SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
en banc
)
STATE OF MISSOURI, )
)
Respondent, )
)
v. ) No. SC95110
)
DANIEL HARTMAN, )
)
Appellant. )
APPEAL FROM CIRCUIT COURT OF JASPER COUNTY
Honorable Gayle L. Crane, Judge
Opinion issued March 15, 2016
Following a jury trial, Daniel Hartman (hereinafter, “Hartman”) was found guilty
of second-degree murder, section 565.021, RSMo 2000, 1 armed criminal action, section
0F
571.015, and first-degree burglary, section 569.160. The trial court sentenced Hartman to
concurrent terms of life imprisonment for second-degree murder, life imprisonment for
armed criminal action, and fifteen years’ imprisonment for first-degree burglary.
Hartman appeals.
Hartman claims that his due process rights were violated during the penalty phase
of his trial because the trial court excluded reliable witness testimony, which could have
provided a basis for him to be exonerated. Further, Hartman asserts that during closing
argument, the state’s request for the jury to draw an adverse inference from the omission
1
All further statutory references are to RSMo 2000, unless otherwise indicated.
of the excluded evidence was erroneous. This Court finds that excluding the evidence
violated Hartman’s due process rights. Accordingly, the trial court’s judgment is
vacated, and the case is remanded.
Factual and Procedural Background
On the night of July 5, 2012, J.W. (hereinafter, “Victim”), a known drug supplier,
was shot in his home and killed from a single gunshot wound to the chest. While
investigating Victim’s death, the police discovered that Victim’s wound was not from a
contact or close-range shot. They found only three bullets in the home: one that killed
Victim, one in the wall, and one in the floor. The police’s subsequent investigation of the
events and people surrounding Victim’s homicide resulted in varied and inconsistent
statements. Eventually, the state charged Hartman, Jonathan Taylor (hereinafter,
“Jonathan”), Elijah Taylor (hereinafter, “Elijah”), 2 Marcus Stephens (hereinafter,
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“Marcus”), and Cody Stephens (hereinafter, “Cody”) 3 in connection with Victim’s
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homicide.
Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the judgment, the events
surrounding the night of July 5, 2012, are as follows: Cody visited the apartment of his
friend Jonathan, and Jonathan’s pregnant girlfriend in Joplin, Missouri. When Cody
arrived, Hartman and Marcus were present. The group drank alcohol, used drugs, and
eventually decided they needed to rob Victim.
2
Jonathan and Elijah are brothers.
3
Due to the repetition of surnames of the parties involved, Cody Stephens and Marcus
Stephens, as well as brothers Jonathan Taylor and Elijah Taylor, will all be referred to by
their first names. No disrespect is intended.
Jonathan called Travis Morris (hereinafter, “Morris”). Morris stated that he could
obtain access for Jonathan and determine who was presently in Victim’s house. Twenty
minutes later, Morris called Jonathan to inform him that Victim and his girlfriend were
sleeping inside the house. Morris and Paul Pena (hereinafter, “Pena”) went to Jonathan’s
apartment.
Then all of the men, except Cody, 4 went to Victim’s house. 5 Morris informed the
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group that Victim had an assault rifle in the house and that Victim knew karate or
kickboxing. The men discussed taking cash and drugs from Victim. Jonathan did not
want to enter Victim’s house at this time because he was acquainted with Victim.
Hartman, Elijah, Marcus, and Morris approached Victim’s front door and
knocked. There was no answer. Then the group went to the back door. They wanted to
break in, but no one in the group wanted to kick the door down. So, they all returned to
Jonathan’s apartment.
Upon returning to Jonathan’s apartment, Jonathan woke Cody, seeking his
assistance in breaking into Victim’s house. Jonathan wanted Cody to join the group not
only for his assistance but also so that he would be involved and would not “rat out”
anyone. The group then drove in two cars to a parking lot near Victim’s home. Cody
stated that both Hartman and Elijah had guns with them. Cody further explained that the
gun Hartman carried was Jonathan’s. Jonathan, Elijah, Cody, Hartman, and Marcus
walked to Victim’s home. There was conflicting testimony regarding who kicked in the
4
There was conflicting testimony regarding whether Cody was part of this group.
5
Elijah testified that Jonathan did not want go because he knew Victim, but later
admitted Jonathan came with the group but remained in the car.
