[Cite as State v. Levengood, 2016-Ohio-1340.]
COURT OF APPEALS
TUSCARAWAS COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO : JUDGES:
:
: Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, P.J.
Plaintiff-Appellant : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J.
: Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
-vs- :
: Case No. 2015AP090053
:
GALEN T. LEVENGOOD :
:
:
Defendant-Appellee : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Tuscarawas County
Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2015
CR 02 0039
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: March 22, 2016
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellant: For Defendant-Appellee:
TUSCARAWAS CO. PROSECUTOR MARK PERLAKY
MICHAEL J. ERNEST TUSC. CO. PUBLIC DEFENDER
125 E. High Ave. 153 N. Broadway
New Philadelphia, OH 44663 New Philadelphia, OH 44663
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2015AP090053
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Delaney, J.
{¶1} Appellant state of Ohio appeals from the September 11, 2015 Judgment
Entry of the Tuscarawas County Court of Common Pleas granting the motion to suppress
of appellee Galen T. Levengood.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶2} The following facts are adduced from the testimony of Officer Wayne Clark,
the sole witness at the suppression hearing held July 17, 2015.
{¶3} On December 20, 2014, around 11:30 a.m., Sierra Burger returned from a
trip to Drug Mart to find appellee Galen Levengood unresponsive on the floor of his
apartment. Burger called 911 and New Philadelphia police and E.M.S. responded.
{¶4} Ptl. Clark arrived to find squad members already working on the
unresponsive male laying on the floor of the apartment’s kitchen. Clark did not
immediately identify the man and did not know the reason why the man was “in full arrest.”
From his entry point into the apartment, Clark could see into the kitchen but not into the
bedroom. Clark testified, “At that point I decided to do a protective sweep of the residence
for our safety and for the safety of others.”
{¶5} Clark testified his purpose in performing the protective sweep was twofold,
to determine whether anyone else was in the apartment 1) who might pose a threat to
officers and E.M.S. and 2) who might be injured. He proceeded to look anywhere in the
apartment a person might be found.
{¶6} In addition to the E.M.S. squad, also present in the apartment were Sierra
Burger and James Wilson. Burger let Clark into the apartment and Wilson was in the
living room watching television. Sgt. Williamson arrived on the scene shortly after Clark.
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During the protective sweep, Clark and Williamson went in opposite directions, with Clark
entering the apartment bedroom. He observed a brown powdered substance on a
counter in the bedroom with needles nearby. Believing the substance to be heroin, Clark
seized it. The substance was submitted to B.C.I. and tested positive as heroin.
{¶7} After the protective sweep, Clark learned from E.M.S. that appellee was
unresponsive due to a heroin overdose and medics administered Narcan to him.
Appellee was transported to a hospital from the scene.
{¶8} A landlord arrived while police were present and stated the apartment
belonged to appellee Galen Levengood.
{¶9} Appellant was charged by indictment with one count of possession of less
than one gram of heroin pursuant to R.C. 2925.11(A) and (C)(6)(a), a felony of the fifth
degree. Appellant entered a plea of not guilty and filed a motion to suppress evidence
stemming from the protective sweep of his apartment, arguing the medical emergency
did not give officers authority to enter the bedroom where they observed the heroin. The
matter proceeded to suppression hearing on July 17, 2015, and the parties were
permitted to file post-hearing memoranda. By judgment entry dated September 11, 2015,
the trial court granted appellee’s motion to suppress and excluded the heroin found by
police.
{¶10} On September 16, 2015, appellant filed a Certification by Prosecuting
Attorney pursuant to Ohio Crim.R. 12(K) and appealed from the trial court’s judgment
entry of September 11, 2015.
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{¶11} Appellant raises two assignments of error:
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
{¶12} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING APPELLEE’S MOTION TO
SUPPRESS EVIDENCE AS MEMBERS OF THE NEW PHILADELPHIA POLICE
DEPARTMENT WERE PERMITTED TO CONDUCT A PROTECTIVE SWEEP OF
APPELLEE’S RESIDENCE.”
