years
old. S.S. was born in 1961, so she would have been five in 1966. It is undisputed the
family moved from Virginia to West Virginia in 1968 or 1969.
Petitioner asserts that, assuming S.S. was accurate about how old she was,
the sexual abuse would have occurred in Virginia. Because “a crime can be prosecuted
and punished only in the state and county where the alleged offense was committed[,]”
Petitioner argues the circuit court, located in Monongalia County, West Virginia, had no
jurisdiction to as to the charges pertaining to S.S. Syl. Pt. 2, State v. McAllister, 65
W.Va. 97, 63 S.E.2d 758 (1909).
Despite S.S.’s inaccuracy as to how old she was, evidence supported her
contention that the sexual abuse occurred in Monongalia County, West Virginia. At trial,
S.S.’s mother confirmed S.S. stayed with Petitioner in West Virginia before moving to
Florida. Consistent with this testimony, S.S. was able to describe the exterior and interior
of Petitioner’s house in Monongalia County, West Virginia. She claims Petitioner
sexually abused her during this stay in Monongalia County, West Virginia.
13
When there is conflicting evidence as to the location a crime occurred, we
have held:
The judge and jury share responsibility for the ultimate
determination of territorial jurisdiction in a criminal case
involving controverted jurisdictional facts. The court must
first determine as a matter of law whether the elemental act or
consequence at the heart of the disputed evidence would be
sufficient to establish jurisdiction if it occurred within the
State. If sufficiency is found by the court, the matter is
submitted to the jury for determination of whether the
evidence demonstrates beyond a reasonable doubt that the act
or consequence at issue actually occurred within the borders
of the State.
Syl. Pt. 4, State v. Dennis, 216 W.Va. 331, 607 S.E.2d 437 (2004). In accordance with
our holding in Dennis, the circuit court instructed the jury: “In order for the jury to find
the Defendant guilty of sodomy as charged in Counts 10 and 11 of the indictment, the
State must . . . prove beyond a reasonable doubt that . . . [Petitioner], in Monongalia
County, West Virginia, . . . unlawfully, intentionally and feloniously engaged in carnal
knowledge of [S.S.]” (Emphasis added).
Therefore, the circuit court properly referred the factual question of where
the alleged acts as to S.S. occurred to the jury. In doing so, it correctly instructed the jury
that, to find Petitioner guilty, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt the crimes
occurred in Monongalia County, West Virginia. Having been properly instructed, the
jury found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Petitioner sexually abused S.S. in
Monongalia County, West Virginia. Thus, we find no reversible error in this ground for
appeal.
14
D. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his final assignment of error, Petitioner argues the evidence against him
was insufficient to support his jury conviction. He contends there was no physical
evidence he sexually abused L.S., S.S., L.W., and R.W. He also points to several minor
inconsistencies in the victims’ testimonies that are not related to the allegations of sexual
assault. Finally, he asserts the victims’ testimonies prove they would “say anything” to
convict him. Thus, he argues the circuit court erred in denying his post-trial motion for
acquittal for insufficient evidence.
In reviewing a circuit court’s denial of a motion for acquittal for
insufficient evidence, we have held:
The function of an appellate court when reviewing the
sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is
to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine
whether such evidence, if believed, is sufficient to convince a
reasonable person of the defendant’s guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. Thus, the relevant inquiry is whether, after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime proved beyond a reasonable
doubt.
Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Guthrie, 194 W.Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995). Furthermore,
A criminal defendant challenging the sufficiency of the
evidence to support a conviction takes on a heavy burden. An
appellate court must review all the evidence, whether direct
or circumstantial, in the light most favorable to the
prosecution and must credit all inferences and credibility
assessments that the jury might have drawn in favor of the
prosecution. The evidence need not be inconsistent with
every conclusion save that of guilt so long as the jury can find
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Credibility determinations
are for a jury and not an appellate court. . . . Finally, a jury
15
verdict should be set aside only when the record contains no
evidence, regardless of how it is weighed, from which the
jury could find a reasonable doubt.
Syl. Pt. 3, in part, Id., 194 W.Va. at 669, 461 S.E.2d at 175.
Petitioner failed to satisfy the heavy burden of proving the evidence was
insufficient to convict him. Each of the victims recounted the similar way Petitioner
abused each of them when they were young girls, including how he was able to get each
of them alone, used saliva and Vaseline as lubricant before he abused them, instructed
them to use mouthwash afterwards, and threatened them in order to keep them from
telling anyone. Petitioner’s ex-wives, the mother of L.S. and S.S. and the mother of L.W.
and R.W., both admitted to knowing about the sexual abuse but failing to report it to the
police. Additional evidence supporting Petitioner’s conviction included the testimony of
L.S.’s psychotherapist and her best friend, both stating L.S. told them about Petitioner
abusing her long before she reported it to the police.
Upon review of the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
and crediting all inferences and credibility assessments the jury might have drawn in the
State’s favor, we find the evidence was sufficient to support Petitioner’s conviction.
Thus, the jury’s finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt cannot be disturbed.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Upon review of the record, we find no reversible error by the circuit court.
The circuit court acted within its discretion when it denied Petitioner’s motion to sever
16
the charges against him and allowed the State to amend the indictment. Furthermore,
there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that, beyond a reasonable
doubt, Petitioner committed all the alleged acts in West Virginia. Finally, sufficient
evidence supported Petitioner’s September 19, 2014, jury conviction.
Affirmed.
17