3
back door, but either Hartman, Cody, or Elijah kicked in the back door, and everyone
went inside.
Inside, Victim and his girlfriend were sleeping. There are conflicting recollections
as to whether Victim merely woke when the group entered his room or whether Hartman
and Elijah woke Victim, telling him to give them cash and drugs. Victim got up,
stretched, and walked toward them. Victim was shot. Marcus testified that he took
Victim’s rifle and that after he walked away from Victim’s bedroom, he heard six or
seven gunshots. Cody believed that Harman and Elijah fired their weapons.
The group returned to Jonathan’s apartment. Everyone claimed to have shot
Victim. Hartman claimed that had he realized Victim’s girlfriend was present, he would
have shot her too. Hartman and Elijah were upset the group did not take anything from
Victim’s house and wanted everyone else to return.
Cody, Jonathan, Elijah, 6 and Pena returned to Victim’s house. Hartman remained
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behind in Jonathan’s apartment. Cody, Jonathan, and Elijah went back inside the house,
ransacking it while Victim’s girlfriend slept.
Harman was charged by information with first-degree murder, armed criminal
action, and first-degree burglary. At trial, Cody testified pursuant to a plea agreement in
which he pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and first-degree burglary with a fifteen-
year cap, but hoped for less than fifteen years’ imprisonment based upon his cooperation.
Elijah testified pursuant to the same plea agreement with the same anticipation for a
reduced sentence. Jonathan was subpoenaed to testify, but the state stipulated he was
6
Elijah denied returning to Victim’s home a third time.
4
unavailable for trial and would refuse to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment rights.
Defense counsel sought to call Harlin King (hereinafter, “King”) to testify regarding
Jonathan’s statements to him immediately following Victim’s death. The state objected
to King’s testimony, claiming that it was inadmissible hearsay. The trial court sustained
the state’s objection, but it allowed Hartman to make an offer of proof, which would
show that Jonathan confessed to shooting Victim. Hartman did not testify during the
guilt phase of his trial. Hartman’s counsel argued in closing that the witnesses were not
honest about the identity of the shooter, and they were covering for Jonathan, their
brother and friend. The jury found Hartman guilty of first-degree murder, armed criminal
action, and first-degree burglary.
During the penalty phase, Hartman testified. Hartman maintained he did not cause
Victim’s death and he was not present at Victim’s house. When the jury was unable to
agree on a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of probation or parole,
the trial court vacated the jury’s verdicts for first-degree murder and armed criminal
action and found Hartman guilty of second-degree murder under section 565.021.1(1),
and armed criminal action in connection with second-degree murder. 7 The trial court
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sentenced Hartman to concurrent terms of life imprisonment for second-degree murder,
life imprisonment for armed criminal action, and fifteen years’ imprisonment for first-
degree burglary.
7
The trial court took this course of action to be in accord with State v. Hart, 404 S.W.3d
232 (Mo. banc 2013), because Hartman was under the age of eighteen at the time of the
offenses.
5
Hartman appeals his conviction and sentence. After an opinion by the court of
appeals, the case was transferred to this Court. Mo. Const. art. V, sec. 10.
Exclusion of testimony
Hartman asserts the trial court abused its discretion and committed reversible error
in excluding King’s testimony because Jonathan admitted to King that he shot Victim.
Hartman believes this was not inadmissible hearsay because the testimony would have
been an admission against interest made to one of Jonathan’s close friends, shortly after
the murder, and it was sufficiently reliable. Further, Hartman argues that the exclusion of
this testimony violated his due process rights.
A trial court “has broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence during a criminal
trial, and error occurs only when there is a clear abuse of this discretion.” Hart, 404
S.W.3d at 248. “Reversal due to an evidentiary error requires a showing of prejudice.”
State v. McFadden, 369 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Mo. banc 2012) (quoting State v. Taylor, 298
S.W.3d 482, 492 (Mo. banc 2009)). If there is a reasonable probability that the trial
court’s error affected the outcome of the trial, there is prejudice. State v. Clark, 364
S.W.3d 540, 544 (Mo. banc 2012).
