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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 32,886
5 BILLY BACA,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
8 Kenneth H. Martinez, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
10 Paula E. Ganz, Assistant Attorney General
11 Santa Fe, NM
12 for Appellee
13 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender
14 J.K. Theodosia Johnson, Assistant Appellate Defender
15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION
18 VIGIL, Chief Judge.
1 {1} Defendant appeals from multiple convictions of criminal sexual penetration
2 (CSP), false imprisonment, and contributing to the delinquency of a minor. This is a
3 memorandum opinion, and because the parties are familiar with the facts and
4 procedural history of the case, it is unnecessary for us to repeat them here, except as
5 required for our analysis.
6 DISCUSSION
7 {2} Defendant raises three issues on appeal: (1) denial of his motion to suppress;
8 (2) whether multiple convictions for CSP and one conviction for false imprisonment
9 violate double jeopardy; and (3) whether evidence of Victim’s past conduct was
10 improperly excluded. We vacate four convictions of CSP and one count of false
11 imprisonment, and remand for resentencing.
12 1. Motion to Suppress
13 {3} Defendant contends the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress
14 statements made to the police on October 26, 2010. We affirm on the basis that
15 Defendant’s motion was not timely.
16 {4} The indictment was filed on December 6, 2010. On the first day of trial almost
17 twenty-one months later, on September 10, 2012, the motion to suppress was filed.
18 The State argued at trial that the motion should be denied as untimely because the
19 statement was given shortly before the indictment was filed, the defense knew of the
2
1 statement, and no good cause was shown for filing it so late. In support of its position,
2 the State cited to City of Santa Fe v. Marquez, 2012-NMSC-031, 285 P.3d 637.
3 Defense counsel acknowledged he knew of the statement, but not until the previous
4 Friday, (September 7, 2012). He asked Defendant why he made the statement and
5 Defendant replied, because his probation officer told him he “had” to talk to the
6 officer, and he felt that if he did not, his probation officer would remand him to jail.
7 Counsel therefore felt the issue should be raised, and promptly filed the motion. The
8 district court noted the “crushing” case load of the court, of the prosecutors, and of the
9 public defenders—and declined to deny the motion because it was untimely. The State
10 argued that because no reasons were provided amounting to good cause, Marquez
11 required a timely motion to be filed, but the district court abided by its decision.
12 However, after hearing Defendant’s testimony, the district court denied the motion on
13 the merits.
14 {5} When Defendant’s case was pending, Rule 5-212(C) NMRA of the New
15 Mexico Rules of Criminal Procedure directed that “[a] motion to suppress shall be
16 made within twenty (20) days after entry of a plea, unless, upon good cause shown,
17 the trial court waives the time requirement of this rule.” Marquez, 2012-NMSC-031,
18 ¶ 24 (quoting Rule 5-212(C) prior to the 2013 amendment, approved by Supreme
19 Court Order No. 13-8300-016, effective December 31, 2013).
3
1 {6} However, the language of the rule notwithstanding, the Committee Commentary
2 to Rule 5-212(C) counter-stated that the rule did not require filing a motion to
3 suppress for illegally seized evidence prior to trial. See State v. Katrina G., 2008-
4 NMCA-069, ¶ 17, 144 N.M. 205, 185 P.3d 376 (stating that a motion to suppress was
5 not required to be made prior to trial), overruled on other grounds by Marquez, 2012-
6 NMSC-031. In Marquez, the district court had therefore allowed a motion to suppress
7 after trial commenced and jeopardy had attached, with the result that the prosecution
8 was not able to appeal from the ruling. 2012-NMSC-031, ¶¶ 1-2. To correct this
9 anomaly, our Supreme Court overruled Katrina G. and “prospectively” held that,
10 “Rule 5-212 (C) requires that motions to suppress be filed before trial and that the
11 district courts must adjudicate suppression issues before trial, absent good cause.”
12 Marquez, 2012-NMSC-031, ¶ 28.
13 {7} Under Marquez, Defendant’s motion could only be considered upon a finding
14 of “good cause” for not timely filing as required by Rule 5-212(C). State v. Helker,
15 1975-NMCA-141, 88 N.M.650, 545 P.2d 1028 instructs us to conclude there was no
16 “good cause” in this case. In Helker, defense counsel had known of the defendant’s
17 confession several months before trial, but a motion to suppress was not filed within
18 twenty days after the plea was entered, as required, and the district court denied the
19 motion because it was not timely. Id. ¶ 2. We affirmed. Id. ¶ 7. In this case, as in
4
1 Helker, when evidence material to guilt or innocence is known to exist, and has been
2 in counsel’s possession for a substantial period of time, failing to consider whether it
3 is admissible until the eve of trial does not constitute “good cause” to excuse an
4 untimely filing. The Committee Commentary to our current version of Rule 5-212
5 states, “[e]xamples of good cause may include, but are not limited to, failure of the
6 prosecution to disclose evidence relevant to the motion to suppress to the defense
7 prior to trial, failure of either party to provide discovery, or the discovery of allegedly
8 suppressable [sic] evidence during the course of trial.” None of these circumstances
9 are present here.
