Filed 4/22/16 P. v. Quiroz CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E063105
v. (Super.Ct.No. RPR1401571)
DANIEL ANTHONY QUIROZ, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Judith M. Fouladi,
Temporary Judge. (Pursuant to Cal. Const., art. VI, § 21.) Affirmed.
C. Matthew Missakian, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha Cortina and Michael
Pulos, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
Defendant and appellant Daniel Anthony Quiroz appeals from the trial court’s
order finding him in violation of his parole and sentencing him to 120 days in county jail.
On appeal, defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion in finding he violated
the court’s order to appear because there was insufficient evidence to show the failure to
appear was willful.1 We reject defendant’s contention and affirm the judgment.
I
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Defendant was on parole following his conviction for first degree burglary.
On January 12, 2015, defendant’s parole agent filed a parole violation report
alleging that defendant was a “habitual absconder,” had “continue[d] to fail to comply
with parole supervision,” and had “created a chronic pattern of parole violations,”
“indicative to criminal behavior.” Defendant’s parole agent recommended that defendant
continue on parole with remedial sanctions and serve a custody period of 135 days.
On January 15, 2015, at a parole revocation hearing, defendant admitted that he
had violated parole by absconding supervision. When asked why he failed to report,
defendant stated: “To be honest with you, Your Honor, I had a lot going on at the
moment. The woman I ended up marrying, I don’t know, we had a falling out, and it just
kind of messed with my head, and I just completely put it on the back burner.”
1 In the alternative, defendant claims if this court finds his failure to appear was
not willful, a remand is necessary to allow the trial court to determine whether his poor
performance in a rehabilitation program violated any sufficiently clear and enforceable
court order. Because we find defendant’s failure to appear as ordered by the court was
willful, we need not reach this alternative argument.
2
Defendant was also expecting a child on February 15, 2015. Defendant’s counsel
explained defendant’s circumstances and requested “some sort of a suspended sentence”
so he could be present for the birth of his child. Defense counsel also indicated to the
court that he had explained to defendant that “in the event that the Court went along with
this sort of disposition, but there were no guarantees, but in the event the Court went
along with this sort of disposition, that there could be a suspended sentence hanging over
his head, and that if he did not comply, that there is a possibility that not only would that
suspended sentence be imposed, but there could be an additional violation for violation of
a court order as well, and [defendant] indicated that he did understand that and was
willing to accept those terms should the Court find that necessary to impose.”
The court reinstated defendant’s parole, ordered defendant to serve 60 days in
county jail, and continued sentencing to February 19, 2015. The court explained:
“[Defendant will] admit that he violated his parole by absconding supervision. He’ll be
reinstated to parole, and we’ll just continue sentencing to 2-19. If he returns on 2-19,
he’ll receive—we’ll have a release date of 2-4. If he returns to this court on 2-19 and if
you have a very good progress report from parole, then you won’t do any more time.
However, if you don’t show up and, and/or if your report is a poor one, then you’ll be
looking at doing the balance of the full 180 days, sir.” Defendant replied, “I understand.”
Defendant also acknowledged that he would be facing an additional 300 days in custody
if he failed to follow the court’s directives. The court also ordered defendant to report to
parole “at the first opportunity upon [his] release . . . and certainly no later than 24 hours
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thereafter.” The court further directed parole to enroll defendant in the “Day Reporting
Center,” and if enrolled, ordered defendant to cooperate with parole and the program.
The court modified defendant’s conditions of supervision to reflect that he was required
to return to court on February 19, 2015.
On February 19, 2015, defendant failed to appear at his ordered sentencing
hearing.
On March 16, 2015, another sentencing hearing was held. At that time, defendant
called two witnesses—a representative from the ABC Recovery Center (ABC), a
rehabilitation program defendant attended, and defendant’s parole agent. Defendant’s
parole agent testified that defendant had reported to parole as ordered following his
release from custody on February 4 or 5, 2015. Defendant had reported again on
February 17, 2015, and informed the agent on duty that he needed to get into a drug
program. That parole agent then contacted the Social Treatment Opportunity Program
(STOP), an organization that identifies appropriate programs, and STOP referred
defendant to the ABC program in Indio. Defendant was then picked up at the Riverside
parole office by a driver from STOP and transported to the ABC program.
The ABC representative explained that ABC is a drug and alcohol program
exclusively for probationers and parolees. When parolees arrive, they are subject to a 14-
day “blackout” or “lockout” period. During that period, the parolees are not allowed to
talk to friends or family, but can address medical or legal issues. The representative
explained that the program usually takes the client’s word for when his or her court date
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is scheduled. If there is a court date, ABC works with STOP to arrange transportation.
