IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 42090
STATE OF IDAHO, ) 2015 Opinion No. 54S2
)
Plaintiff-Respondent, ) Filed: April 19, 2016
)
v. ) Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
)
LAURA LEE SMITH, ) SECOND SUBSTITUTE OPINION
) THE COURT’S PRIOR OPINIONS
Defendant-Appellant. ) DATED AUGUST 27, 2015, AND
) FEBRUARY 1, 2016, ARE HEREBY
) WITHDRAWN
Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District, State of Idaho,
Bonner County. Hon. Barbara A. Buchanan, District Judge.
Judgment of conviction for aiding and abetting in the delivery of a controlled
substance, vacated and case remanded.
Sara B. Thomas, State Appellate Public Defender; Sally J. Cooley, Deputy
Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Jessica M. Lorello, Deputy
Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
________________________________________________
GUTIERREZ, Judge
Laura Lee Smith appeals from her judgment of conviction for aiding and abetting in the
delivery of a controlled substance. She first contends that the trial court erred by admitting the
audio recording of a nonwitness’s out-of-court statements in violation of the Confrontation
Clause. Smith also claims that the trial court erred in the admission at trial of certain testimonial
evidence that Smith characterizes as hearsay. Smith finally contends that there was insufficient
evidence to support her conviction. For the reasons set forth below, we vacate Smith’s
conviction and remand.
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I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
While working on an undercover sting operation in a local bar, two officers, Detective
Hight and Officer Mattingley, made video-recorded arrangements to purchase psilocybin
mushrooms from Shawn Kendle. Kendle indicated to the officers that he had a source for the
mushrooms and that his source was in the bar. Kendle then approached Smith and spoke with
her for several minutes. Smith exited the bar and Officer Mattingley followed her into the
parking lot. Smith drove away from the lot but returned approximately ten minutes later. She
exited the vehicle holding a brown paper bag, which she carried across the parking lot to the
driver’s side of Kendle’s truck. Officer Mattingley heard a car door open and shut. Smith then
walked back across the parking lot toward the bar, the brown paper bag notably absent. The two
officers and Kendle later went back outside where Kendle exchanged a brown paper bag from
the driver’s side of his truck for the officers’ payment. The mushrooms inside the bag were later
identified as psilocybin mushrooms by police forensics. The State charged Smith with aiding
and abetting in the delivery of a controlled substance.
At trial, Smith objected to the admission of the audio portion of the video recording
wherein Kendle could be heard saying, “I’ve got her in the bar.” Smith challenged its admission
on the grounds that she had not had “an opportunity to cross-examine [Kendle] about what he’s
saying.” The trial court overruled this objection and allowed the video playback with audio. The
court also overruled Smith’s hearsay objection to Officer Mattingley’s testimony as he described
the events within the video, specifically his statement, “[Kendle] is standing at the bar talking to
what he said was his person that could supply him with mushrooms.” At the conclusion of the
State’s case, Smith moved for a directed verdict on the basis of insufficient evidence, which the
court denied.
The jury found Smith guilty of aiding and abetting in the delivery of a controlled
substance. The court sentenced Smith to a unified sentence of four years, with two years
determinate, but suspended the sentence and placed her on probation for three years. Smith
timely appeals.
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II.
ANALYSIS
Smith raises three issues on appeal: first, whether the trial court erred by admitting the
audio portion of the video recording of Kendle’s statement to police during their undercover
operation in violation of Smith’s Sixth Amendment right of confrontation; second, whether the
court erred in the admission of witness testimony before the jury during the narration of that
video; and finally, whether there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s guilty verdict.
A. Right of Confrontation
On appeal, Smith argues that the trial court violated her constitutional right under the
Confrontation Clause when it admitted the audio portion of a video recording of a nonwitness.
In reviewing a potential violation of the Confrontation Clause, this Court will defer to the trial
court’s factual findings, unless they are clearly erroneous, but will exercise free review over the
trial court’s legal determinations. State v. Hooper, 145 Idaho 139, 142, 176 P.3d 911, 914
(2007).
The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants the
right to confront witnesses at trial. U.S. CONST. AMEND. VI (“In all criminal prosecutions, the
accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with witnesses against him.”). It applies only
to hearsay statements that are testimonial. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51 (2004);
State v. Stanfield, 158 Idaho 327, 332, 347 P.3d 175, 180 (2015). A statement is testimonial
when it was made with a primary objective of creating an evidentiary record to establish a fact at
trial. Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822 (2006) (“Statements . . . are testimonial when the
circumstances objectively indicate . . . that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish
or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.”); State v. Shackelford,
150 Idaho 355, 372-73, 247 P.3d 582, 599-600 (2010) (holding that statements of ex-wife were
not testimonial because they were not offered for their truth). Statements of individuals made
unknowingly to undercover officers are not testimonial. Davis, 547 U.S. at 825 (citing Bourjaily
v. United States, 483 U.S. 171, 181-84 (1987) and noting that “statements made unwittingly to a
Government informant” were “clearly nontestimonial”).
At issue here are Kendle’s out-of-court statements made to undercover officers during
their sting operation. Smith broadly argues that multiple “statements of Mr. Kendle . . . were
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testimonial in nature,” but she only specifically addresses the admission of Kendle’s statement,
“I’ve got her in the bar,” in reference to his source for the mushrooms.1
First, Kendle unwittingly made the recorded statement to undercover officers, as there is
nothing in the record to suggest that Kendle suspected he was dealing with undercover officers
or that he was being recorded. Second, the State did not offer the audio recording to prove the
truth of the matter asserted. Instead, the State offered the audio statements on the video to
provide context for the jury as they viewed the recorded conversation between the undercover
officers and Kendle.2 Regarding the specific statement, “I’ve got her in the bar,” the truth of this
assertion suggests nothing more than Smith’s location at the time of the conversation. We agree
with the trial court’s discretion to admit this nontestimonial statement into evidence.
Because the statement was not testimonial, the Confrontation Clause does not apply.
Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not err in admitting the audio portion of the video
recording.
B. Officer’s Narration as Hearsay
Smith also challenges the trial court’s admission of Officer Mattingley’s testimony as
improper hearsay. The trial court has broad discretion in determining the admissibility of
testimonial evidence. State v. Smith, 117 Idaho 225, 232, 786 P.2d 1127, 1134 (1990). A
decision to admit or deny such evidence will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear showing
of abuse of that discretion. Id. As discussed above, hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered
in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Idaho Rule of Evidence 801(c); State v.
Gomez, 126 Idaho 700, 704, 889 P.2d 729, 733 (Ct. App. 1994). The hearsay rule also prohibits
allowing a witness to give a summary of an out-of-court conversation if the purpose of such
1
Smith contested only the trial court’s admission of the audio portion of the video during
trial and on appeal. However, the audio on the recording was notably unintelligible and Smith
does not contest the admissibility of any other specific statements.
2
During trial, the State only argued that the video recording was admissible for the
nonhearsay purpose of demonstrating “how the case developed” and to “put [it] in context.” On
appeal, the State adds that the statements were also offered to show Smith’s role in the
transaction. Because it was raised for the first time on appeal, we do not consider this additional
justification in reaching our decision. See, e.g., State v. Johnson, 148 Idaho 664, 670, 227 P.3d
918, 924 (2010) (noting that appellate review is limited to the arguments presented below); State
v. Davis, 155 Idaho 216, 219, 307 P.3d 1242, 1245 (Ct. App. 2013) (holding that defendant’s
nonspecific justification for admission of testimony at trial did not preserve her specific
nonhearsay justification raised for the first time on appeal).
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testimony is to prove the truth of the facts asserted in that conversation. Gomez, 126 Idaho at
704, 889 P.2d at 733 (describing that an explanation of a transaction constitutes hearsay if the
words used indicate a particular fact). Hearsay is inadmissible unless otherwise provided by an
exception in the Idaho Rules of Evidence or other rules of the Idaho Supreme Court. I.R.E. 802.
When a trial court’s discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court
conducts a multi-tiered inquiry to determine: (1) whether the lower court correctly perceived the
issue as one of discretion; (2) whether the lower court acted within the boundaries of such
discretion and consistently with any legal standards applicable to the specific choices before it;
and (3) whether the lower court reached its decision by an exercise of reason. State v. Hedger,
115 Idaho 598, 600, 768 P.2d 1331, 1333 (1989).
Smith challenges the trial court’s admission of a portion of the officer’s trial testimony.
During the playback of the video recording for the jury, the officer described the events in the
video and stated, “[Kendle] is standing at the bar talking to what he said was his person that
could supply him with mushrooms.” The officer later identified the person at the bar as Smith.
Smith argues that this testimony constituted hearsay and did not fall within a recognized
exception. We agree. Although the State argues that the officer’s testimony gave context to the
transaction shown on the video, we are not persuaded that the officer’s statements were limited
to explanatory words providing only context. The officer’s explanation of the recorded
transaction was a recounting of an out-of-court statement by Kendle and was an assertion of a
particular fact: that Smith was Kendle’s mushroom supplier. Further, during trial, the State did
not argue for the admission of the statement on any grounds other than it was nonhearsay; there
is nothing in the record indicating that the trial court considered admission of the statement on
any other grounds or that it instructed the jury of the statement’s limited use. On appeal, we
need not consider any other justifications besides those offered during trial. See State v.
Johnson, 148 Idaho 664, 670, 227 P.3d 918, 924 (2010). Therefore, we conclude that the trial
court erred in admitting the officer’s hearsay testimony.
This conclusion requires that we determine whether the error necessitates a new trial for
Smith. Where a court incorrectly rules on admissibility of evidence, a party is entitled to relief
on appeal only where the error affects a substantial right of one of the parties. State v. Ehrlick,
158 Idaho 900, 911, 354 P.3d 462, 473 (2014). “Any error, defect, irregularity or variance which
does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded.” Idaho Criminal Rule 52.
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Whether an error is harmless in a particular case depends upon a host of
factors, including the importance of the witness’ testimony in the prosecution’s
case, whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence
corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points, the
extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, the overall
strength of the prosecution’s case.
Hooper, 145 Idaho at 146, 176 P.3d at 918. Where the error was objected to at trial, we apply
the harmless error test articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Chapman v. California,
386 U.S. 18 (1967). State v. Perry, 150 Idaho 209, 222, 245 P.3d 961, 974 (2010); State v. Folk,
157 Idaho 869, 879, 341 P.3d 586, 596 (Ct. App. 2014). Under the two-part Chapman test, the
defendant must establish the existence of an error, “at which point the State shall have the burden
of demonstrating that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Perry, 150 Idaho at 222,
245 P.3d at 974. This requires the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not
contribute to the verdict. Id. at 221, 245 P.3d at 973. In interpreting Chapman, the Supreme
Court has explained that:
To say that an error did not “contribute” to the ensuing verdict is not, of
course, to say that the jury was totally unaware of that feature of the trial later
held to have been erroneous. . . .
To say that an error did not contribute to the verdict is, rather, to find that
error unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered on the issue in
question, as revealed in the record.
Yates v. Evatt, 500 U.S. 391, 403 (1991), overruled in part on other grounds by Estelle v.
McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 72 n.4 (1991). Therefore, an appellate court’s inquiry “is not whether, in
a trial that occurred without the error, a guilty verdict would surely have been rendered, but
whether the guilty verdict actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error.”
Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 279 (1993).
Here, Smith properly establishes the existence of the error, as required by Chapman.
Under the second part of Chapman, the State is then required to demonstrate that the error was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. However, the State altogether fails to argue that the court’s
erroneous admission of Officer Mattingley’s hearsay testimony was harmless. Instead, the State
argues that Kendle’s “I’ve got her in the bar” statement was harmless. 3 Where the State does not
3
In its briefing, the State argues that “the guilty verdict entered against Smith in this case
was surely unattributable to the single [“I’ve got her in the bar”] statement about which Smith
complains.”
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address the specific error complained of, it cannot be said to have met its burden of
demonstrating that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, we conclude
that the State did not meet its burden of proof, and Smith’s conviction must be vacated. See
State v. Almaraz, 154 Idaho 584, 598, 301 P.3d 242, 256 (2013).
C. Sufficiency of Evidence
Finally, Smith contends that there was insufficient evidence to support the jury’s guilty
verdict. If the State lacked sufficient evidence to sustain Smith’s conviction, then double
jeopardy would bar reprosecution. State v. Moore, 148 Idaho 887, 893-94, 231 P.3d 532, 538-39
(Ct. App. 2010). Appellate review of the sufficiency of the evidence is limited in scope. A
finding of guilt will not be overturned on appeal where there is substantial evidence upon which
a reasonable trier of fact could have found that the prosecution sustained its burden of proving
the essential elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho
383, 385, 957 P.2d 1099, 1101 (Ct. App. 1998); State v. Knutson, 121 Idaho 101, 104, 822 P.2d
998, 1001 (Ct. App. 1991). We will not substitute our view for that of the trier of fact as to the
credibility of the witnesses, the weight to be given to the testimony, and the reasonable
inferences to be drawn from the evidence. Knutson, 121 Idaho at 104, 822 P.2d at 1001; State v.
Decker, 108 Idaho 683, 684, 701 P.2d 303, 304 (Ct. App. 1985). Moreover, we will consider the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho at 385, 957
P.2d at 1101; Knutson, 121 Idaho at 104, 822 P.2d at 1001. Substantial evidence may exist even
when the evidence presented is solely circumstantial or when there is conflicting evidence. State
v. Severson, 147 Idaho 694, 712, 215 P.3d 414, 432 (2009). Even when circumstantial evidence
could be interpreted consistently with a finding of innocence, it is sufficient to uphold a guilty
verdict when the evidence also gives rise to reasonable inferences of guilt. Id.; State v. Slawson,
124 Idaho 753, 757, 864 P.2d 199, 203 (Ct. App. 1993).
The State was required to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Smith “delivered, or
aided and abetted in delivering, any amount of Psilocybin/Psilocyn Mushrooms . . . to another”
and that she “either knew it was Psilocybin/Psilocyn Mushrooms or believed it was a controlled
substance.” Smith asserts that the evidence, at most, shows her proximity to criminal activity,
which is not enough to support her conviction. She suggests that the evidence presented at trial
did not establish: (1) that she was working together with Kendle in the transaction; (2) that she
had the requisite knowledge that the bag contained a controlled substance; (3) that there was only
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one brown paper bag in Kendle’s truck; or (4) that the bag procured by Detective Hight was the
same one allegedly placed in the truck by Smith.
Contrary to Smith’s arguments, there is substantial evidence in the record upon which a
jury could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Smith was guilty of aiding and abetting in
the delivery of a controlled substance. Each of Smith’s contentions ignores the sufficiency of
circumstantial evidence that can support a juror’s reasonable inference of guilt. Detective Hight
testified to the jury that after indicating to Kendle an interest in purchasing mushrooms, Kendle
approached Smith in the bar. The jury watched video playback corroborating this testimony.
Officer Mattingley testified to the jury that he witnessed Smith drive away from the bar parking
lot, return ten minutes later, walk across the parking lot to Kendle’s truck carrying a brown paper
bag, then return across the parking lot to the bar without the brown paper bag. The video
playback of the parking lot events corroborated that testimony. Both officers testified that they
obtained a brown paper bag containing the psilocybin mushrooms from Kendle’s truck.
The testimonial and video evidence presented to the jury formed a sufficient basis for a
reasonable inference that Smith placed a bag in Kendle’s truck, that the bag Smith placed in the
truck was the same as the one procured by the officers, and that Smith was working with Kendle
and knew that the paper bag contained psilocybin mushrooms. Because it is not this Court’s
position to assess the credibility of the witnesses or the weight of the testimony, we defer to the
jury’s assessment of the evidence presented in reaching their verdict. Therefore, we conclude
that the evidence was sufficient such that a reasonable juror could conclude Smith’s guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt. Thus, double jeopardy does not bar reprosecution.
III.
CONCLUSION
The trial court did not err when it admitted the nontestimonial audio portion of Kendle’s
statement. The admission of the hearsay testimony of Officer Mattingley was error, and the
State did not meet its burden of proving that such error was harmless. Finally, the evidence was
sufficient for the jury to find Smith guilty of aiding and abetting in the delivery of a controlled
substance, thus double jeopardy does not bar reprosecution. Accordingly, we vacate Smith’s
judgment of conviction and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Chief Judge MELANSON and Judge GRATTON CONCUR.
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