{¶13} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING APPELLEE’S MOTION TO
SUPPRESS EVIDENCE AS MEMBERS OF THE NEW PHILADEPHIA POLICE
DEPARTMENT WERE PERMITTED TO SEIZE THE HEROIN LOCATED IN PLAIN
VIEW IN THE APPELLE’S RESIDENCE.”
ANALYSIS
I., II.
{¶14} Appellant’s two assignments of error are related and will be considered
together. Appellant argues the trial court erred in sustaining the motion to suppress. We
disagree.
Standard of Review
{¶15} Appellate review of a trial court’s decision to deny a motion to suppress
involves a mixed question of law and fact. State v. Long, 127 Ohio App.3d 328, 332, 713
N.E.2d 1 (4th Dist.1998). During a suppression hearing, the trial court assumes the role
of trier of fact and, as such, is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to
evaluate witness credibility. State v. Brooks, 75 Ohio St.3d 148, 154, 661 N.E.2d 1030
(1996). A reviewing court is bound to accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are
supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Medcalf, 111 Ohio App.3d 142, 145,
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675 N.E.2d 1268 (4th Dist.1996). Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must
independently determine as a matter of law, without deference to the trial court’s
conclusion, whether the trial court’s decision meets the applicable legal standard. State
v. Williams, 86 Ohio App.3d 37, 42, 619 N.E.2d 1141 (4th Dist.1993), overruled on other
grounds.
{¶16} There are three methods of challenging a trial court’s ruling on a motion to
suppress on appeal. First, an appellant may challenge the trial court’s finding of fact. In
reviewing a challenge of this nature, an appellate court must determine whether the trial
court’s findings of fact are against the manifest weight of the evidence. See, State v.
Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982); State v. Klein, 73 Ohio App.3d 486,
597 N.E.2d 1141 (4th Dist.1991). Second, an appellant may argue the trial court failed
to apply the appropriate test or correct law to the findings of fact. In that case, an appellate
court can reverse the trial court for committing an error of law. See, Williams, supra.
Finally, an appellant may argue the trial court has incorrectly decided the ultimate or final
issues raised in a motion to suppress. When reviewing this type of claim, an appellate
court must independently determine, without deference to the trial court’s conclusion,
whether the facts meet the appropriate legal standard in any given case. State v. Curry,
95 Ohio App.3d 93, 96,620 N.E.2d 906 (8th Dist.1994).
{¶17} In this case, appellant argues the trial court incorrectly decided the ultimate
issue raised by the motion to suppress. Our standard of review is thus de novo.
{¶18} The parties agree that police had authority to enter appellee’s apartment
under the medical-emergency exception to the warrant requirement. The issue posed by
this case, however, is whether the circumstances permitted Officer Clark to conduct a
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protective sweep of the entire apartment. Upon our review of the record, we find
insufficient evidence of articulable facts which, taken together with the rational inferences
from those facts, would warrant a reasonably prudent officer in believing that the area to
be swept harbors an individual posing a danger to officers and emergency personnel.
Entry is Justified
{¶19} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits
warrantless searches and seizures, rendering them per se unreasonable unless an
exception applies. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357, 88 S.Ct. 507 (1967). The
exigent-circumstances exception has been recognized in situations of hot pursuit of a
fleeing felon, imminent destruction of evidence, the need to prevent a suspect's escape,
and risk of danger to the police and others. United States v. Rohrig, 98 F.3d 1506, 1515
(6th Cir.1996).
{¶20} Another subset of the exigent-circumstances category is the emergency-aid
exception. Courts recognize a community-caretaking/emergency-aid exception to the
Fourth Amendment warrant requirement is necessary to allow police to respond to
emergency situations where life or limb is in jeopardy. State v. Dunn, 131 Ohio St.3d 325,
2012–Ohio–1008, 964 N.E.2d 1037, ¶ 21. In dealing with this exception, “[t]he key issue
is whether the officers ‘had reasonable grounds to believe that some kind of emergency
existed * * *. The officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts, which,
taken with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant intrusion into
protected areas.’” State v. White, 175 Ohio App.3d 302, 2008–Ohio–657, 886 N.E.2d
904, ¶ 17 (9th Dist.). The emergency justifies the warrantless entry, and, while lawfully
present, the police may seize evidence in plain view. See Thompson v. Louisiana, 469
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U.S. 17, 10 S.Ct. 409, 83 L.Ed.2d 246 (1984); State v. Buzzard, 112 Ohio St.3d 451, 860
N.E.2d 1006, 2007–Ohio–373, ¶ 16.
{¶21} In this case, Officer Clark had reasonable grounds to believe an emergency
existed, justifying his entry into the apartment. See, Thacker v. City of Columbus, 328
F.3d 244, 254 (6th Cir.2003) [the uncertainty of the situation, justified entry to secure the
safety of the police, paramedics, and other people possibly inside the home]. The 911
call regarding an unresponsive male is a typical medical emergency justifying the officers’
entry into the apartment.
Protective Sweep Not Justified on this Record
{¶22} Warrantless entry based upon exigent circumstances is not without
limitation. A warrantless search must be “strictly circumscribed by the exigencies which
justify its initiation.” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 26, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).
Once inside, the question becomes whether the “movements of the officers were
conservative, prudent and reasonable.” See, State v. Applegate, 68 Ohio St.3d 348, 349-
50, 1994-Ohio-356, 626 N.E.2d 942 (1994). Appellant argues the officer’s actions in
entering the bedroom are justified as a “protective sweep.”
{¶23} The question remains whether Clark’s protective sweep of the apartment,
including the bedroom where the heroin was found, is justified by the circumstances of
an unresponsive male on the floor in the kitchen. The “protective sweep” exception to the
warrant requirement arose from the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Maryland v.
Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 110 S.Ct. 1093, 108 L.Ed.2d 276 (1990), holding that the Fourth
Amendment permits a properly-limited protective sweep when the searching officer
possesses a reasonable belief based on specific and articulable facts that the area to be
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swept harbors an individual posing a danger to those on the arrest scene. The Court
cautioned that:
* * * *. We also hold that as an incident to the arrest the officers
could, as a precautionary matter and without probable cause or
reasonable suspicion, look in closets and other spaces immediately
adjoining the place of arrest from which an attack could be
immediately launched. Beyond that, however, we hold that there
must be articulable facts which, taken together with the rational
inferences from those facts, would warrant a reasonably prudent
officer in believing that the area to be swept harbors an individual
posing a danger to those on the arrest scene. This is no more and
no less than was required in Terry [392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20
L.Ed.2d 889 (1968)] and Long [463 U.S. 1032, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 77
L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983)], and as in those cases, we think this balance
is the proper one.
Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 334, 110 S.Ct. 1093, 108
L.Ed.2d 276 (1990).
{¶24} The “protective sweep” is further limited to a “cursory inspection of those
spaces where a person may be found” and “lasts no longer than is necessary to dispel
the reasonable suspicion of danger and in any event no longer than it takes to complete
the arrest and depart the premises.” Buie, 494 U.S. at 336.
{¶25} The question is whether the circumstances support an officer’s belief that
others might be present, a question which turns upon the facts of each case. In State v.
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Lyons, the defendant was arrested in connection with a major narcotics operation; other
suspects were known to be at large; the defendant appeared to be under the influence of
drugs when he came to the door; he failed to respond when officers asked if anyone else
was present; it appeared a party had recently taken place; and police observed several
firearms. State v. Lyons, 83 Ohio App.3d 525, 615 N.E.2d 310 (2nd Dist.1992). The
appellate court found the circumstances presented a sufficient and articulable suspicion
necessary for the protective sweep that officers performed which yielded contraband
discovered in an upstairs closet. Id. at 534.
{¶26} The same court distinguished circumstances in another case in which a
defendant who was reported to have a firearm and to be suicidal was arrested on a
domestic violence charge after an hours-long standoff in which police had observed the
residence. State v. Sharpe, 174 Ohio App.3d 498, 2008-Ohio-267, 882 N.E.2d 960 (2nd
Dist.). An officer testified the protective sweep was performed to “check for the safety
and welfare of any other individuals that may have been involved or been inside the house
because of the possible possession of a weapon, the threat of self-harm to defendant,
and the violence of the incident that occurred earlier against his girlfriend.” Id. at ¶ 10.