ABC normally conducts an intake, and if a client states he has a court date that would be
noted on the intake notes. ABC will not necessarily speak with a parole agent about the
parolee’s future court dates. Parolees usually inform ABC about a court date because
they are “usually stressed out about it.” At the initial intake, the agent does an
assessment known as BSAP, and clients are asked if they are awaiting charges or
sentencing. This initial assessment is not typically done when the client first reports, but
sometime during the client’s first week. The ABC representative noted that it was
possible that this assessment was not completed until after February 19, 2015. The ABC
progress report notes indicate the initial assessment was conducted on February 23, 2015.
Defendant arrived at ABC on February 17, 2015, after being referred by the STOP
program. Defendant never informed anybody at ABC he had an upcoming court
appearance on February 19, 2015.
Defendant was in good standing with the ABC program through February 19,
2015. However, defendant eventually had behavioral problems at ABC. ABC progress
report notes dated February 20, 2015, state that defendant was “reluctant to process in
group settings” or one-on-one sessions; that defendant was disrespectful towards staff;
and that defendant said he was not going to process anything and he was just there
because parole had sent him there. Progress notes dated February 23, 2015 state that
while conducting the initial assessment at 3:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. defendant became
angry and disrespectful and stormed out of the room, swearing and saying “ ‘fuck this
5
iam [sic] not doing this its [sic] all bullshit.’ ” At the 3:00 p.m. assessment, defendant
also stated “he was not going to open up here and process anything.” Defendant was
eventually discharged from the ABC program on February 27, 2015, for noncompliance
with rules.
Defense counsel argued that up until February 19 defendant was complying with
the conditions of his parole; that defendant did not willfully fail to appear on the
February 19 court date because he was under the 14-day “lockdown” period and neither
his parole agent nor ABC was aware of defendant’s court date; and that his parole should
not be revoked. The trial court disagreed, and found defendant had not complied with its
orders on January 15, 2015, and imposed the 120 days that had previously been
suspended. The court explained that defendant had specifically been ordered to return to
court on February 19 and failed to do so. The court also indicated that the progress notes
from ABC showed that within a couple of days of starting the program, defendant had
already failed to fully participate and comply with the program.
II
DISCUSSION
Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in finding he violated the
court’s order to appear on February 19, 2015, because there was insufficient evidence the
failure to appear was willful.2 We disagree.
2 The People point out that the issue may be moot because defendant would have
served his 120-day sentence by the time his appeal is decided. However, as noted by the
People, “[w]e have discretion to decide a case that, although moot, poses an issue of
[footnote continued on next page]
6
“In 2011, the Legislature enacted realignment legislation which amended a ‘broad
array of statutes concerning where a defendant will serve his or her sentence and how a
defendant is to be supervised on parole.’ [Citation.]” (Williams v. Superior Court (2014)
230 Cal.App.4th 636, 650 (Williams).) “In 2012, as part of the realignment system, the
Legislature amended [Penal Code][3] section 1203.2 (which previously dealt solely
with the revocation of probation) to apply to the revocation of supervision (§ 1203.2,
subds. (a), (f)(3)), thereby establishing a uniform process for revocation of parole,
probation, and postrelease supervision of most felons.” (Williams, supra, at pp. 650-651,
italics omitted.) “Consequently, under current section 1203.2, the court has authority to
[footnote continued from previous page]
[footnote continued from previous page]
broad public interest that is likely to recur.” (People v. Osorio (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th
1408, 1411, citing In re Marriage of LaMusga (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1072, 1086.) This is
such a case.
We recognize that in Spencer v. Kemna (1998) 523 U.S. 1, 18, the Supreme Court
refused to reverse the district court’s determination that a defendant’s habeas corpus
petition, challenging his parole revocation, was moot because he had completed his term
of imprisonment underlying the parole revocation, and it was therefore not certain that he
would suffer any injury due to any error on the parole revocation. Under California’s
penal system, any future interactions between the defendant and the justice system will
likely bring to light the defendant’s parole revocation. Should the defendant suffer a
further criminal conviction, the parole revocation may be used as part of his sentencing
determination. The parole revocation also may be used against defendant in other
noncriminal arenas, such as employment decisions or child custody matters. In short, we
cannot say with reasonable certainty that defendant’s release from parole moots his claim
that the trial court erred in finding his failure to appear was willful.
A parole revocation order is a postjudgment order affecting the substantial rights
of the party, and is therefore appealable. (Pen. Code, § 1237, subd. (b).) The issue
defendant raises on appeal is a matter of broad public interest that is likely to recur.
Therefore, we exercise our discretion to consider the merits of this appeal.
3 All future statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
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revoke the supervision of a person on grounds specified in the statute. (§ 1203.2,
subds. (a), (b).) Previously the Board of Parole Hearings conducted parole probable
cause and revocation hearings. [Citation.]” (Williams, supra, at p. 651, italics omitted.)