10 {8} We acknowledge that when “good cause” is demonstrated, a trial court has
11 discretion to grant relief and allow a late motion to be filed. However, when “good
12 cause” is absent as a matter of law, there is no room to exercise discretion. We
13 therefore affirm the order denying Defendant’s motion to suppress on the alternative
14 ground that it was not timely.
15 2. Double Jeopardy
16 {9} Defendant’s double jeopardy argument is raised for the first time on appeal.
17 Nevertheless, we are required to resolve it. NMSA 1978, § 30-1-10 (1963) (“The
18 defense of double jeopardy may not be waived and may be raised by the accused at
19 any stage of a criminal prosecution, either before or after judgment.”); State v.Crain,
5
1 1997-NMCA-101, ¶ 15, 124 N.M. 84, 946 P.2d 1095 (stating that under Section 30-1-
2 10 double jeopardy claims are not waivable).
3 {10} Defendant raises two specific arguments. First, Defendant asserts that he was
4 convicted and sentenced for six separate acts of criminal sexual penetration (CSP)
5 under Counts 1 and 3 of the indictment in violation of his constitutional right to be
6 free from double jeopardy. Second, Defendant contends that under the evidence,
7 double jeopardy prohibits convictions for both CSP and false imprisonment. We agree
8 with both arguments.
9 {11} Count 1 of the indictment alleges that Defendant committed CSP by intercourse
10 by the use of force or coercion on a child of thirteen, but less than eighteen years of
11 age; or in the alternative, by the use of force or coercion when aided or abetted by one
12 or more persons; or in the alternative, in the commission of another felony. Each
13 count, and its alternative is a second degree felony. NMSA 1978, § 30-9-11(E)(1), (4),
14 and (5) (2009). Count 3 alleges CSP by fellatio, but in all other respects, including the
15 alternative charges, it is identical to Count 1. Defendant was convicted and sentenced
16 for committing each charge of CSP and its two alternatives, for a total of six crimes.
17 A. Alternative Counts
18 {12} Defendant contends, and the State agrees, that in the circumstances of this case,
19 the convictions for the alternative counts must be set aside. Although we are not
6
1 bound by the State’s concession, we agree. See State v. Foster, 1999-NMSC-007,
2 ¶ 25, 126 N.M. 646, 974 P.2d 140 (stating that our Supreme Court was not bound by
3 state’s concession that double jeopardy was violated), abrogated on other grounds by
4 State v. Frazier, 2007-NMSC-032, ¶¶ 31, 35, 142 N.M. 120, 164 P.3d 1.
5 {13} This is a “double description” case in that it involves the same conduct violating
6 multiple statutes. Swafford v. State, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 9, 112 N.M. 3, 810 P.2d
7 1223. We therefore first determine whether the “conduct underlying the offenses is
8 unitary, i.e., whether the same conduct violates both statues.” Id. ¶ 25. Second, we
9 determine “whether the [L]egislature intended to create separately punishable
10 offenses.” Id. When the first part of the test is answered in the affirmative, and the
11 second in the negative, double jeopardy prohibits multiple punishments. Id. On
12 appeal, we review de novo whether Defendant’s convictions constitute multiple
13 punishments for the same offense. See Frazier, 2007-NMSC-032, ¶ 15.
14 {14} The parties do not dispute that the same conduct violated each count and its
15 alternatives. The convictions for Count 1 and each alternative to Count 1 all involve
16 a single act of CSP (sexual intercourse) that was accomplished by the same force.
17 Similarly, the convictions for Count 3 and each alternative to Count 3 all involve a
18 single act of CSP (fellatio) that was accomplished by the same force. We agree that
19 the same conduct violated each count and the respective alternative counts.
7
1 {15} We next proceed to determine whether the legislature intended separate
2 punishments for each count and its alternatives. In Crain, the defendant was convicted
3 of two counts of CSP (personal injury and in the commission of a felony) and
4 kidnapping. 1997-NMCA-101, ¶ 15. All three convictions stemmed from the same act
5 of sexual intercourse, and the same conduct violated all three statutory provisions. Id.
