MEMORANDUM DECISION
FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Apr 15 2016, 8:12 am
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
CLERK
regarded as precedent or cited before any Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
court except for the purpose of establishing and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Tyrone Goodman Gregory F. Zoeller
Carlisle, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Jodi Kathryn Stein
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Tyrone Goodman, April 15, 2016
Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No.
45A05-1510-PC-1568
v. Appeal from the Lake Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Salvador Vasquez,
Appellee-Respondent. Judge
The Honorable Kathleen A.
Sullivan, Magistrate
Trial Court Cause No.
45G01-1307-PC-11
Bradford, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] In 2005, Appellant-Petitioner Tyrone Goodman was sentenced to an aggregate
term of seventy-eight years after he pled guilty to Class A felony robbery, Class
B felony robbery, Class C felony robbery, and Class C felony forgery.
Goodman’s sentence was affirmed on direct appeal. Goodman filed a pro-se
petition for post-conviction relief (“PCR”) in July of 2013. On September 18,
2015, the post-conviction court issued an order denying Goodman’s petition.
Goodman has appealed, arguing that the post-conviction court erroneously
found that (1) his guilty plea was made knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily; (2) the factual basis was sufficient to support his guilty plea relating
to the Class B felony robbery charge; and (3) he did not suffer ineffective
assistance of trial counsel. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Our memorandum decision in Goodman’s prior direct appeal, which was
handed down on August 14, 2006, instructs us as to the underlying facts and
procedural history leading to this post-conviction appeal:
On March 2, 2005, Goodman and an accomplice parked outside
the home of eighty-three year old Mary Dreiser in Hobart,
Indiana. When Dreiser returned home, Goodman’s accomplice
approached her and asked for directions. As Dreiser began to
respond, Goodman’s accomplice grabbed her purse and knocked
her to the ground. Dreiser sustained a hip injury from the fall
and had to have hip replacement surgery.
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On March 5, 2005, Goodman went to Merrillville, Indiana,
where he encountered Bonnie Armstrong. Goodman
approached Armstrong and took her purse. In doing so,
Goodman pushed Armstrong against a rail, causing bruising and
soreness to her arm.
Later that same day, Goodman went to a Linens N’ Things store
in Highland, Indiana. Carmen Milojkovitch was inside the store
returning an item she had purchased. Milojkovitch’s eleven-year
old daughter remained outside in the car with Milojkovitch’s
purse. When Milojkovitch exited the store, she saw Goodman
reach inside her car and take her purse. Milojkovitch ran up to
Goodman and grabbed the strap of her purse. The two struggled
for a few moments until the purse strap broke. Milojkovitch fell
to the ground, and Goodman fled with the purse. Inside
Milojkovitch’s purse was her checkbook. On March 9, 2005,
Goodman forged Milojkovitch’s signature on one of the checks
and made the check payable to himself in the amount of $361.32.
Goodman then went to a Bank of Calumet branch and
unsuccessfully attempted to cash the check.
Goodman was ultimately arrested. The State charged him with a
number of offenses under four different cause numbers. For the
events involving Dreiser, Goodman was charged with robbery as
a Class A felony, and aggravated battery as a Class B felony
under cause number 45G01-0503-FA-00010 (“FA-10”).
Goodman was charged under cause number 45G01-0503-FB-
00022 (“FB-22”) with robbery as a Class B felony for the robbery
of Armstrong and robbery as a Class C felony for the events
involving Milojkovitch. Goodman was charged with robbery
resulting in serious bodily injury as a Class B felony under cause
number 45G01-0503-FB-00023 (“FB-23”). Goodman was also
charged with forgery as a Class C felony and fraud on a financial
institution as a Class C felony under cause number 45G01-0503-
FC-00041 (“FC-41”) for his attempt to forge Milojkovitch’s name
and cash one of her checks. Additionally, the State filed an
habitual offender charge under each of the four cause numbers.