“In enacting the realignment legislation, the Legislature declared its intent that the
statutory amendments that established section 1203.2’s uniform procedure
‘simultaneously incorporate the procedural due process protections held to apply to
probation revocation procedures’ under Morrissey [v. Brewer (1972)] 408 U.S. [472,]
471 and People v. Vickers (1972) 8 Cal.3d 451, 459, [] which applied the Morrissey
parole revocation protections to probation revocation[] and their progeny. (Stats. 2012,
ch. 43, § 2, subd. (b).)” (Williams, supra, at p. 651.)
“Section 3000.08, govern[s] parole supervision [and] contains the following
relevant provisions. If a parole agent or peace officer has probable cause to believe a
parolee is violating parole, the agent or officer may, without warrant, ‘arrest the person
and bring him or her before the court, or the court may, in its discretion, issue a warrant
for that person’s arrest[.]’ (Id. subd. (c), italics added.) If the supervising parole agency
finds ‘good cause’ that the parolee violated the law or a parole condition, the agency may
impose additional conditions of supervision and ‘immediate, structured, and intermediate
sanctions . . . , including flash incarceration[.]’ (Id., subd. (d), italics added.) . . . ‘If the
supervising parole agency has determined . . . that intermediate sanctions . . . are not
appropriate, the supervising parole agency shall, pursuant to [s]ection 1203.2, petition
[the court] to revoke parole.’ (Id., subd. (f), [italics added].) If the court finds the
8
parolee has violated the conditions of parole, it may (1) return the person to parole
supervision with modifications of conditions, if appropriate, (2) revoke parole and order
the person to confinement in county jail, or (3) refer the person to reentry court or an
evidence-based program. (Ibid.)” (Williams, supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at pp. 651-652.)
Section 1203.2, subdivision (a), governs the procedure for revocation of
supervision, including parole. “If a probation or parole officer or a peace officer ‘has
probable cause to believe that the supervised person is violating any term or condition of
his or her supervision, the officer may, without warrant or other process, . . . rearrest the
supervised person and bring him or her before the court,’ or the court may issue a rearrest
warrant. (Ibid., italics added.) The court may revoke the supervision of the person ‘if the
interests of justice so require and the court, in its judgment, has reason to believe . . . that
the person has violated any of the conditions of his or her supervision . . . [.]’ (Ibid.,
italics added.) The court may also revoke supervision upon [the petition of the parole
office] or the district attorney (id., subd. (b)(1)), based on the . . . parole officer’s written
report (id., subd. (b)(2)). Nothing in section 1203.2 ‘affects the authority of the
supervising agency to impose intermediate sanctions . . . .’ (Id., subd. (g), italics added.)”
(Williams, supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at pp. 652-653, italics omitted.)
Collectively, sections 3000.08 and 1203.2 are part of an overall statutory scheme
governing parole supervision and revocation. Sections 3000.08 and 1203.2 establish a
general framework for parole eligibility, the enforcement of parole terms, procedures for
conducting hearings, and procedures for petitioning a court to revoke parole. For either
9
type of violation, the standard of proof sufficient to give the court “ ‘reason to believe’ ”
that a probationer or parolee has violated the conditions of his or her probation or parole
is preponderance of the evidence. (People v. Rodriguez (1990) 51 Cal.3d 437, 440-441
(Rodriguez); see § 3044, subd. (a)(5).)
In a probation revocation hearing, a trial court has broad discretion to determine
whether to revoke probation. (Rodriguez, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 443; People v. Kurey
(2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 840, 848-849.) “A trial court abuses its discretion by revoking
probation if the probationer did not willfully violate the terms and conditions of
probation.” (People v. Galvan (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 978, 983.) A trial court’s finding
of a probation violation will be upheld when it is supported by substantial evidence.
(People v. Kurey, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 848.)
Because, as noted, parole revocation is indistinguishable from probation
revocation in terms of due process, defendant urges us to apply here the standard
applicable to a probation violation—namely, that a parole violation must be willful. And,
he argues, the trial court’s finding that he violated a condition of his parole by failing to
appear on February 19 was unsupported by substantial evidence because there was no
evidence of willful conduct. Assuming that a willful violation is required, we conclude
there was substantial evidence that defendant’s failure to appear as ordered on February
19 was willful.
In criminal law, willfulness requires “ ‘simply a purpose or willingness to commit
the act . . . ,’ without regard to motive, intent to injure, or knowledge of the act’s
10
prohibited character. [Citation.] The terms imply that the person knows what he is
doing, intends to do what he is doing, and is a free agent. [Citation.] Stated another way,
the term ‘willful’ requires only that the prohibited act occur intentionally. [Citations.]”
