Fauley v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.

2016 IL App (2d) 150236
Nos. 2-15-0236 & 2-15-0326 cons.
Opinion filed March 23, 2016
______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

SHAUN FAULEY, SABON, INC.; ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
SANDY ROTHSCHILD AND ASSOCIATES, ) of Lake County.
INC.; DEBAUN DEVELOPMENT, INC.; and )
CHRISTOPHER LOWE HICKLIN DC PLC, )
Individually and as the Representatives of a
)
Class of Similarly Situated Persons, )
)
Plaintiffs-Appellees, )
)
v. ) No. 14-CH-1518
)
METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE )
CO., STORICK GROUP CO., THE STORICK )
GROUP, SCOTT R. STORICK, and JOHN )
DOES 1-10, )
)
Defendants-Appellees ) Honorable
) Luis A. Berrones,
(Judd Clayton, Jr., Objector-Appellant). ) Judge, Presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________

SHAUN FAULEY, SABON, INC.; ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
SANDY ROTHSCHILD AND ASSOCIATES, ) of Lake County.
INC.; DEBAUN DEVELOPMENT, INC.; and )
CHRISTOPHER LOWE HICKLIN DC PLC, )
Individually and as the Representatives of a
)
Class of Similarly Situated Persons,)
)
Plaintiffs-Appellees and )
Cross-Appellants, )
)
v. ) No. 14-CH-1518
)
METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE )
CO., STORICK GROUP CO., THE STORICK )
2016 IL App (2d) 150236

GROUP, SCOTT R. STORICK, and JOHN )
DOES 1-10, )
)
Defendants-Appellees )
) Honorable
(Austin Distributing, Objector-Appellant and ) Luis A. Berrones,
Cross-Appellee). ) Judge, Presiding.
____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Hudson and Birkett concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Objectors, Judd Clayton, Jr., and Austin Distributing, appeal the trial court’s final

approval of a settlement in a class-action fax-blasting lawsuit. Plaintiffs, Shaun Fauley, Sabon,

Inc., Sandy Rothschild & Associates, Inc, Debaun Development, Inc., and Christopher Lowe

Hicklin DC PLC (class representatives), individually and as the representatives of a class of

similarly situated persons, filed the lawsuit against defendants, Metropolitan Life Insurance

Company, Storick Group Company, The Storick Group, Scott R. Storick, and John Does 1

through 10 (collectively MetLife). Objectors objected to the settlement reached by the class-

action parties. The trial court considered the objections and approved the settlement, which

included a common fund of $23 million and attorney fees of over $7.6 million. On appeal,

objectors argue that the trial court erred by approving the settlement, because: (1) the due-

process rights of the class were violated; (2) class counsel was inadequate; (3) the class

representatives were inadequate; and (4) the attorney-fee award was excessive. The class

representatives cross-appeal, arguing that the trial court erred by denying their motion to strike

Austin’s objection. We affirm the trial court’s final approval of the settlement. We dismiss the

class representatives’ cross-appeal appeal as moot.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

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¶3 On July 28, 2014, class representatives filed a class action complaint against MetLife,

alleging that MetLife sent facsimile advertisements in violation of the Telephone Consumer

Protection Act of 1991 (TCPA) (47 U.S.C. § 227 (2012)) and seeking $500 in statutory damages

for each violation.

¶4 On July 30, 2014, two days after filing their complaint, the class representatives filed a

motion for “Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement.” The attached settlement

agreement created a common fund of $23 million to be paid by MetLife, from which the class

representatives’ counsel, Anderson & Wanca (class counsel), would receive approximately $7.6

million and each class representative would receive $15,000. In addition, the settlement

agreement provided that C-Mart and Richard Cadenasso would each receive $15,000 from the

common fund.

¶5 C-Mart and Cadenasso were class representatives in three fax-blast class action lawsuits

against MetLife that were filed before this case in other jurisdictions. C-Mart and Cadenasso,

like the class representatives here, were represented by Anderson & Wanca. These three prior

lawsuits were dismissed after discovery and mediation.

¶6 The settlement agreement in this case also provided that, from the remainder of the $23

million common fund, all class members could submit claims and receive: (1) $150 to $250 per

fax, for up to 10 faxes; (2) a pro rata share, up to $100 per fax, for a maximum of 10 faxes

(where indicated by the record of transmission); or (3) a pro rata share up to $50 (if the claimant

submitted a sworn statement). Any checks issued to claimants that were not cashed would be

paid to certain named charities (the cy pres provision).

