District of Columbia
Court of Appeals
No. 14-CM-247
APR 21 2016
WILLIAM BRIAN FOSTER,
Appellant,
v. CMD-14687-13
UNITED STATES,
Appellee.
On Appeal from the Superior Court of the District of Columbia
Criminal Division
BEFORE: WASHINGTON, Chief Judge; FISHER, Associate Judge; and
STEADMAN, Senior Judge.
JUDGMENT
This case was submitted to the court on the transcript of record, the briefs
filed, and without presentation of oral argument. On consideration whereof, and for the
reasons set forth in the opinion filed this date, it is now hereby
ORDERED and ADJUDGED that the trial court‟s judgment is affirmed.
For the Court:
Dated: April 21, 2016.
Opinion by Chief Judge Eric T. Washington.
Concurring opinion by Chief Judge Eric T. Washington.
Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
Atlantic and Maryland Reporters. Users are requested to notify the Clerk of the
Court of any formal errors so that corrections may be made before the bound
volumes go to press.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
No. 14-CM-247 4/21/16
WILLIAM BRIAN FOSTER, APPELLANT,
V.
UNITED STATES, APPELLEE.
Appeal from the Superior Court of the
District of Columbia
(CMD-14687-13)
(Hon. Yvonne Williams, Trial Judge)
(Submitted December 15, 2015 Decided April 21, 2016)
Anna B. Scanlon was on the brief for appellant.
Ronald C. Machen Jr., United States Attorney at the time the brief was filed,
and Elizabeth Trosman, John P. Mannarino, and J. Matt Williams, Assistant
United States Attorneys, were on the brief for appellee.
Before WASHINGTON, Chief Judge, FISHER, Associate Judge, and
STEADMAN, Senior Judge.
Opinion for the court by Chief Judge WASHINGTON.
Concurring opinion by Chief Judge WASHINGTON at page 7.
WASHINGTON, Chief Judge: William Brian Foster (“Appellant”) was
2
charged with two counts of assault on a police officer (“APO”).1 The first count
charged him with assaulting Officer Matthew Konkol and the second count
charged him with assaulting Officer Robert Chester. Both officers were called to
appellant‟s home to assist Mobile Crisis, a psychiatric team that responds to calls
concerning individuals in need of psychiatric assistance. Appellant is an
individual with schizophrenia. At the conclusion of the government‟s case, the
trial court granted appellant‟s motion for judgment of acquittal on the APO count
as to Officer Chester, but denied the motion as to Officer Konkol. Appellant was
convicted of APO as to Officer Konkol and asserts on appeal that the evidence was
insufficient to sustain his conviction. We disagree, and affirm.
I. Factual Background
On August 18, 2013, Mary Foster, appellant‟s mother, called the Department
of Health because she was concerned for her son. Mr. Foster has schizophrenia
and had not been taking his medication. Mobile Crisis arrived at Ms. Foster‟s
home, where appellant resides, with at least two police officers, Officer Chester
and Officer Konkol. Once appellant realized Mobile Crisis was there for him, he
1
D.C. Code § 22-405 (b) (2012 Repl.).
3
went inside the home and went downstairs to his room. The officers instructed
that appellant had to go with them, to which appellant replied that he was not
going.2 The officers were not there to arrest appellant for any criminal activity.
However, the officers then attempted to handcuff appellant and a scuffle ensued.
Officer Konkol sprayed appellant with oleoresin capsicum (“O.C.”) spray.
Appellant then “shouldered” past Officer Konkol and ran out of the house. Once
he was outside, appellant voluntarily went down to the ground on his knees and the
officers attempted to handcuff him. Appellant testified that an officer stuck a
knee into his back, hindering his ability to breathe. Appellant testified that he
told the officers that he could not breathe, and that he began to kick his legs out to
help him breathe, almost as a “reflex.” Officer Michael Dowling, who arrived to
the scene to assist Officers Konkol and Chester, testified that appellant was “[f]ace
down on the ground with his legs flailing, with his arms underneath his body”
while the officers attempted to handcuff him. Officer Konkol testified that at no
time was appellant under arrest. Officer Chester testified that they were there
only to assist Mobile Crisis and “keep the peace.”
2
The officers intended to take appellant to the Comprehensive Psychiatric
Emergency Program after Mobile Crisis determined it wanted to evaluate him.
4
II. Analysis
“We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence by viewing the
„evidence in the light most favorable to the government, giving full play to the
right of the [fact finder] to determine credibility, weigh the evidence, and draw
justifiable inferences of fact.‟” Coghill v. United States, 982 A.2d 802, 805 (D.C.