6 ¶ 17. In determining whether the Legislature intended to provide for multiple
7 punishments for these crimes, we noted that in prior cases we had concluded that the
8 enumeration of alternative methods of committing an offense do not evince a
9 legislative intent to authorize multiple punishments for the same act. Id. ¶ 20. In
10 addition, we noted that although statutes may describe alternative ways of committing
11 sexual offenses, the Committee Commentary to UJI 14-905 NMRA states, “[i]n all
12 cases where alternate methods of committing one offense are submitted to the jury,
13 the defendant is being charged with only one offense and may be found guilty of only
14 one offense.” See Crain, 1997-NMCA-101 ¶ 20; see also State v. Williams, 1986-
15 NMCA-122, ¶ 9, 105 N.M. 214, 730 P.2d 1196 (“[W]here alternative methods of
16 committing criminal sexual contact are submitted to the jury, the accused may be
17 found guilty of only one offense.”). We concluded that the Legislature did not intend
18 to impose multiple punishments for the same conduct, and double jeopardy
19 prohibitions required that one conviction for CSP and the conviction for kidnapping
8
1 be set aside. Id. ¶ 22. Consistent with the authorities cited in Crain and its holding, we
2 conclude that the second question before us must be answered in the negative. We
3 therefore hold that Defendant’s convictions on the alternatives to Counts 1 and 3
4 violate double jeopardy, and must be set aside.
5 B. CSP and False Imprisonment
6 {16} We now turn to Defendant’s convictions for CSP and false imprisonment. The
7 jury acquitted Defendant of kidnapping as charged in Count 3 of the indictment, but
8 found Defendant guilty of false imprisonment as a lesser included offense to
9 kidnapping. Defendant argues that the evidence proved that Defendant committed
10 only one act to restrain or confine Victim, which was holding her head during fellatio.
11 Defendant contends that this one act cannot support a conviction for both CSP and
12 false imprisonment without violating his right to be free from double jeopardy. The
13 State does not dispute that under the evidence presented, Defendant committed only
14 one act to confine or restrain Victim. However, the State asserts that because there
15 was also evidence that the co-defendant held or restrained Victim by holding her
16 wrists while Defendant penetrated her vaginally, “Defendant is an accessory to [the
17 co-defendant’s] false imprisonment of [Victim.]” Defendant correctly replies however,
18 that there was no accessory instruction on the charges of kidnapping and false
19 imprisonment, and that, although an accessory instruction was given to hold
9
1 Defendant liable for the co-defendant’s CSP of Victim, the jury could not reach a
2 verdict on those counts. The jury was not then permitted to find Defendant guilty as
3 an accessory to the co-defendant’s false imprisonment of Victim.
4 {17} In State v. Almeida, 2008-NMCA-068, ¶ 19, 144 N.M. 235, 185 P.3d 1085, and
5 also in State v. Corneau,1989-NMCA-040, ¶¶ 11-16, 109 N.M. 81, 781 P.2d 1159,
6 this Court reasoned that because some amount of force is inherent in an act of CSP,
7 there must be evidence of additional force to warrant an additional conviction for false
8 imprisonment, or double jeopardy is violated. Under the facts and instructions in this
9 case, there was no basis to allow the jury to find that Defendant restrained or confined
10 Victim separate from holding Victim’s head during fellation. Under Corneau’s
11 reasoning, Defendant’s conviction for false imprisonment and CSP violates double
12 jeopardy, and the false imprisonment conviction must be vacated.
13 3. Exclusion of Victim’s Past Conduct
14 {18} Evidence of Victim’s past conduct at a prior party was excluded under Rule 11-
15 412 NMRA. This rule was amended and renumbered in 2012, while Defendant’s case
16 was pending. Article IV, Section 34 of the New Mexico Constitution provides, “No
17 act of the [L]egislature shall affect the right or remedy of either party, or change the
18 rules of evidence or procedure, in any pending case.” Defendant’s only argument
19 under this point is that applying the amended rule to his case violates the
10
1 constitutional provision. This argument is advanced pursuant to State v. Franklin,
2 1967-NMSC-151, 78 N.M. 127, 428 P.2d 982, and State v.Boyer, 1985-NMCA-029,
3 103 N.M. 655, 712 P.2d 1, and we reject it. See State v. Martinez, 2011-NMSC-010,
4 ¶ 11, 149 N.M. 370, 249 P.3d 82 (“Article IV, Section 34 of the New Mexico
5 Constitution does not apply to rule changes implemented by this Court, in the absence
6 of some affirmative act by this Court to the contrary.” (emphasis, alteration, internal
7 quotation marks, and citation omitted)); Rule 11-412 NMRA (2012), comm.
8 commentary, (“This rule, previously numbered Rule 11-413 NMRA, was renumbered
9 in 2012 as Rule 11-412 . . . [to be] consistent with Federal Rule 412. . . . Changes to
10 the renumbered rule were intended to be stylistic only and not intended to change the
11 rule in any substantive way.”).
12 CONCLUSION
13 {19} The convictions for CSP in the alternative to Counts 1 and 3 and the conviction
14 for false imprisonment are vacated and the case is remanded to the district court for
15 resentencing in accordance with this opinion.
11
1 {20} IT IS SO ORDERED.
2 ______________________________
3 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Chief Judge
4 WE CONCUR:
5 ___________________________________
6 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
7 ___________________________________
8 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge
12