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On August 30, 2005, Goodman entered into a plea agreement
with [Appellee-Respondent the State of Indiana (the “State”)].
Under the agreement, Goodman agreed to plead guilty to
robbery as a Class A felony under FA-10, robbery as a Class B
felony and robbery as a Class C felony under FB-22, and forgery
as a Class C felony under FC-41. In exchange, the State
dismissed the aggravated battery as a Class B felony charge under
FA-10, all of the charges under FB-23, the fraud on a financial
institution as a Class C felony charge under FC-41, and all four
of the habitual offender charges.
The trial court held a sentencing hearing on September 27, 2005,
where it accepted Goodman’s guilty plea. At the hearing,
Goodman apologized to his victims and stated that he was under
the influence of drugs at the time he committed each of the acts
to which he pled guilty. The trial court found two aggravating
circumstances. First was Goodman’s criminal history, which
includes four juvenile adjudications, nine adult felony
convictions, and one misdemeanor conviction. The second
aggravating circumstance was that one of Goodman’s victims
was an eighty-three year old woman who suffered a fractured
hip. The only mitigating factor found by the trial court was
Goodman’s guilty plea, but the court did not give this factor
significant weight because of Goodman’s criminal history. The
trial court specifically refused to find that Goodman’s addiction
to drugs was a mitigating circumstance. The court sentenced
Goodman to forty-eight years for his Class A felony robbery
conviction, seventeen years for his Class B felony robbery
conviction, seven years for his Class C felony robbery conviction,
and six years for his Class C felony forgery conviction. These
sentences were to be served consecutively for an aggregate
sentence of seventy-eight years. The trial court stated that it did
not give Goodman the maximum sentence for any of his
convictions because he pled guilty.
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Goodman v. State, 45A03-0510-CR-525 *2-3 (Ind. Ct. App. August 14, 2006)
(footnotes omitted), trans. denied. Goodman’s sentence was affirmed on direct
appeal. Id. at *14.
[3] Goodman filed a pro-se PCR petition on July 8, 2013. The post-conviction
court subsequently conducted an evidentiary hearing on Goodman’s petition,
after which it issued an order denying Goodman’s petition. This appeal
follows.
Discussion and Decision
[4] Post-conviction procedures do not afford the petitioner with a super-appeal.
Williams v. State, 706 N.E.2d 149, 153 (Ind. 1999). Instead, they create a
narrow remedy for subsequent collateral challenges to convictions, challenges
which must be based on grounds enumerated in the post-conviction rules. Id.
A petitioner who has been denied post-conviction relief appeals from a negative
judgment and as a result, faces a rigorous standard of review on appeal. Dewitt
v. State, 755 N.E.2d 167, 169 (Ind. 2001); Colliar v. State, 715 N.E.2d 940, 942
(Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied.
[5] Post-conviction proceedings are civil in nature. Stevens v. State, 770 N.E.2d 739,
745 (Ind. 2002). Therefore, in order to prevail, a petitioner must establish his
claims by a preponderance of the evidence. Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(5);
Stevens, 770 N.E.2d at 745. When appealing from the denial of a PCR petition,
a petitioner must convince this court that the evidence, taken as a whole, “leads
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unmistakably to a conclusion opposite that reached by the post-conviction
court.” Stevens, 770 N.E.2d at 745. “It is only where the evidence is without
conflict and leads to but one conclusion, and the post-conviction court has
reached the opposite conclusion, that its decision will be disturbed as contrary
to law.” Godby v. State, 809 N.E.2d 480, 482 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied.
The post-conviction court is the sole judge of the weight of the evidence and the
credibility of the witnesses. Fisher v. State, 810 N.E.2d 674, 679 (Ind. 2004).
We therefore accept the post-conviction court’s findings of fact unless they are
clearly erroneous but give no deference to its conclusions of law. Id.