¶7 On August 7, 2014, the trial court granted preliminary approval of the proposed

settlement agreement, certified the class, and found that the proposed forms of notice satisfied

the requirements of due process under the Illinois and United States Constitutions (Ill. Const.

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1970, art. I, § 2; U.S. Const., amends. V, XIV) and section 2-803 of the Code of Civil Procedure

(Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-803 (West 2014)). The trial court’s written order provided:

“The Settlement Agreement proposes notice to the Settlement Class by: (i) facsimile

[direct notice], (ii) publication in USA Today on three (3) occasions, and (iii) by

maintaining a settlement website. The Court finds that such proposed notice satisfies the

requirements of due process under the Illinois and United States Constitutions and 735

ILCS 5/2-803. The Court approves the form of the [direct] Notice.”

¶8 The direct notice was sent to those who received faxes during the relevant time period as

determined by MetLife’s electronic records. The direct notice explained that class members

were those who received unsolicited facsimile advertisements or faxes that did not contain opt-

out language as required by the TCPA. The direct notice briefly described the lawsuit as

alleging that MetLife violated the TCPA by sending “unsolicited advertisements by fax.” The

direct notice explained that, although MetLife denied the allegations and raised defenses,

MetLife had created the $23 million settlement fund. The direct notice described the three types

of relief available to class members and explained who represented the class; it further relayed

that class counsel would request a $15,000 incentive award for each of the class representatives

and an award of attorney fees equal to “one-third of the settlement fund.” The direct notice

provided the following four options: (1) “Submit a Proof of claim (attached) to receive a check”;

(2) “Do nothing” and be bound by the settlement, but “you will not receive any money”; (3) “Opt

out of the settlement”; or (4) “Object to the settlement.” Regarding instructions on how to object

to the settlement, the direct notice provided:

“Object to the Settlement: If you wish to object to the settlement rather than excluding

yourself, you must file a written objection with the Clerk of the Circuit Court of Lake

County, 18 N. County St., Waukegan, Illinois 60085. Your objection must be filed by

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[October 14], 2014, and must contain the name and number of this case (as indicated at

the top of this notice). You must also serve copies of your objection on Class Counsel

and Defendants’ attorneys (identified above), postmarked by the same date. Your

objection must include your name, fax number, and street address, along with a statement

of the reasons why you believe the Court should find that the proposed settlement is not

in the best interests of the Settlement Class. It is not sufficient to simply state that you

object; you must state your reasons. Additionally, if you want the Court to consider your

objection, then you must also appear at the final approval hearing in Room C-301, on

[November 14], 2014 at [9:00 a.m.] You are not required to attend this hearing unless

you object to the settlement.” (Emphases in original.)

The direct notice also provided:

“WHERE CAN YOU GET MORE INFORMATION? This Notice only summarizes

the litigation and the settlement. To see the complete file, including a copy of the

settlement agreement, you may visit the office of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of Lake

County, 18 N. County St., Waukegan, Illinois 60085. The clerk will make the files

relating to the lawsuit available to you for inspection and copying at your own expense.

If you have specific questions, you can write to Class Counsel at the address listed above.

Include the case number, your name, your fax number, and your current street address on

any correspondence. You may also call attorney Brian J. Wanca, Class Counsel, at ***.

***

TO FILE YOUR CLAIM, GO TO: http://www.class-settlement.com

Enter your unique USER ID & PASSWORD and follow the easy online instructions.”

(Emphases in original.)

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¶9 The publication notice defined the class and indicated that class members could be

entitled to a portion of the $23 million fund for unsolicited faxes. The publication notice

provided in part:

“Claim forms are available from the claims administrator or the website listed below.

Claim forms are due by November 26, 2014. If you wish to object to the settlement, you

must identify yourself as a class member and state the reason for and file and serve your

objection by October 14, 2014, and you must appear at the Court hearing on November

14, 2014.” (Emphases in original.)

The publication notice referred class members to www.termlifeinsurancetcpasettlement.com.

The record indicates that this website contained a link to the proposed settlement and the

preliminary approval order, which provided, “Settlement Class members who wish to opt out of

the settlement *** are required to serve a written request for exclusions *** on the parties or

their designated agent *** on or before Oct. 14, 2014.”

¶ 10 Austin filed an objection to the proposed settlement, arguing that the settlement amount

was too low in relation to the amount of potential damages, the award of attorney fees was too

high, the cy pres award was a breach of class counsel’s fiduciary duty to the class, and the cy

pres award established that class counsel was inadequate.