The court found the officers lacked a reasonable and articulable suspicion that other
persons who might pose a danger to the officers remained inside the house:
The protective-sweep exception to the warrant requirement in
Buie and Lyons requires some positive indication that another
person or persons remain in the residential premises where a subject
is arrested and that they pose a threat to the safety of officers or
others. Lacking that indication, there is not a need to act sufficient to
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avoid the requirement of a prior warrant if the house is to be searched
after a defendant's arrest there. Mere suspicion that a weapon
remains inside is insufficient. Likewise, not knowing whether anyone
else is there is an insufficient pretext because the need for protection
necessarily implies that another person or persons are there. Faced
with such doubts, and absent any reason to believe that other
persons may be inside, officers must obtain a warrant before they
conduct a search of a defendant's house after a defendant's arrest
there.
State v. Sharpe, 174 Ohio App.3d 498, 2008-Ohio-267, 882
N.E.2d 960, ¶ 46 (2nd Dist.).
{¶27} We find the rationale of Sharpe to be applicable here. In case sub judice,
Clark had no positive indication others might be present in appellee’s apartment, and the
fact that he didn’t know whether anyone else was present is not a sufficient pretext to
sweep the entire apartment. See, State v. Mickey, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82844, 2003-
Ohio-6878, ¶ 18 [no persuasive evidence of any information that area to be swept
harbored an individual who posed a threat when officer testified he had no knowledge of
who lived in the apartment or who might be present]; State v. Walters, 9th Dist. Summit
No. 23795, 2008-Ohio-1466, ¶ 13 [protective sweep not justified when no officer testified
anything observed in home suggested another person was present]; State v. White, 175
Ohio App.3d 302, 2008-Ohio-657, 886 N.E.2d 904, ¶ 24 (9th Dist.) [record does not
contain evidence that the officers had any reason to believe that anyone other than
defendant was inside the house]; State v. Martin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82026, 2003-
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Ohio-4058, ¶ 13 [only officer to testify admitted there was nothing to suggest any threat
of danger when he searched the upstairs bedroom]; State v. McLemore, 197 Ohio App.3d
726, 2012-Ohio-521, 968 N.E.2d 612, ¶ 13 (2nd Dist.) [“not knowing whether anyone else
was inside the residence is an insufficient pretext for a protective sweep to learn whether
anyone is in fact inside”].
{¶28} Appellant has separately assigned as error the issue of whether the heroin
seized was in plain view. The plain view doctrine only applies if officers were lawfully
present in order to see the contraband. Under the plain view exception to the search
warrant requirement, police may seize evidence in plain view during a lawful search if (1)
the seizing officer is lawfully present at the place from which the evidence can be plainly
viewed; (2) the seizing officer has a right of access to the object itself; and (3) the object's
incriminating character is immediately apparent. State v. Justice, 5th Dist. Fairfield No.
10 CA 41, 2011-Ohio-4004, ¶ 34, citing Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 136–37 (1990).
Because the protective sweep was unlawful, law enforcement was not lawfully present in
the bedroom to view the heroin. Thus, the seizure of the heroin is not protected under the
plain view doctrine. State v. Greene, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 96APA11-1591, 1997 WL
358810, *3 (June 30, 1997).
{¶29} We are charged with independently determining, without deference to the
trial court's conclusion, whether the facts before us on the record meet the appropriate
legal standard. State v. Fisher, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 13CA35, 2014-Ohio-3029, ¶ 44,
citing State v. Curry, 95 Ohio App.3d 93, 96, 620 N.E.2d 906 (8th Dist.1994). We must
conclude the facts in this record do not support the protective sweep. We concur with the
trial court's determination that law enforcement under these circumstances exceeded its
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authority to conduct a protective sweep of the entire apartment. The warrantless entry
into the bedroom is not supported as a protected sweep and thus the officer was not
lawfully present when he observed the heroin in the bedroom. The trial court properly
granted appellee’s motion to suppress.
CONCLUSION
{¶30} Appellant’s two assignments of error are overruled and the judgment of the
Tuscarawas County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
By: Delaney, J. and
Farmer, P.J.
Gwin, J., concur.
State v. Levengood
Combined Opinion