I. Whether Goodman’s Guilty Plea Was Made
Knowingly, Intelligently, and Voluntarily
[6] Goodman challenges the post-conviction court’s determination that his guilty
plea was made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Specifically,
Goodman contends that his guilty plea was rendered involuntary because there
is no record that he was advised of certain constitutional rights as is required by
Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238 (1969). Goodman also raises two alternative
contentions relating to the voluntary nature of his guilty plea, with these
contentions being that his guilty plea was rendered involuntary (1) because of
his erroneous belief that in light of his decision to plead guilty, the level of
felony of one of the charges would be reduced; and (2) because the State
allegedly attempted to increase his culpability with regard to one of the other
charges.
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A. Boykin Rights
[7] “In Boykin, the United States Supreme Court held that it was reversible error for
the trial judge to accept petitioner’s guilty plea without an affirmative showing
that it was intelligent and voluntary.” Hall v. State, 849 N.E.2d 466, 469 (Ind.
2006) (citing Boykin, 395 U.S. at 242). “More particularly, Boykin requires that
the record must show, or there must be an allegation and evidence which show,
that the defendant was informed of, and waived, three specific federal
constitutional rights: the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, right
to trial by jury, and the right to confront one’s accusers.” Id. (citing Boykin, 395
U.S. 243). The Boykin Court made it clear that “‘[w]e cannot presume a waiver
of these three important federal rights from a silent record.’” Id. (quoting
Boykin, 395 U.S. 243).
However, Boykin “does not require that the record of the guilty
plea proceeding show that the accused was formally advised that
entry of his guilty plea waives certain constitutional rights[,]” nor
does Boykin require that the record contain a formal waiver of
these rights by the accused. State v. Eiland, 707 N.E.2d 314, 318
(Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (quotation omitted), reh’g denied, opinion
expressly adopted by 723 N.E.2d 863 (Ind. 2000); Barron v. State,
164 Ind. App. 638, 330 N.E.2d 141, 144 (1975). Rather, Boykin
only requires a conviction to be vacated if the defendant did not
know or was not advised at the time of his plea that he was
waiving his Boykin rights. Davis v. State, 675 N.E.2d 1097, 1103
(Ind. 1996); see also United States ex rel. Miller v. McGinnis, 774 F.2d
819, 824 (7th Cir. 1985) (holding that a defendant must be “fully
cognizant” that he is waiving his Boykin rights by pleading
guilty).
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Dewitt v. State, 755 N.E.2d 167, 171 (Ind. 2001). Further, “[a] signed plea
agreement reciting that the defendant waives the right to a jury trial, the right to
confront witnesses and the right against self-incrimination, is an adequate
advisement to establish a knowing and voluntary waiver of rights.” Spencer v.
State, 634 N.E.2d 500, 501 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993) (citing Von Hagel v. State, 568
N.E.2d 549, 550 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990), trans. denied). “The trial judge is not
required personally to advise the defendant of the constitutional rights he is
waiving if those rights are recited in the plea agreement.” Id. (citing Moriarty v.
State, 490 N.E.2d 1106, 1108 (Ind. 1986)).
[8] In the instant matter, the plea agreement that was signed by Goodman and
accepted by the trial court recited the constitutional rights which must be
included in a proper Boykin advisement. Review of the record demonstrates
that Goodman indicated during the guilty plea hearing that he (1) had reviewed
the entire plea agreement before signing it, (2) understood its terms and
conditions, (3) had reviewed its terms with his attorney, and (4) fully
understood all of his constitutional rights. The trial court also asked Goodman
directly whether he understood that he was giving up his constitutional right to
be tried by a jury and the related constitutional rights by pleading guilty.
Goodman responded that he understood. Additionally, during the evidentiary
hearing, Goodman admitted that he signed the plea agreement and was present
in court when the trial court went over its terms.