¶ 11 Clayton received direct notice of the settlement and submitted a claim. Thereafter,

Clayton filed an objection to the settlement, arguing that the settlement amount was unfair

relative to the TCPA penalties, the award of attorney fees was excessive, and the direct notice to

the class was not the “best notice practicable,” because it did not provide access to relevant court

documents on a public website. In addition, Clayton joined and incorporated Austin’s objection.

The class representatives filed a brief in support of final approval of the settlement.

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¶ 12 The class representatives also filed a motion to strike Austin’s objection, alleging that

Austin failed to provide information required by the trial court’s preliminary approval order,

such as a fax number and address. The class representatives also alleged that Austin failed to

show class membership and that the settlement administrator could not locate Austin in

MetLife’s database listing the recipients of the faxes. The trial court denied the class

representatives’ motion to strike.

¶ 13 Austin issued a subpoena requesting a settlement agreement relating to the case Old

National Bank v. Anderson, Cook Co. Cir. Ct., No. 2014 CH 06229. In that case, Old National

Bank sought relief against Wanca and Anderson & Wanca, alleging that Wanca fraudulently

transferred funds to avoid a $3.35 million debt. After the instant class-action lawsuit was filed,

Wanca and Anderson & Wanca entered into a settlement agreement with Old National Bank, and

the case was voluntarily dismissed. The class representatives, Wanca, and Anderson & Wanca

filed a motion to quash Austin’s subpoena for the Old National Bank settlement agreement, and

the trial court granted their motion.

¶ 14 Austin also issued a subpoena requesting “[a]ny and all records of [class counsel’s] time

and costs advanced in [this case].” The class representatives and class counsel filed a motion to

quash the subpoena and for a protective order pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 201(c)

(eff. July 1, 2014). The trial court granted the request for class counsel’s time records, to be

submitted for in camera inspection pursuant to a protective order.

¶ 15 After a fairness hearing held on January 16, 2015, the trial court issued a written order on

February 27, 2015, in which it overruled in part and sustained in part objectors’ objections. The

trial court summarized the facts and the proposed settlement as follows. The class

representatives filed their class-action lawsuit alleging violations of the TCPA. Section

227(b)(3)(B) of the TCPA provides that a person may recover $500 in damages for each

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violation. 47 U.S.C. §227(b)(3)(B) (2012). The class representatives and MetLife agreed to

settle the lawsuit for $23 million. This settlement occurred during the pendency of several

similar cases in other jurisdictions with different class representatives, which ultimately were

dismissed. Each class representative here will receive an incentive award of $15,000. C-Mart

and Cadenasso, who served class representatives in lawsuits that were dismissed, will each

receive an incentive award of $15,000. Class counsel will receive attorney fees of approximately

$7.6 million and be reimbursed for costs and expenses in the amount of $592,094. Class

members will be paid $250, $85, or $42.50, depending on whether they submit level-one, level-

two, or level-three claims. The checks issued to class members but not cashed will be paid as a

cy pres award: 50% to the Lake County Bar Association and 50% to various charities.

¶ 16 The trial court identified the following objections: (1) the amount of information

provided relating to the proposed settlement; (2) the amount of the settlement; (3) Anderson &

Wanca being class counsel; (4) the cy pres award; (5) the amount of the attorney fees; and (6) the

named plaintiffs being class representatives. The trial court analyzed the proposed settlement

and the objections under the eight-factor test set forth in City of Chicago v. Korshak, 206 Ill.

App. 3d 968, 972 (1990), to determine whether the proposed settlement was fair, reasonable, and

in the best interests of the class members. The trial court discussed each factor in turn: (1) the

strength of the class representatives’ case balanced against the amount of the proposed

settlement; (2) MetLife’s ability to pay; (3) the complexity, length, and expense of further

litigation; (4) the amount of opposition to the proposed settlement and the reaction of the class

members to it; (5) the presence of collusion in reaching the settlement agreement; (6) the opinion

of competent counsel; (7) the stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery completed;

and (8) the amount of attorney fees. See id.

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¶ 17 Regarding the first factor, the strength of the case balanced against the amount of the

proposed settlement, the trial court determined that the application of this factor addressed two of

the objections: the insufficiency of information relating to the proposed settlement and the

inadequacy of the settlement amount. The trial court was provided with “a substantial amount of

information regarding the litigation *** and each side’s perceived strengths and weakness[es]

[including] confidential mediation submissions that ultimately led to settling this case and later

with class counsel’s time records.” Based on this information, the trial court found that MetLife

had “some strong defenses that would result in substantial additional litigation and pose a real

risk to a successful outcome for [class] plaintiffs.” The trial court found that “the potential

damages for a class of 2,792,213 members, or even the 1,892,792 [$500 each = over $946

million] class members contacted, are substantially more than the settlement amount; balanced

against the strength of defendant’s possible defenses this factor weighs in favor of settlement.”