(In re Jerry R. (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1432, 1438.) Appellate courts have reversed
violation findings when the conduct at issue does not demonstrate irresponsibility,
contumacious behavior or disrespect for the orders and expectations of the court. (E.g.,
People v. Galvan, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at p. 984 [probation violation finding reversed
when the defendant did not report to probation within 24 hours as required because he
had been deported after release from county jail, could assume requirement had been
waived and thus did not willfully violate probation condition]; People v. Zaring (1992) 8
Cal.App.4th 362, 379 [probation violation finding reversed when defendant appeared 22
minutes late for a hearing in violation of a court order due to a change in circumstances
that required her to take her children to school before going to court and thus violation
was not willful].)
In this case, defendant knew he had to appear at the February 19 sentencing
hearing. Defendant, however, failed to comply with that order. Defendant does not
dispute he did not understand the order or claim that such an order was not made. Rather,
he contends his “failure to appear was not willful because he was in a 14-day lockdown
period at the ABC program and was never told that he could leave the program to attend
court during that lockdown period.” We find defendant’s claim unpersuasive. The ABC
program representative specifically testified that the “blackout” period did not apply to
11
any medical or legal issues. The representative also explained that the program usually
takes the client’s word for when his or her court date is scheduled and even coordinates
transportation to and from court. Defendant never asked anyone if he could leave for his
court date, and it was incumbent upon him to notify ABC of his court date. Defendant
appears to shift the blame to others rather than take responsibility for his own actions in
failing to appear at the February 19 sentencing hearing as ordered by the trial court.
Defendant’s documented history of absconding and failing to report to parole further
belies any claim of a non-willful violation.
Contrary to his characterization, defendant did not face unforeseen circumstances
that rendered him incapable of complying with the parole condition. (See People v.
Galvan, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at pp. 983-984 [the finding that defendant willfully
failed to timely report to probation was unsupported because defendant had been
immediately deported upon his release, rendering it impossible for him to comply with
that condition]; People v. Cervantes (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 291, 295 [“Where a
probationer is unable to comply with a probation condition because of circumstances
beyond his or her control and defendant’s conduct was not contumacious, revoking
probation and imposing a prison term are reversible error”]; People v. Zaring, supra,
8 Cal.App.4th at pp. 378-379 [appellate court held the trial court abused its discretion by
revoking probation because nothing in the record suggested the defendant’s failure to
appear was the result of irresponsibility, contumacious behavior, or disrespect for the
orders and expectations of the court].) Rather, it was reasonably foreseeable that ABC
12
would have allowed defendant to attend his court hearing if defendant would have
notified ABC of his court date, despite the “blackout” period. Yet he took no steps to
notify ABC of his court date. He could have simply notified ABC of his February 19
court hearing, and ABC would have arranged transportation for him to attend the hearing.
Instead, he did nothing.
Accordingly, we find defendant’s reliance on People v. Zaring, supra, 8
Cal.App.4th 362, People v. Galvan, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th 978 and People v. Cervantes,
supra, 175 Cal.App.4th 291 unavailing. Those cases address the concept of “willfulness”
in circumstances where it was physically impossible for a probationer to comply with the
conditions of probation due to circumstances beyond the probationer’s control. Unlike in
those cases, here defendant’s failure to appear was the result of irresponsibility,
contumacious behavior, or disrespect for the orders and expectations of the court.
Moreover, his appearance at the February 19 hearing was well within his control.
(Compare People v. Galvan, supra, 155 Cal.App.4th at pp. 980, 983-984 [it was
impossible for the defendant to personally report to the probation officer within 24 hours
of his release from jail, because he had been deported; therefore his failure to report was
not willful.]; People v. Zaring, supra, 8 Cal.App.4th at pp. 378-379 [the defendant’s
probation was revoked after she was 22 minutes late to a court appearance even though
she explained that she had arranged for a ride to court, but the ride fell through at the last
minute due to a childcare problem]; People v. Cervantes, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at
13
p. 293 [the defendant was not in violation of probation where he was unable to appear for
a hearing because he was in the custody of immigration authorities].)
Under these circumstances, we must conclude that substantial evidence supported
the trial court’s finding. As the court in People v. Sorden (2005) 36 Cal.4th 65, 72
observed when considering whether the defendant’s failure to register as a sex offender
was willful, “life is difficult for everyone,” and those who have “legally mandated”
obligations must “learn to cope by taking the necessary measures to remind themselves to
discharge” their duties.
III
DISPOSITION
The order finding defendant in violation of his parole is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAMIREZ
P. J.
We concur:
CODRINGTON
J.
SLOUGH
J.
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People v. Quiroz CA4/2
Combined Opinion