[9] It is clear from the record that Goodman knew he was waiving the
constitutional rights discussed in Boykin. Review of Goodman’s plea agreement
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demonstrates that the plea agreement specifically indicated that by pleading
guilty, Goodman was waiving the constitutional rights specified by the United
States Supreme Court in Boykin. Goodman has also acknowledged that he
signed the plea agreement and that he understood its terms. Thus, despite
Goodman’s claim to the contrary, we conclude that Goodman was, in fact,
adequately notified of his Boykins rights. Goodman’s contention that the
alleged failure to notify him of his Boykin rights rendered his guilty plea
involuntary is therefore without merit.
B. Additional Contentions
[10] Goodman also contends that his guilty plea was rendered involuntary because
(1) he erroneously believed that the Class B felony charge would be reduced to
a Class C felony and (2) the State allegedly attempted to increase his culpability
with regard to the Class A felony robbery charge. Goodman, however, did not
raise either of these contentions in his PCR petition. As such, these contentions
are unavailable for appellate review. See Allen v. State, 749 N.E.2d 1158, 1171
(Ind. 2001) (providing that “[i]ssues not raised in the petition for post-
conviction relief may not be raised for the first time on post-conviction
appeal”); see also Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(8) (providing that “[a]ll grounds
for relief available to a petitioner under this rule must be raised in his original
petition.”).
[11] Furthermore, to the extent that Goodman presented argument relating to these
contentions during the evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court was in the
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best position to judge Goodman’s credibility with regard to his claimed belief
that the Class B felony charge would be reduced to a Class C felony. Nothing
in the record provides any indication that the charge would be reduced to a
Class C felony and the trial court explicitly explained the potential sentence that
could be imposed following Goodman’s plea of guilty to the Class B felony.
The post-conviction court was also in the best position to judge whether the
State presented any argument which was inconsistent with the factual basis
outlining Goodman’s participation in the criminal acts relating to the Class A
felony robbery charge. We will not disturb the post-conviction court’s
determinations relating to the weight of the evidence or witness credibility. See
Fisher, 810 N.E.2d at 679 (providing that the post-conviction court is the sole
judge of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses).
II. Whether There Was a Sufficient Factual Basis to
Support Goodman’s Guilty Plea for Class C felony
Robbery
[12] Goodman also contends that there was an insufficient factual basis to support
his guilty plea for Class C felony robbery. Specifically, Goodman claims that
the factual basis was insufficient to show that he used force when committing
the Class C felony robbery.
A court may not accept a guilty plea unless the court determines
that a sufficient factual basis exists to support the plea. Rhoades v.
State, 675 N.E.2d 698, 700 (Ind. 1996) (citing Ind. Code § 35-35-
1-3). A factual basis may be established by relatively minimal
evidence about the elements of the crime from which the court
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could reasonably conclude that the defendant is guilty. Id. A
trial court’s finding of an adequate factual basis is presumptively
correct. Id. Additionally, the standard for a sufficient factual
basis to support a guilty plea is less rigorous than that required to
support a conviction. Id. at 702.
Graham v. State, 941 N.E.2d 1091, 1098 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).
[13] In order to find that Goodman had committed Class C felony robbery at the
time he committed the criminal offense at issue, the factual basis needed to
establish that Goodman “knowingly or intentionally [took] property from
another person or from the presence of another person: (1) by using or
threatening the use of force on any person; or (2) by putting any person in
fear[.]” Indiana Code § 35-42-5-1. “It is true that committing robbery by use of
force requires that the force be used before the defendant completes taking the
property from the presence of the victim.” Young v. State, 725 N.E.2d 78, 80
(Ind. 2000) (citing Eckelberry v. State, 497 N.E.2d 233, 234 (Ind. 1986)).
However,
“[w]e have previously held ... that a [robbery by use of force] is
not fully effectuated if the person in lawful possession of the
property resists before the thief has removed the property from
the premises or from the person’s presence.” [Coleman v. State,
653 N.E.2d 481, 482 (Ind. 1995)] (emphasis added) (citing
Eckelberry, 497 N.E.2d at 234 (“The evidence showed the force
was used before Eckelberry completed taking the automobile
‘from the presence of’ Mrs. Bohannan.”)). The statute provides
that the property must be taken from “another person or from the
presence of another person.” Ind. Code [ ] § 35-42-5-1 [ ]. A
defendant may exert force off the victim’s land and still exert the
force in the victim’s presence. Many robberies occur in places
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never owned by the victim, like parking lots.