Hearsay statements, or out-of-court statements used to prove the truth of the
matter asserted, generally are inadmissible. State v. Blankenship, 830 S.W.2d 1, 6 (Mo.
banc 1992). Yet, there is a recognized constitutionally-based hearsay exception in the
due process clause founded upon Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 93 S. Ct. 1038,
35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973). This narrow exception applies to out-of-court statements that
exonerate the accused and are “originally made and subsequently offered at trial under
6
circumstances providing considerable assurance of their reliability.” Id. at 300. The
Supreme Court set forth three indicators of reliability. Blankenship, 830 S.W.2d at 7.
First, the confession “was made spontaneously to a close acquaintance shortly after” the
crime occurred. Chambers, 410 U.S. at 300. Second, the confession “was corroborated
by some of the evidence in the case ….” Id. Finally, the confession was made “in a very
real sense self-incriminatory and unquestionably against interest.” Id. at 301.
Prior to the commencement of Hartman’s trial, the state filed a motion in limine to
exclude King’s statements that Jonathan told him that Jonathan shot Victim three times.
The state asserted King’s testimony would be inadmissible as hearsay and the testimony
would not violate Hartman’s due process rights. The trial court sustained the state’s
objection. At trial, Hartman again requested King to testify, and the state again objected.
Thereafter, Hartman made an offer of proof by calling King to testify.
During this offer of proof, King testified that he knew Jonathan from school and
saw him on a regular basis. They communicated by cellular telephone calls and text
messages. On the night of the murder, beginning around 2 or 3 a.m., Jonathan began
calling King twenty to thirty times, wanting King to pick him up. King finally answered
a telephone call and spoke with Jonathan. King then picked up Jonathan and another
person, and he took them to a store. King testified that Jonathan was “just freaking out”
and really scared. While they were driving around, Jonathan told King that the robbery
“went wrong” and he shot a guy three times “because he was getting out of bed or
something.” While King expressed doubts regarding whether Jonathan actually shot
7
someone, King still went to the police with this information because King did not think it
was right to be able to kill another person.
King’s proposed testimony meets the three indicators of reliability. The first
indicator is whether the confession was made to a close acquaintance and spontaneously
shortly after the crime occurred. Chambers, 410 U.S. at 301. “A statement, particularly
an admission to a crime, made to someone of long-standing and confidential relationship
is more likely to be trustworthy.” State v. Guinn, 58 S.W.3d 538, 545 (Mo. App. W.D.
2001); see also State v. Rogers, 758 S.W.2d 199, 201 (Mo. App. E.D. 1988) (suggesting
that trustworthiness of the statements requires the speaker to have a neutral interest
toward the defendant).
The offer of proof showed King and Jonathan were friends. They saw each other
at school and, when Jonathan was not incarcerated, saw each outside of school regularly.
They communicated through telephone calls and text messages, and they played
basketball together. Cf. State v. Carroll, 629 S.W.2d 483, 485-86 (Mo. App. W.D. 1981)
(finding trial court erred in excluding evidence that someone other than the defendant
committed the robbery in the underlying criminal proceedings when that information was
communicated to a cellmate) and State v. Phillips, 940 S.W.2d 512, 517-18 (Mo. banc
1997) (finding reliability of statements made spontaneously to a person who was not a
close friend at a social gathering should have been admitted in a penalty phase of trial).
Further, King has no relationship with Hartman, thereby creating a presumption of
neutrality toward Hartman’s fate at trial.
8
Jonathan’s confession was made spontaneously to King shortly after the murder
occurred. Jonathan telephoned King twenty to thirty times within hours of the murder.
When King answered Jonathan’s telephone call and spoke with him, King stated that
Jonathan was “freaking out,” “scared,” and confessed to killing Victim. Because the
confession was made spontaneously to a close friend and shortly after the murder
occurred, the first reliability indicator is met.
The second indicator is whether the confession “was corroborated by some of the
evidence in the case ….” Chambers, 410 U.S. at 301. There was independent evidence
submitted at trial corroborating the statements Jonathan made to King.
Here the offer of proof demonstrated that King stated that Jonathan appeared to be
“freaking out” and very scared when they spoke shortly after the murder. Jonathan then
told King that in an attempt to obtain drugs, “they” went in but the robbery went wrong.
Jonathan stated that he shot at Victim as he was getting out of bed. Jonathan also told
King that he fired three shots at Victim and killed Victim.
Jonathan’s statements to King were corroborated at trial. One witness placed
Jonathan at the scene of the crime. See State v. Boyd, 992 S.W.2d 213, 218 (Mo. App.
E.D. 1999) (distinguishing the corroborating evidence indicia when there was no
evidence in placing the declarant at the scene of the crime) and State v. Blackman, 875
S.W.2d 122, 142 (Mo. App. E.D. 1994) (same). There was testimony that the robbery
was not successful; the group failed to obtain the drugs or money they sought. Victim
was shot when he got out of bed. Jonathan stated he fired three shots, and only three
bullets were recovered from the scene. The information Jonathan provided to King
9
mirrored the state’s evidence in every respect except the identity of the shooter.
Accordingly, the second indicator of reliability is satisfied.
The final indicator of reliability is whether the confession was made “in a very real
sense self-incriminatory and unquestionably against interest.” Chambers, 410 U.S. at
301. In making this determination, it is important to determine whether the statements
made were inculpatory. State v. Jackson, 248 S.W.3d 117, 126 (Mo. App. S.D. 2008).
Jonathan’s confession to King was self-incriminatory and against his interest in that
Jonathan stated he was the person who shot and killed Victim. Further, Jonathan
implicated himself as the only shooter in that he stated he fired three shots, and the police
only recovered three bullets from the crime scene. Jonathan’s statements implicate only
himself as committing Victim’s murder.
King’s proposed testimony met the three indicators of reliability, and the trial
court erred in failing to allow this testimony at trial. In State v. Turner, 623 S.W.2d 4, 9
(Mo. banc 1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 931, 102 S. Ct. 1982, 72 L.Ed.2d 448 (1982),
superseded by statute on other grounds as recognized in State v. Wheat, 775 S.W.2d 155
(Mo. banc 1989), this Court found that “where substantial indicia of reliability appear and
declarant’s complicity if true would exonerate the accused, declarant’s averments against
an interest penal in nature may not be excluded ….” Because King’s testimony met the
indicia for reliability, it must be admitted if it would exonerate Hartman.
Hartman was tried for first-degree murder. To be found guilty of first-degree
murder, one must “knowingly cause[] the death of another person after deliberation upon
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the matter.” Section 565.020.1. Hartman was not charged with accomplice liability for
first-degree murder.
Hartman never admitted to any participation in any part of the underlying crime in
this case. Had King’s testimony been introduced, the jury could have believed King,
rather than the other co-defendants and Jonathan’s girlfriend, who testified against
Defendant. Each co-defendant hoped for a reduced sentence for cooperating with the
state, and one of the co-defendants was Jonathan’s brother. Jonathan’s girlfriend was
pregnant with his child. Each of the state’s witnesses had a reason to implicate someone
other than Jonathan as Victim’s killer.
The dissent asserts that Hartman was not prejudiced by the exclusion of King’s
testimony because Marcus testified that Elijah, Cody, and Jonathan each claimed to have
shot Victim. In response to a question about who said they shot Victim, Marcus replied,
“Eli[jah], Cody and Jonathan.” Similarly, the dissent states that Copeland testified that
Elijah told her “we killed him.” (Emphasis added.) In support of its analysis, the dissent
cites two cases to state Jonathan’s confession to King properly was excluded at trial.
First, the dissent relies upon State v. Gilmore, 681 S.W.2d 934, 940 (Mo. banc
1984), for the proposition that Hartman was not harmed by the exclusion of King’s
testimony because the jury received the “gist of the testimony.” Further, the dissent
claims even if there were prejudice in excluding these questions, there was no prejudice.
Gilmore is inapposite to this case. The Court in Gilmore was addressing three discrete
instances during cross-examination of two witnesses wherein the trial court disallowed
“repetitive, improperly phrased or argumentative” questions; it was not in response to
11
excluding a witness who would have testified to a substantially different factual scenario.
Id.
Second, the dissent references State v. Wells, 305 S.W.2d 457, 459 (Mo. 1957). In
Wells, the trial court sustained an objection during cross-examination “of the prosecuting
witness [as to] whether she had commenced to have her monthly periods about four years
previous to the time of trial.” Id. at 458. The dissent cites Wells, stating that the
“improper rejection of evidence is not prejudicial error when the same or substantially the
same evidence is otherwise admitted.” Accordingly, from this one sentence, the dissent
seeks the reader to infer that there was ample evidence regarding the statements of the
other co-defendants admitting to shooting Victim. However, the Wells Court’s analysis
continued:
This is the rule whether such evidence is admitted prior or subsequent to such
rejection, and it finds its most frequent application where the same or
substantially the same evidence as that excluded is elicited from the same
witness. In this case counsel for defendant had asked the prosecuting witness
several questions on the same subject, including the question, ‘And you have
been having that about four years, haven’t you?’ to which the witness
answered, ‘No, not quite.’ It is evident that the witness had already answered
substantially the same question, and the answer was before the jury without
objection.
Id. (internal citation omitted and emphasis added).
When compared to the instant case, citation to the isolated statement from Wells is
misguided. The Wells Court addressed repeated questioning of one witness regarding
information to which the witness had already provided. There is no corollary to the
complete exclusion of a witness who could provide testimony that was not addressed or
12
mentioned by any other witness at trial. Again, Wells is inapposite to the present
circumstances.
Here, there was clear evidence presented by the state that there was only one
shooter. While there could be collective criminal responsibility, only one of the people
present would have been able to pull the trigger, killing Victim. Marcus failed to indicate
one shooter. Elijah’s use of the collective pronoun “we” does not assist the jury in
identifying the actual shooter. King’s testimony would have been the only evidence that
a single person, other than Hartman, was the shooter; his confession should have been
introduced into evidence.
King’s testimony would have provided evidence from which the jury could have
exonerated Hartman of first-degree murder, based upon another co-defendant’s
confession. The jury then could have found that the evidence presented by the state was
insufficient to find Hartman guilty of first-degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt.
“All decisions as to what evidence the jury must believe and what inferences the jury
must draw are left to the jury ….” State v. Jackson, 433 S.W.3d 390, 399 (Mo. banc
2014). Because King’s proposed testimony met the indicia of reliability and could
exonerate Hartman, the trial court abused its discretion in excluding it.
Conclusion
In this case, the omission of King’s testimony impinged upon Hartman’s due
process rights. The trial court erred in excluding this potentially exculpatory testimony,
and Hartman was prejudiced thereby. Accordingly, Hartman’s convictions for second-
13
degree murder, armed criminal action, and first-degree burglary are vacated, and the case
is remanded.
The dissent raises the specter of Hartman being retried and facing potentially a
more onerous sentence because he is no longer a juvenile. However, the dissent fails to
acknowledge that the protections for harsh sentences apply when a defendant is a juvenile
at the time of the offense rather than at the time of sentencing.
In Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. --, 132 S. Ct. 2455, 2464, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407
(2012), the Supreme Court concluded that “mandatory life-without-parole sentences for
juveniles violate the Eighth Amendment.” The Court’s concerns focused upon
“children’s diminished culpability and heightened capacity for change.” Id. at 2469. The
Supreme Court also reflected that the harshest penalty would rarely be applicable, but it
did not “foreclose a sentencer’s ability to make that judgment in homicide cases, [and]
we require it to take into account how children are different, and how those differences
counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison.” Id. This Court then
applied Miller in State v. Hart, 404 S.W.3d 232 (Mo. banc 2013). This Court reversed
and remanded the defendant’s sentence of life without parole for first-degree murder as it
violated the Eighth Amendment for a defendant who was a juvenile at the time of the
offense. Hart, 404 S.W.3d at 235 (Emphasis added).
This Court need not address Hartman’s remaining point on appeal, which
addressed the alleged error by the state urging the jury to draw an adverse inference from
the omission of King’s testimony during closing argument. This claim of error will not
necessarily reoccur upon remand and, hence, it will not be mused upon. State v.
14
Wacaser, 794 S.W.2d 190, 196 (Mo. banc 1990). This Court will not issue an advisory
opinion. State v. Swiggart, 458 S.W.2d 251, 252 (Mo. 1970).
The trial court’s judgment is vacated, and the case is remanded.
__________________________
GEORGE W. DRAPER III, JUDGE
Breckenridge, C.J., Stith, Teitelman and Russell, JJ., concur; Wilson, J., dissents in
separate opinion filed; Fischer, J., concurs in opinion of Wilson, J.
15
SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
en banc
)
STATE OF MISSOURI, )
)
Respondent, )
)
v. ) No. SC95110
)
DANIEL HARTMAN, )
)
Appellant. )
DISSENTING OPINION
I respectfully dissent. The principal opinion correctly notes that “[r]eversal due to
an evidentiary error requires a showing of prejudice.” State v. McFadden, 369 S.W.3d
727, 736 (Mo. banc 2012) (quoting State v. Taylor, 298 S.W.3d 482, 492 (Mo. banc
2009)). There was no prejudice from the trial court’s exclusion of Mr. King’s testimony
concerning Jonathan’s out-of-court inculpatory statement because evidence that Jonathan
was the shooter already was before the jury. Marcus Stephens, offered by the defense,
testified that Eli, Cody and Jonathan each claimed to have shot the Victim. See State v.
Gilmore, 681 S.W.2d 934, 940 (Mo. banc 1984) (“even if there had been error in
sustaining objections to these isolated questions, the court’s rulings were not prejudicial
to the defendant” because the jury otherwise “received the gist of the testimony that the
defense counsel attempted to develop”); State v. Wells, 305 S.W.2d 457, 459 (Mo. 1957)
(“improper rejection of evidence is not prejudicial error when the same or substantially
the same evidence is otherwise admitted”). Moreover, Ms. Copeland testified that Eli
boasted the Victim “was dead … and we killed him.” As a result, the defense had ample
grounds to argue to the jury that Jonathan or someone else – not Hartman – was the
shooter, and it did not do so.
Even if Jonathan’s out-of-court inculpatory statement had not already been before
the jury, that statement did not exonerate Hartman of murder in the first degree. Had that
evidence come in – and had it been argued to the jury by defense counsel, even though
Mr. Stephens’ and Ms. Copeland’s evidence was not – the state would have been entitled
to have the jury instructed that Hartman could be convicted of first-degree murder as a
principal or as an accomplice. See State v. Cella, 32 S.W.3d 114, 118 (Mo. banc 2000)
(“It is proper to submit to the jury a theory of accomplice liability despite charging the
defendant as a principal.”); State v. Isa, 850 S.W.2d 876, 898 (Mo. banc 1993) (same).
Finally, prejudice should be measured against Hartman’s conviction for
second-degree murder, not the jury’s guilty verdict for first-degree murder, which the
trial court vacated under State v. Hart, 404 S.W.3d 232, 239 (Mo. banc 2013). As above,
if King’s testimony about Jonathan’s inculpatory statement had come in – and had it been
argued to the jury, which the other evidence of Jonathan’s inculpatory statements was
not – the state would have been entitled under Cella and Isa to have the jury instructed
that Hartman could be convicted of second-degree murder as a principal or as an
accomplice.
2
In this regard, it is significant that the jury actually was instructed – if it did not
find Hartman guilty of first-degree murder – that it should consider whether Hartman was
guilty of second-degree felony murder. Instruction No. 8 stated that the jury should find
Hartman guilty of second-degree murder if: (1) Hartman committed burglary in the first
degree; (2) Hartman “or an accomplice caused the death of [Victim] by shooting him;”
and (3) Victim “was killed as a result of the perpetration of that burglary in the first
degree.” [Emphasis added.]
For the exclusion of King’s testimony to be prejudicial, therefore, this Court must
conclude – if Jonathan’s out-of-court statement had been admitted – that the jury would
not have found Hartman guilty of first-degree murder as a principal or accomplice
(a doubtful proposition), that the jury would not have found Hartman guilty of regular
second-degree murder as a principal or accomplice (a far more doubtful proposition), and
that the jury would not have found Hartman guilty of second-degree felony murder (an
impossible proposition). Under this Court’s decision, however, Hartman now faces
re-trial for first-degree murder – and a possible sentence of life without parole 1 – with no
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reasonable prospect of bettering the outcome of his first trial, i.e., a conviction for
1
In his first trial, the jury found Hartman guilty of murder in the first degree. But, because the
jury was unable to agree to impose the only statutorily authorized sentence, i.e., life without
parole, the trial court entered a conviction of second-degree murder and the jury assessed his
sentence for that crime. On retrial, Hartman will face the same first-degree murder charge and –
if the jury finds he committed that crime – the trial court must again ask the jury whether a
sentence of “life without parole is a just and appropriate sentence … under all the
circumstances.” Hart, 404 S.W.3d at 239.
3
second-degree murder. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent and would affirm Hartman’s
convictions in all respects.
_____________________________
Paul C. Wilson, Judge
4