2009) (quoting Sousa v. United States, 400 A.2d 1036, 1043 (D.C. 1979)). The
trial court found appellant guilty of one count of APO against Officer Konkol for
“pushing” or “shouldering” the officer as well as resisting arrest while he was
being handcuffed by the officer. “Under District of Columbia law, „[w]hoever
without justifiable and excusable cause, assaults, resists, opposes, impedes,
intimidates, or interferes with a law enforcement officer on account of, or while
that law enforcement officer is engaged in the performance of his or her official
duties,‟ is guilty of APO.” Coghill, 982 A.2d at 805 (citing D.C. Code § 22-405
(b) (2012 Repl.)). Generally, to prove APO, under circumstances where the
appellant is not merely resisting, the government must show “the elements of
simple assault . . . plus the additional element that the defendant knew or should
have known the victim was a police officer.” Petway v. United States, 420 A.2d
1211, 1213 (D.C. 1980) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In this
case, however, appellant was also found guilty of APO for resisting efforts by the
5
police to handcuff him. We have held that in order to constitute such a violation,
“a person‟s conduct must go beyond speech and mere passive resistance or
avoidance, and cross the line into active confrontation, obstruction or other action
directed against an officer‟s performance in the line of duty[]” by “actively
interposing some obstacle that precluded the officer from questioning him or
attempting to arrest him.” In re C.L.D., 739 A.2d 353, 357-58 (D.C. 1999)
(footnotes omitted). “The key is the active and oppositional nature of the conduct
for the purpose of thwarting a police officer in his or her duties.” Id. at 357
(footnote omitted).
We are satisfied that the evidence is sufficient to sustain appellant‟s APO
conviction. There is evidence in the record that the police officers were in full
uniform while assisting the mobile crisis unit. Further, there was evidence in the
record that the officers explained their presence to appellant and attempted to put
handcuffs on him when he indicated that he would not go with them. At that
point, the officers attempted to subdue him by spraying him with O.C. spray and
appellant ran out of the house using his shoulder to move Officer Konkol out of the
way. Because there is evidence in the record that appellant knew that the
individuals in his house were police officers, that appellant was determined not to
go with them, and that he used his shoulder to move past Officer Konkol as he ran
6
out of the door, we are satisfied that there is sufficient evidence in the record to
sustain appellant‟s conviction for the APO that was committed in the house.3
After running outside, appellant collapsed on the ground, ostensibly because
he could not see as a result of being sprayed with the O.C. spray in the house. An
officer who came on the scene to help Officer Konkol testified that he saw Officer
Konkol attempt to handcuff appellant but that appellant resisted him by flailing
away with his legs while lying on his arms, actively trying to prevent the officers
from getting to him. We have concluded that mere passive resistance does not
constitute APO. See In re C.L.D., 739 A.2d at 357-58. However, we
acknowledged that conduct similar to the conduct by appellant in this case
resembles the “active and oppositional” conduct necessary for APO. See In re
J.S., 19 A.3d 328 (D.C. 2011). Because appellant engaged in active and
oppositional conduct for the purpose of thwarting a police officer in his duties, the
evidence is sufficient to find appellant guilty of APO when he purposefully laid
3
Appellant asserts that the government did not prove that he did not act by
mistake or accident, as he was pepper-sprayed before bumping the officer and may
not have been able to see Officer Konkol in his path. However, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government as we must, the officer
testified that it appeared the spray took effect at the time appellant dropped to his
knees outside of the house. Thus, the trial court‟s finding that appellant
intentionally “pushed” the officer as he tried to get out of the house is supported by
the record.
7
down on his hands once he was outside and actively resisted efforts by the police
to handcuff him so he could be transported to the emergency psychiatric facility.
See Wilson v. United States, 102 A.3d 751 (D.C. 2014).
For the foregoing reasons, the trial court‟s judgment is
Affirmed.
WASHINGTON, Chief Judge, concurring: While the evidence is sufficient to
survive the challenge raised in this appeal, I write separately to express a concern I
share with the trial judge in this case about the potential for saddling those who
suffer from serious mental health issues with criminal records. 1 Here, appellant
was convicted of APO for actively resisting the efforts of the police to restrain him
in order to transport him to a mental health facility. It is not clear on this record,
however, whether appellant‟s oppositional conduct was the result of his mental
illnesses or whether it had a separate genesis. And, while I certainly understand
1
I also share the trial court‟s concern about the apparent lack of specialized
training that the police officers assisting the mobile crisis unit received in this case.
That lack of training is inconsistent with the requirements outlined in MPD
General Order 308.04 that addresses interactions between police and persons with
mental health issues. If this training deficit is not addressed, it is reasonably
foreseeable that more incidents like this will unnecessarily occur in the future.
8
and appreciate the reasons why those who serve as mental health professionals on a
Mobile Crisis team would want a police escort, I am troubled that the presence of
the police during these mental health visits can result in an individual being
charged with a criminal offense because we have criminalized active oppositional
resistance to the authority of the police. Therefore, if for policy reasons police
officers continue to accompany the Mobile Crisis team of mental health
professionals on these runs, I hope that those individuals who have the discretion
to decide whether to criminally prosecute individuals who fail to comply with
lawful orders will think twice before inflicting what could be considered a greater
harm, in the form of a criminal charge and conviction, on a very vulnerable
population.