“A crime that is continuous in its purpose and objective is
deemed to be a single uninterrupted transaction.” Eddy v. State,
496 N.E.2d 24, 28 (Ind. 1986). A robbery is not complete until
the defendant asports the property, or takes it from the possession
of the victim. Id. (upholding felony murder conviction where
defendant killed victim after removing property from victim’s
pockets, but prior to taking property away with him); Neal v.
State, 214 Ind. 328, 14 N.E.2d 590, 596 (1938) (defining
asportation). Asportation continues as the perpetrators depart
from the place where the property was seized. See Coleman, 653
N.E.2d at 482; Eddy, 496 N.E.2d at 28. In short, when the
robbery and the violence are so closely connected in point of
time, place, and continuity of action, they constitute one
continuous scheme or transaction. Thompson v. State, 441 N.E.2d
192 (Ind. 1982); Stroud v. State, 272 Ind. 12, 395 N.E.2d 770
(1979).
Id. at 81 (second set of brackets in original, all others added).
[14] The Indiana Supreme Court held such was the case in Young. Id. In that case,
Young entered the home of Betty and Earl Morris on March 29, 1998. Id. at
80. While in the Morris’ home, Young asked them if they would be interested
in buying food stamps. Id. After they declined, Young asked Earl “if he had
change for a $50 bill, and held up a bill with the number 50 on it.” Id.
As Morris was taking out his billfold, he began to think the
money was fake, and said he would not make change. Young
shoved Morris back against the door and grabbed the billfold. He
then ran out to his car, which was in the alley with the engine
running.
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Morris pursued Young and arrived at the car in time to grab onto
the windshield and the door handle. He reached into the open
window to turn off the ignition. Young rapped his knuckles with
a screwdriver and drove down the alley, but Morris continued to
hang onto the car. Morris said he couldn’t let go, because Young
was going too fast. The friction from the pavement of the alley
wore through Morris’s shoe, and he fell off. Young ran over
Morris’s leg as he sped away.
Morris sustained a fractured ankle and abrasions and bruises on
his arms and legs. He went to the emergency room for treatment
a day or two after he was injured. Morris reports that his leg is
still stiff and, as a result, he freezes up and falls down a lot, trying
to walk.
Id. (internal record quotations and brackets omitted). Young challenged his
conviction arguing that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he took
property from Earl by using force. Upon review, the Indiana Supreme Court
disagreed and held that “[t]he snatching of money, exertion of force, and escape
were so closely connected in time (to sprint from house to running car parked
outside), place (from door to alley), and continuity (in stealing money, then
attempting to escape with it), that we hold Young’s taking of property includes
his actions in effecting his escape.” Id. at 81.
[15] Such is also the case here. The factual basis demonstrates that on March 5,
2005, Goodman approached a van parked in a parking lot outside of a Linen N’
Things store in Highland. The van belonged to Milojkovitch. Goodman
approached the van, reached inside, and took a purse belonging to
Milojkovitch. Milojkovitch had not given Goodman permission to either
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approach her van or take her purse. Milojkovitch approached as Goodman
reached into her van and took her purse. Milojkovitch and Goodman engaged
in a struggle over the purse when Milojkovitch attempted to take it back from
Goodman. During the struggle, Goodman “forcefully snatched the purse
causing the strap to break” and Milojkovitch to be knocked to the ground.
Guilty Plea Tr. p. 28. Goodman then fled with Milojkovitch’s purse. In setting
forth the factual basis during the guilty plea hearing, Goodman admitted that he
knowingly and intentionally took the purse from Milojkovitch “by use of force
in snatching the purse.” Guilty Plea Tr. p. 29. Goodman also admitted that by
doing so, “it was [his] intent to deprive [Milojkovitch] of any use or value of the
purse.” Guilty Plea Tr. p. 29.