¶ 18 The trial court found that the second factor, MetLife’s ability to pay, favored approval of

the settlement.

¶ 19 Regarding the third factor, the complexity, length, and expense of further litigation, the

trial court found that MetLife asserted several defenses, raising complex issues, that would

“require additional litigation to resolve” and require the parties to incur additional expense,

substantial time, effort, and resources. The trial court therefore found that this factor weighed in

favor of the settlement.

¶ 20 Regarding the fourth factor, the amount of opposition and the reaction of class members

to the settlement, the trial court found that 1,892,782 direct notices were sent to class members

and 50,000 claims were made, but only two objections were filed. The trial court found that the

opposition was “de minimis” and that this factor weighed in favor of approving the settlement.

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¶ 21 Regarding the fifth factor, the presence of collusion in reaching the settlement agreement,

the trial court stated that this factor addressed objectors’ objection regarding Anderson &

Wanca’s adequacy as class counsel. The trial court stated that the proposed settlement was the

product of “extensive negotiations that included multiple third-party mediation sessions.”

Further, the amount of the proposed settlement was the “second highest” for a TCPA case.

Objectors had provided no evidence that the proposed settlement was not the product of “good-

faith, arm’s-length negotiations.” Objectors had provided no evidence that class counsel

breached its fiduciary duty to any class member. The trial court wrote the following in a

footnote:

“The objectors attempt to create a conflict between the Anderson & Wanca firm and the

class members by submitting evidence of an unrelated lawsuit against Anderson &

Wanca and the multi-million dollar payment obligation that Anderson & Wanca has in

that case. The objectors then ask the Court to conclude that because the payment

obligation and the amount of attorney’s fees requested in this case are comparable

amounts that Anderson & Wanca breached its fiduciary duty to the class members by

entering into the proposed settlement. The objectors, however, fail to provide any

evidence that this multi-million dollar payment obligation influenced any action taken by

Anderson & Wanca in this case. Absent additional evidence from the objectors the Court

has no basis upon which it can reach this conclusion.”

The trial court also found that the cy pres award was proper and that overall the fifth factor

weighed in favor of approving the settlement.

¶ 22 Regarding the sixth factor, the opinion of competent counsel, the trial court found,

“[c]lass counsel has extensive experience in the prosecution of TCPA cases and it is class

counsel’s opinion that the proposed settlement is fair, reasonable, and in the best interest of all

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class members.” The trial court found this opinion supported by retired Judge Terrance J. Brady,

who set forth class counsel’s experience and competency in support of its request for attorney

fees. The trial court found that the sixth factor weighed in favor of approving the settlement.

¶ 23 Regarding the seventh factor, the stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery,

the trial court found that, although the case was in the early stages of litigation, substantial

discovery and motion practice had been completed, as had the litigation in the dismissed cases in

other forums. The parties had sufficient information to evaluate the merits of their respective

positions and, therefore, this factor weighed in favor of approving the settlement.

¶ 24 Regarding the eighth factor, the amount of attorney fees, the trial court, citing Brundidge

v. Glendale Federal Bank, F.S.B., 168 Ill. 2d 235, 238 (1995), stated that “[a]n award of fees

under the common fund doctrine may be determined by the percentage-of-the-award method or

by the [lodestar] method at the court’s discretion. Id. at 244.” The trial court found that class

counsel’s time records showed “the substantial amount of time, expense and effort expended in

litigating this case [and that] class counsel accepted a substantial risk in prosecuting this case

under a contingency fee agreement given the vigorous defense of the case.” The trial court

found that there was no reason to award attorney fees under the lodestar method instead of the

one-third percentage-of-the-award method.

¶ 25 The trial court overruled all of the objections it had identified to the final approval of the

settlement agreement except for the objection relating to the adequacy of the settlement as it

related to the payment of the incentive awards to C-Mart and Cadenasso. The trial court

withheld for 14 days the entry of an order approving the settlement, to provide the class

representatives and MetLife an opportunity to revise the settlement to conform to the court’s

findings and ruling and to adjust the payment amounts to account for an additional $30,000

available for distribution to the class members. The trial court also ruled that, if the parties failed

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to revise the settlement to conform to the court’s findings and ruling, the court would enter an

order denying the class representatives’ motion for final approval of the settlement.

¶ 26 On March 2, 2015, Clayton renewed his objection to any revised settlement.

¶ 27 On March 3, 2015, the settling parties revised the settlement, eliminating the incentive

awards to C-Mart and Cadenasso, and provided a proposed final approval order to the trial court.

On March 6, 2015, the trial court entered the final approval order and overruled the objections,

based on its findings from the January 16, 2015, final fairness hearing and the February 27, 2015,

written order.

¶ 28 Clayton filed a notice of appeal on March 6, 2015, and an amended notice of appeal on

March 16, 2015. Austin filed its notice of appeal on April 2, 2015. On April 13, 2015, the class

representatives filed their notice of cross-appeal, appealing the trial court’s denial of their motion

to strike Austin’s objection. This court consolidated the appeals.

¶ 29 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 30 Initially, we address Clayton’s motion to strike the class representatives’ brief because its

statement of facts is a “[p]etulant attack on the character of Objectors and their counsel” in

violation of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(6) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) (requiring an appellant's

brief to contain a statement of facts with “facts necessary to an understanding of the case, stated

accurately and fairly without argument or comment, and with appropriate reference to the pages

of the record on appeal”). We note that the argument section of Austin’s brief contains similar

attacks on the character of class counsel, in violation of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7)

(eff. Feb. 6, 2013) (requiring that the argument section contain “the contentions of the appellant

and the reasons therefor, with citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on”).

We do not condone this conduct. Although attorneys in high-stakes civil cases often find their

veracity and reputations under attack, they must remember that they are members of an

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honorable profession and that personal and hyperbolic attacks of the type made by the attorneys

here do not serve our system of justice. Further, such attacks do not take the place of factual or

legal analysis. We also note that the parties’ use of string citations to federal court decisions and

Illinois trial court decisions is neither helpful nor persuasive. However, the parties’ flagrant

improprieties are not so egregious as to hinder our review of the facts or the issues. See John

Crane Inc. v. Admiral Insurance Co., 391 Ill. App. 3d 693, 698, (2009). Therefore, we deny

Clayton’s motion to strike the class representatives’ brief, but we will disregard any unsupported

or inappropriate statements contained in the briefs of both the class representatives and Austin.

Id.

¶ 31 A. Due-Process Rights

¶ 32 1. Notice

¶ 33 Clayton argues that the notices violated the class members’ constitutional due-process

rights because they were defective and not the best notice practicable. Specifically, and for the

first time on appeal, Clayton argues that the publication notice was defective because it failed to

inform potential class members of their opt-out rights and the procedures to opt out. It is well

settled that issues not raised in the trial court cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. People

ex rel. Wilcox v. Equity Funding Life Insurance Co., 61 Ill. 2d 303, 313 (1975) (class-action

objectors could not raise an argument on appeal regarding the adequacy of notice where they

failed to raise it in the trial court). Because Clayton failed to challenge the sufficiency of the

publication notice in the trial court, he cannot raise this issue here for the first time. See id.

¶ 34 Clayton also argues that the direct notice was not the “best practicable” notice, because it

failed to direct potential class members to a settlement website with court documents, such as the

settlement documents. Clayton argues more precisely that, although the direct notice directed

potential class members to a website containing the notice, proposed settlement, and preliminary

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approval order, the notice was misleading because it led members to believe that the website was

solely for submitting claims. Clayton asserts that the website should have provided access to

court documents without confusion as to whether a claim must first be submitted.

¶ 35 According to section 2-803 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-803 (West 2014)), “[u]pon a

determination that an action may be maintained as a class action, or at any time during the

conduct of the action, the court in its discretion may order such notice that it deems necessary to

protect the interests of the class and the parties.” However, the exercise of the court’s discretion

is limited by the dictates of due process. Carrao v. Health Care Service Corp., 118 Ill. App. 3d

417, 429 (1983). Our supreme court has indicated that “[t]he question of what notice must be

given to absent class members to satisfy due process necessarily depends upon the circumstances

of the individual action.” Miner v. Gillette Co., 87 Ill. 2d 7, 15 (1981) (citing Frank v. Teachers

Insurance & Annuity Ass’n of America, 71 Ill. 2d 583, 593 (1978)).

¶ 36 The United States Supreme Court has explained that due process requires notice to be the

“best practicable, ‘reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested

parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their

objections.’ ” Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 472 U.S. 797, 812 (1985) (quoting Mullane v.

Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314-15 (1950)). In addition, the “notice

should describe the action and the plaintiffs’ rights in it.” Id. We review de novo a trial court’s

finding, upon approval of a class-action settlement, that notice to the class satisfied due process.

See Vassalle v. Midland Funding LLC, 708 F.3d 747, 759 (6th Cir. 2013).

¶ 37 The record indicates that the direct notice informed potential class members of the class

action’s pendency and the opportunity to object to the proposed settlement, and it provided a

website containing the notice, preliminary approval order, and proposed settlement. The trial

court found that the “Notice and the process by which it was sent fully complied with the

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requirements of 735 ILCS 5/2-803 and due process under the Illinois and United States

Constitutions, constituted the best practicable notice under the circumstances, and provided due

and sufficient notice to all persons entitled to notice of settlement of this lawsuit.” The record

indicates that the notice was adequate and satisfied the requirements of due process. Thus, the

trial court properly so found.

¶ 38 Clayton cites Gooch v. Life Investors Insurance Co. of America, 672 F.3d 402 (6th Cir.

2012), and Mirfasihi v. Fleet Mortgage Corp., 356 F.3d 781 (7th Cir. 2004), to support his

argument. In Gooch, the court of appeals held that a notice that included a website where

potential class members could obtain additional information “met the due-process baseline.”

Gooch, 672 F.3d at 424. In Mirfasihi, the court of appeals held that, where individual notice is

impossible, notice by publication in a national newspaper and a settlement website maintained by

the settlement administrator are “acceptable.” Mirfasihi, 356 F.3d at 786. Nothing in Gooch or

Mirfasihi indicates that a website containing access to court documents is necessary to satisfy

due process. Therefore, neither Gooch nor Mirfasihi is controlling.

¶ 39 2. Requirement to Appear

¶ 40 Next, Clayton argues that requiring class members to appear at the fairness hearing to

object to the proposed settlement violated their due-process rights under the United States

Constitution, because it unreasonably deprived absent class members the opportunity to be heard.

Due process requires that all class members “receive notice plus an opportunity to be heard and

participate in the litigation, whether in person or through counsel.” Phillips Petroleum Co., 472

U.S. at 812.

¶ 41 While our research has revealed no Illinois case on point, MetLife cites an unreported

federal court of appeals case, Spark v. MBNA Corp., 48 F. App’x 385 (3d Cir. 2002), which held,

“we are confident that a court, consistent with due process, may require an objector to be present,

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in person or by counsel, to present his objections and respond to inquiries.” Id. at 391. Although

Spark is not binding on this court, we find it persuasive.

¶ 42 In contrast, Clayton cites no persuasive authority to support his argument. Clayton cites

only Litwin v. iRenew Bio Energy Solutions, LLC, 172 Cal. Rptr. 3d 328 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014),

wherein the court determined that requiring an objector to appear at the final approval hearing

violated the California Rules of Court. Clayton cites no similar Illinois rule. Therefore, Litwin is

not persuasive. The other cases cited by Clayton are not on point or Clayton misstates their

holdings. In this case, we determine that requiring class members to be present in court to object

did not violate their due-process rights. See Spark, 48 F. App’x at 391.

¶ 43 B. Approval of Class Settlement

¶ 44 1. Standard of Review

¶ 45 Objectors attack the trial court’s final approval of the class settlement. Objectors contend

that our review is de novo. We disagree. To support their argument, objectors cite federal cases

that are not binding on this court (see Hope Clinic for Women, Ltd. v. Flores, 2013 IL 112673, ¶

78) and decisions that are factually distinguishable. In Illinois, a trial court’s final approval of a

class-action settlement will not be disturbed unless the trial court abused its discretion. People

ex rel. Wilcox v. Equity Funding Life Insurance Co., 61 Ill. 2d 303, 316 (1975); Quick v. Shell

Oil Co., 404 Ill. App. 3d 277, 281 (2010). In such a case, the question is not whether the

reviewing court agrees with the action taken by the trial court, but whether “no reasonable person

would take the view adopted by the trial court.” In re Marriage of Schneider, 214 Ill. 2d 152,

173 (2005). Given that a settlement is a compromise, a trial court is not to judge the legal and

factual questions by the criteria employed in a trial on the merits. See GMAC Mortgage Corp. of

Pennsylvania v. Stapleton, 236 Ill. App. 3d 486, 493 (1992). Rather, the standard used to

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evaluate the settlement of a class action is whether the agreement is fair, reasonable, and

adequate. Steinberg v. System Software Associates, Inc., 306 Ill. App. 3d 157, 169 (1999).

¶ 46 2. Adequate Representation of Class

¶ 47 a. Class Counsel

¶ 48 i. Fraudulent-Transfer Lawsuit

¶ 49 Objectors argue that class counsel breached its fiduciary duty to the class by failing to

disclose that, just after the trial court granted preliminary approval of the settlement, class

counsel settled a separate case. In this separate case, Old National Bank v. Anderson, Cook Co.

Cir. Ct., No. 2014 CH 06229, Old National Bank sought $3.6 million, alleging that class counsel

was liable for fraudulent transfer. Old National Bank alleged that in 2011 Wanca was liable for a

$3.6 million judgment and that, in 2012, Wanca engaged in a fraudulent transfer to avoid

payment. Old National Bank filed its complaint in April 2014, and the class representatives here

filed their complaint in July 2014. Thereafter, the trial court granted preliminary approval of the

settlement and class counsel settled its lawsuit with Old National Bank. Objectors contend that

class counsel’s failure to disclose the details of the settlement in the fraudulent-transfer case,

coupled with its efforts to prevent disclosure, leads to the conclusion that class counsel did not

adequately represent the class.

¶ 50 The trial court conducted a lengthy fairness hearing and considered objectors’ argument

regarding class counsel’s concurrent litigation and settlement with Old National Bank. The trial

court found that objectors failed to present any evidence that the settlement here was not the

product of good-faith, arm’s-length negotiation, that the Old National Bank settlement

influenced any action taken by class counsel in this case, or that class counsel breached its

fiduciary duty to any class member. Nothing in the record indicates otherwise. Therefore, the

trial court did not abuse its discretion by overruling objectors’ objection.

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¶ 51 Objectors cite Eubank v. Pella Corp., 753 F.3d 718 (7th Cir. 2014) to support their

argument. In Eubank, the court of appeals held that the district court’s approval of the settlement

was error for numerous reasons, including class counsel’s legal problems, namely, the fact that

class counsel was a defendant in two lawsuits involving his former law firm’s accusation that he

misappropriated assets and a recommendation from the Illinois Attorney Registration and

Disciplinary Commission that he be suspended from the practice of law. Id. at 722. In holding

that the settlement should have been disapproved, the court of appeals also reasoned that class

counsel replaced three named class plaintiffs because they opposed the settlement. Id. In this

case, objectors provided no evidence that class counsel here was under the kind of financial

duress as class counsel in Eubanks or that class counsel in this case engaged in the type of self-

dealing that class counsel engaged in Eubanks (replacing named class plaintiffs who opposed the

proposed settlement). Therefore, Eubanks is distinguishable from this case.

¶ 52 ii. Class Counsel’s Relationship with Sabon and C-Mart

¶ 53 Next, objectors argue that class counsel’s less-than-arm’s-length relationships with Sabon

and C-Mart show that class counsel is inadequate and, therefore, cannot serve as class counsel.

Objectors argue that Sabon and class counsel have collaborated on at least five TCPA class

actions and that class counsel has paid Sabon more than $10,000. Objectors also contend that

class counsel had a similar relationship with C-Mart, class counsel solicited C-Mart, and C-Mart

did not know what a class action was. Because objectors failed to raise these arguments in the

trial court, these issues are forfeited on appeal. See Haudrich v. Howmedica, Inc., 169 Ill. 2d

525, 536 (1996).

¶ 54 3. Class Representatives

¶ 55 Objectors argue that Fauley and Sabon are inadequate class representatives. Objectors

contend that Fauley is an inadequate class representative because “no information is available

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about [him] because he refused to appear for a deposition.” Objectors argue that Sabon is an

inadequate class representative because Sabon is closely associated with class counsel in that

“[they] work together on TCPA cases.” MetLife argues that objectors have forfeited these

arguments because they raise them for the first time on appeal. We agree with MetLife.

Austin’s objection to the final approval of the settlement (adopted and joined by Clayton) did not

raise the issues it now raises on appeal regarding Fauley and Sabon. Austin made only a vague

allegation that “[g]iven the obvious defects in the Proposed Class Settlement one must seriously

question whether class counsel and the named representatives can fairly and adequately represent

the class.” It is well settled that “issues not raised in the trial court are deemed [forfeited] and

may not be raised for the first time on appeal.” Id. Because objectors failed to raise these issues

in the trial court, these arguments are forfeited.

¶ 56 4. Attorney Fees

¶ 57 Objectors argue that the trial court erred by refusing to allow a lodestar cross-check on

class counsel’s more than $7.6 million in attorney fees. Objectors also argue that the amount

was excessive. The class representatives argue that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

approving the award based on the percentage method. We agree with the class representatives.

¶ 58 In Brundidge, our supreme court held that a trial judge has discretionary authority to

choose a percentage or a lodestar method when determining the amount of fees to be granted to

plaintiff's’ counsel in common-fund class-action litigation. Brundidge, 168 Ill. 2d at 243-44.

The lodestar method is a computation that increases the reasonable value of services rendered by

a weighted multiplier; this multiplier represents certain considerations, for example, “the

contingency nature of the proceeding, the complexity of the litigation, and the benefits [to] ***

the class.” Id. at 239-40 (citing Fiorito v. Jones, 72 Ill. 2d 73, 91 (1978)).

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¶ 59 In this case, class counsel submitted time records to the trial court, as ordered, and the

trial court examined them in camera. In a brief filed in support of the final approval of the

settlement, class counsel summarized its time records, representing that “the time records

submitted in camera show that [class] counsel’s lodestar value was $2,577,811.” Therefore, had

the trial court used the lodestar method, the effective multiplier would have been approximately

2.97, well within the range of multipliers used in other common-fund cases. See Vizcaino v.

Microsoft Corp., 290 F.3d 1043, 1051 n.6 (9th Cir. 2002) (a survey of multipliers showed a

range from 0.6 to 19.6, with most ranging from 1 to 4, and a “bare majority” ranging from 1.5 to

3.0). We note that the multiplier here was also justified in light of the trial court’s finding that

class counsel accepted “substantial risk in prosecuting this case under a contingency fee

agreement given the vigorous defense of the case and defenses asserted by [MetLife].” See

Brundidge, 168 Ill. 2d at 239-40 (to determine the proper multiplier, a court may consider “the

contingency nature of the proceeding” and the complexity of the litigation). Accordingly, under

the lodestar method, the amount of attorney fees would not necessarily have been lower. Thus,

objectors’ argument that the trial court should have used a lodestar cross-check on class

counsel’s fees is unpersuasive. We cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion by

granting the attorney fees based on a percentage of the common fund.

¶ 60 In a related argument, objectors argue that the trial court erred by denying them access to

class counsel’s time records, “making it impossible to determine whether the amount of hourly

fees logged were reasonable and necessary.” It is the appellant’s burden to provide a complete

record on appeal in order to support a claim of error. Corral v. Mervis Industries, Inc., 217 Ill.

2d 144, 156 (2005). Since class counsel’s time records are not part of the record on appeal, we

are unable to determine if error, let alone prejudicial error, arose. Class counsel’s hours and fees

were listed in a pleading, and we will presume that the trial court would have noted any

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discrepancies between the pleading and the actual time records after its in camera review.

Accordingly, we must presume that the trial court’s ruling regarding class counsel’s fees had a

sufficient factual basis and was in conformity with the law. See Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d

389, 391-92 (1984) (in the absence of a complete record on appeal, a reviewing court presumes

that the trial court’s order had a sufficient factual basis and was in conformity with the law).

¶ 61 Next, objectors argue that the trial court erred by awarding class counsel over $7.6

million in attorney fees, because class counsel breached its fiduciary duty to the class. Objectors

again contend that class counsel breached its fiduciary duty by failing to disclose the Old

National Bank lawsuit. Objectors also contend, again, that class counsel was inadequate because

it included Sabon as a class representative and Sabon had “extensive prior dealings with class

counsel in [other] TCPA cases.” We have already determined that these arguments have no

merit. Objectors point to nothing in the record indicating that the settlement was not fair,

reasonable, and adequate. See Steinberg, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 169. Therefore, the trial court did

not abuse its discretion by approving the fee award. See Quick, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 281.

¶ 62 C. Cross-Appeal

¶ 63 The class representatives appeal the trial court’s order denying their motion to strike

Austin’s objection. We will not address this issue, because it is moot. Our affirmance of the

approval of the settlement renders the failure to strike Austin’s objection at worst de minimis,

and harmless, error. Therefore, the class representatives’ cross-appeal is dismissed.

¶ 64 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 65 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment approving the settlement and

dismiss the class representatives’ cross-appeal.

¶ 66 No. 2-15-0236, Affirmed.

¶ 67 No. 2-15-0326, Affirmed; cross-appeal dismissed.

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