[16] The factual basis demonstrates that the force exerted by Goodman was exerted
as Goodman attempted to depart from the place from which Milojkovitch’s
purse was seized, i.e., her vehicle. Similar to the facts presented in Young,
Goodman’s snatching of the purse, exertion of force, and escape were so closely
connected in time, place, and continuity that we conclude Goodman’s taking of
Milojkovitch’s purse includes his actions effecting his escape. See Young, 725
N.E.2d at 81 (providing that Young’s snatching of money, exertion of force,
and escape were so connected in time, place, and continuity that Young’s
taking of property included his actions in effecting his escape). We further
conclude, therefore, that the factual basis was sufficient to support Goodman’s
guilty plea for Class C felony robbery.
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III. Whether Goodman Suffered Ineffective Assistance
of Trial Counsel
[17] The right to effective counsel is rooted in the Sixth Amendment to the United
States Constitution. Taylor v. State, 840 N.E.2d 324, 331 (Ind. 2006). “‘The
Sixth Amendment recognizes the right to the assistance of counsel because it
envisions counsel’s playing a role that is critical to the ability of the adversarial
system to produce just results.’” Id. (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 685 (1984)). “The benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness
must be whether counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper function of the
adversarial process that the trial court cannot be relied on as having produced a
just result.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686. The United States Supreme Court has
held that the two-part test set forth in Strickland applies to challenges to guilty
pleas based on alleged ineffective assistance of counsel. Hill v. Lockhart, 474
U.S. 52, 57-58 (1985).
[18] A successful claim for ineffective assistance of counsel must satisfy two
components. Reed v. State, 866 N.E.2d 767, 769 (Ind. 2007). Under the first
prong, the petitioner must establish that counsel’s performance was deficient by
demonstrating that counsel’s representation “fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness, committing errors so serious that the defendant did not have
the ‘counsel’ guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. We recognize that
even the finest, most experienced criminal defense attorneys may not agree on
the ideal strategy or most effective way to represent a client, and therefore,
under this prong, we will assume that counsel performed adequately and defer
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to counsel’s strategic and tactical decisions. Smith v. State, 765 N.E.2d 578, 585
(Ind. 2002). Isolated mistakes, poor strategy, inexperience, and instances of
bad judgment do not necessarily render representation ineffective. Id.
[19] Under the second prong, the petitioner must show that the deficient
performance resulted in prejudice. Reed, 866 N.E.2d at 769. Again, a petitioner
may show prejudice by demonstrating that there is “a reasonable probability
(i.e. a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome) that, but
for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id.
A petitioner’s failure to satisfy either prong will cause the ineffective assistance
of counsel claim to fail. See Williams, 706 N.E.2d at 154. Stated differently,
“[a]lthough the two parts of the Strickland test are separate inquires, a claim
may be disposed of on either prong.” Grinstead v. State, 845 N.E.2d 1027, 1031
(Ind. 2006) (citing Williams, 706 N.E.2d at 154).
[20] In contending that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance, Goodman
claims that his trial counsel misinformed him of the law and failed to
investigate his case. Goodman, however, presented no evidence beyond his
own self-serving testimony at the evidentiary hearing to support these claims.
[21] With respect to his claim that trial counsel incorrectly advised him as to the
law, the Indiana Supreme Court has held that “a petitioner may not simply
allege that he or she would not have entered into a guilty plea, nor is the
petitioner’s conclusory testimony to that effect sufficient to prove prejudice.”
Clarke v. State, 974 N.E.2d 562, 565 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012).
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Rather, the petitioner must “establish, by objective facts,
circumstances that support the conclusion that [trial] counsel’s
errors in advice as to penal consequences were material to the
decision to plead.” Segura v. State, [749 N.E.2d 496, 507 (Ind.
2001)]. In so doing, the petitioner “must establish an objective
reasonable probability that competent representation would have
caused the petitioner not to enter a plea.” Id. In undertaking this
analysis, we focus upon whether the petitioner proffered specific
facts indicating that a reasonable defendant would have rejected
the petitioner’s plea had the petitioner’s trial counsel performed
adequately. See Willoughby v. State, [792 N.E.2d 560, 564 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied].
Id. (first set of brackets in original, all others added).
[22] It is also of note that Goodman did not call his trial counsel to testify during the
evidentiary hearing regarding either the legal information she shared with
Goodman or her investigation into the facts and circumstances relating to the
charges levied against Goodman. “When trial counsel is not called as a witness
to testify in support of a petitioner’s arguments, the post-conviction court may
infer that trial counsel would not have corroborated the petitioner’s
allegations.” Gann v. State, 570 N.E.2d 976, 979 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991) (citing
Dickson v. State, 533 N.E.2d 586, 589 (Ind. 1989)). The post-conviction court,
therefore, was under no obligation to credit Goodman’s self-serving testimony
regarding the assistance allegedly rendered by his trial counsel.
[23] Further, review of the record reveals that Goodman failed to establish that he
was prejudiced by trial counsel’s actions. Goodman was facing numerous
felony charges under four separate cause numbers. Goodman was also alleged
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to be a habitual offender in each of the separate cause numbers. All told,
Goodman faced a maximum 194-year sentence if found guilty of each of the
charged offenses and found to be a habitual offender. Pursuant to the terms of
the plea agreement, the State agreed to dismiss a number of felony charges and
all four allegations that Goodman was a habitual offender. The dismissal of
these charges and the habitual offender allegations resulted in a significant
reduction in the potential sentencing exposure faced by Goodman.
[24] In discussing the terms of the plea agreement with Goodman during the guilty
plea hearing, the trial court went through Goodman’s potential sentencing
exposure as a result of his guilty plea in great detail. Goodman repeatedly
indicated that he understood his potential exposure and that he wished to plead
guilty pursuant to the terms of the plea agreement. The trial court subsequently
accepted Goodman’s guilty pleas and sentenced him in accordance with the
terms of the plea agreement. Based on these facts, we conclude that Goodman
failed to demonstrate that there was “a reasonable probability (i.e. a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome) that, but for counsel’s
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Reed, 866
N.E.2d at 769. As such, we conclude that the post-conviction court did not err
in rejecting Goodman’s contention that he suffered ineffective assistance of trial
counsel.1
1
To the extent that Goodman claims that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by “effectively
arguing for consecutive sentences[,]” Appellant’s Br. p. 9, and failing to argue that his drug use should be
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1510-PC-1568 | April 15, 2016 Page 18 of 19
Conclusion
[25] In sum, we conclude that the record demonstrates that Goodman’s guilty plea
was made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. We also conclude that the
factual basis was sufficient to support Goodman’s guilty plea for Class C felony
robbery and that Goodman did not suffer ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
As such, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.
[26] The judgment of the post-conviction court is affirmed.
Bailey, J., and Altice, J., concur.
considered to be a mitigating factor, the record demonstrates otherwise. Review of the record reveals that
Goodman’s trial counsel did not argue for consecutive sentences but rather merely acknowledge that the trial
court would likely feel compelled to consider the serious nature of Goodman’s conduct together with his
extensive criminal record and would likely order that the sentences imposed for each of Goodman’s
convictions be run consecutively to the others. Despite making this acknowledgment, however, trial counsel
nevertheless requested that the trial court order that the sentences be run concurrently and that the trial court
consider Goodman’s drug habit to be a mitigating factor. It is beyond trial counsel’s control that the trial
court did not grant these requests when sentencing Goodman.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1510-PC-1568 | April 15, 2016 Page 19 of 19
Tyrone Goodman v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion