IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF FLORIDA
MARTHA MILES, NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
Appellant, DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED
v. CASE NO. 1D15-0165
CORRECTED PAGES: pgs 13,17
CITY OF EDGEWATER CORRECTION IS UNDERLINED IN RED
MAILED: April 20, 2016
POLICE BY: NMS
DEPARTMENT/PREFERRED
GOVERNMENTAL CLAIMS
SOLUTIONS and STATE OF
FLORIDA,
Appellees.
_____________________________/
Opinion filed April 20, 2016
An appeal from an order of the Judge of Compensation Claims.
Mark A. Massey, Judge.
Dates of Accident: August 3, 2011, and November 29, 2011.
Michael J. Winer of the Law Offices of Michael J. Winer, P.A., Tampa, and Geoffrey
Bichler of Bichler, Kelley, Oliver & Longo, PLLC, Maitland, for Appellant.
Kimberly A. Hill of Kimberly A. Hill, P.L., Fort Lauderdale, for Amici Curiae
Fraternal Order of Police, Police Benevolent Association, International Union of
Police Associations, and Florida Association of State Troopers, in support of
Appellant.
George A. Helm, III, Lake Mary, and William H. Rogner, Winter Park, for Appellees
City of Edgewater Police Department/Preferred Governmental Claims Solutions.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Rachel Nordby, Deputy Solicitor General,
Office of the Attorney General, Tallahassee, for Intervenor State of Florida.
THOMAS, J.
In this workers’ compensation appeal, Claimant, a law enforcement officer,
appeals two orders of the Judge of Compensation Claims (JCC): the first order
denied Claimant’s motion to approve two attorney’s fee retainer agreements – one
agreement provided for payment of a $1,500 retainer by Claimant’s union, the
Fraternal Order of Police Lodge 40 (FOP), and a second agreement provided that
Claimant would pay her attorney an hourly fee once the $1,500 is exhausted – and
the other order on appeal determined that Claimant failed to establish she sustained
a compensable injury. Claimant challenges the constitutionality of sections 440.105
and 440.34, Florida Statutes, which limit attorney’s fees as applied to her. She
argues these provisions infringe on her First Amendment rights protected under the
United States Constitution.
We hold that the challenged provisions violate Claimant’s First Amendment
guarantees of free speech, freedom of association, and right to petition for redress.
For the reasons that follow, we reverse the appealed orders, and remand for a new
2
hearing on the motion for approval of the retainer agreements and on Claimant’s
petitions for benefits.
Factual and Procedural Background
Through counsel, Claimant filed two petitions for benefits. The first petition
alleged she was exposed over time to chemicals related to methamphetamine
production, which resulted in her becoming disabled on August 3, 2011. The second
petition alleged she was exposed to an intense smell that prevented her from
conducting any further investigation regarding a shoplifting case. The
Employer/Carrier (E/C) filed Notices of Denial regarding both petitions, disputing
occupational causation of Claimant’s condition. Claimant voluntarily dismissed
those petitions, and her attorney withdrew as counsel of record.
Thereafter, two retainer agreements were signed in this matter – one between
Bichler, Kelley, Oliver & Longo, PLLC (the Firm) and the Fraternal Order of Police
(FOP), and one between the Firm and Claimant. The agreement with the FOP
provided that the FOP would pay the Firm a flat fee of $1,500 to represent Claimant.
In the retainer agreement signed by Claimant, she stated she understood the $1,500
fee paid by the FOP would not be “sufficient compensation” if the Firm expended
more than 15 hours representing her; accordingly, Claimant agreed to pay her
attorney an hourly fee for all attorney time expended beyond 15 hours. Claimant
acknowledged in the agreement that the Workers’ Compensation Law prohibits such
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a fee arrangement, and specifically waived those statutory prohibitions. Claimant
further acknowledged that the Firm advised her of the extremely difficult legal
burden she must carry in order to prevail, and stated she was entering into this
agreement with the understanding she may not prevail.
In July 2013, Claimant’s attorney filed two more petitions, each alleging a
chemical exposure during an investigation, and in each instance seeking
compensability of the exposure along with an award of attorney’s fees and costs.
The E/C filed a response, again asserting that these claims were the same that had
previously been denied, and again disputing occupational causation of Claimant’s
condition.
In January 2014, Claimant’s attorney filed a “Motion to Approve Attorney’s
Fee,” seeking approval of both retainer agreements. Claimant’s attorney alleged that
because of the extensive litigation necessary to pursue an exposure claim, “it would
not be economically feasible for the undersigned to continue on a purely contingent
basis with fee restrictions as contained in Florida Statute § 440.34.” The attorney
certified that if the JCC denied the retainer fee, the Firm may have no choice but to
withdraw.
An evidentiary hearing on the motion took place in July 2014. At the hearing,
Claimant’s attorney referenced the time-intensive nature of pursuing an exposure
claim under the Workers’ Compensation Law, asserting, “It is economically not
4
feasible for our firm to continue to represent [Claimant] without being paid for it.”
Based on the fee restrictions contained in chapter 440 and the contingent nature of
the fee, Claimant’s attorney argued that “it is unreasonable to ask an attorney to
basically work for free.” The E/C represented that it was taking no position on the
issue, because the fee request did not involve an E/C-paid fee.
After hearing argument, the JCC announced he was denying both retainer
agreements as being contrary to the Workers’ Compensation Law as it currently
exists. In his written order, the JCC noted that the argument advanced was
not limited to the assertion that a guideline fee would be inadequate to
compensate her attorney in the event she prevailed on the claim, which
is the issue in Castellanos [v. Next Door Co., 124 So. 3d 392 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2013)] and was also the issue in the Emma Murray [v. Mariner
Health, 994 So. 2d 105 (Fla. 2008)] decision. Rather, claimant argues
that the contingent nature of the fee, in and of itself, is what leads to the
alleged economic infeasibility. This is a new and different argument
altogether. To argue that a guideline fee would be inadequate to
compensate an attorney in the event the attorney prevailed on the claim
is one thing; to argue that the attorney should be paid up front for time
spent, without having secured any benefits . . . is an entirely different
proposition, and I can find no persuasive authority or reason to support
it. . . .
It is not the province of a JCC to decide whether the law is fair or
reasonable. Rather, it is the job of the JCC to apply the law as it exists.
I find that the law as it currently exists does not allow for non-
contingent, claimant-paid hourly fees for prosecution of a claim on the
merits.
Thereafter, Claimant’s attorney filed a motion to withdraw and to impress a
lien based on hours expended. Claimant’s attorney explained that the agreement
5
extended to prosecution of claims on behalf of Claimant only if the contractual
agreement was approved by the JCC. Further, “[t]he clear understanding between
the Claimant and the undersigned counsel was that, should the contract for
representation not be approved, then the undersigned counsel would have no choice
but to withdraw as counsel of record.” Claimant’s attorney explained that a conflict
of interest now arose, because Claimant wished to pursue the claims, but her
counsel’s continued representation of Claimant would create a financial hardship for
her counsel, “as well as an undue burden on her ability to practice law and to
zealously represent her other clients if she were to be forced to remain as counsel of
record on these claims.” Finally, Claimant’s attorney advised that Claimant had
been served with this motion to withdraw “and has indicated she does not object to
same.” The JCC granted the motion to withdraw and impress lien, finding that
“claimant and claimant’s counsel are in a position of conflict.”
The merits hearing went forward, with Claimant appearing pro se. Claimant
renewed her request that the JCC approve the retainer agreements which would
allow her, and the FOP on her behalf, to retain the Firm to represent her. The JCC
again advised that the Workers’ Compensation Law does not permit payment of non-
contingent hourly attorney’s fees. Claimant’s prior attorney, who was present as an
observer, asked that the JCC take judicial notice of affidavits Claimant had obtained
from attorneys in which they asserted they did not have time to take this case on a
6
contingency basis. The E/C objected on grounds the affidavits were not the sort of
documents that would qualify for judicial notice and were not relevant to the merits
of Claimant’s exposure claims. The JCC excluded the affidavits, agreeing they
related to the attorney’s fee question that was the subject of an earlier hearing and
should have been submitted at that time.
Next, Claimant argued for entitlement to medical benefits, including ongoing
care, for her two dates of accident. The E/C responded that it was Claimant’s burden,
as she was a law enforcement officer, to prove by a preponderance of the evidence
that she was exposed to a specific level of a specific substance and that the exposure
actually caused her injury. See § 112.1815(2)(a)1., Fla. Stat. (2011) (providing that
first responders must prove exposure to toxic substance by preponderance of
evidence). The E/C maintained there was no evidence of a specific exposure and no
medical evidence linking any exposure to Claimant’s condition.
Claimant was sworn in and testified regarding what occurred on the two dates
of accident. She testified that she became ill after each incident and lost time from
work, but was eventually released to return to work. She testified that she received
some medical treatment after the second exposure. On cross-examination, she
testified she had been diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease prior
to the first date of accident and had seen her personal physician on three separate
visits regarding this condition. Claimant agreed it was possible that at the time of
7
the events she was a cigarette smoker, as she had stopped and started smoking many
times. The E/C did not offer any exhibits or testimony from any witness.
In closing argument, Claimant asserted that losing a significant amount of
work and requiring medical treatment for a short time after each event “would lead
anyone to believe that there was something that occurred that was out of the ordinary
from the individual normal health responses.” The E/C noted that this case would
have been difficult to prove, even with counsel. Because Claimant offered no
evidence necessary to meet her burden of proof, the E/C asked that the JCC enter an
order denying and dismissing her petitions for benefits with prejudice.
In his order, the JCC denied and dismissed both petitions, concluding:
In this case, claimant offered no evidence as to what the specific
substance or substances were to which she was exposed. Further, she
offered no evidence as to the levels to which she was exposed. Finally,
she offered no evidence that the exposure she suffered can cause the
injury or disease she complains of. Without such evidence, claimant
cannot carry and has not carried her required burden of proof.
Claimant filed a motion for rehearing or motion to vacate the final compensation
order, arguing, in relevant part, that the JCC erred in not allowing her to submit the
affidavits she had secured from attorneys who declined to represent her. Claimant
argued that this was new information and evidence which “related to the futility of
trying to hire alternative counsel given the nature of her case. The evidence relates
directly to constitutional concerns of Equal Protection, Due Process of Law, and
First Amendment freedoms which are fundamental rights under both the State and
8
Federal Constitutions.” Claimant argued that she had the right “to build a record
related to constitutional issues.” The JCC denied the motion both on grounds it was
untimely and on its merits. Notwithstanding that denial, the JCC allowed Claimant
to supplement the record and accepted the affidavits as proffered exhibits, noting
that even if he accepted them as evidence, his ruling would not change.
Legal Background
Paragraph 440.105(3)(c), Florida Statutes (2011), provides that an attorney
receiving a fee for services rendered in connection with proceedings under
chapter 440 commits a first-degree misdemeanor, unless the fee is approved by a
JCC. Subsection 440.34(1), Florida Statutes (2011), provides the JCC with the
following limits on his or her ability to approve an attorney’s fee:
A fee, gratuity, or other consideration may not be paid for a claimant in
connection with any proceedings arising under this chapter, unless
approved by the [JCC] or court having jurisdiction over such
proceedings. Any attorney’s fee approved by a [JCC] for benefits
secured on behalf of a claimant must equal to 20 percent of the first
$5,000 of the amount of the benefits secured, 15 percent of the next
$5,000 of the amount of the benefits secured, 10 percent of the
remaining amount of the benefits secured to be provided during the first
10 years after the date the claim is filed, and 5 percent of the benefits
secured after 10 years. The [JCC] shall not approve a compensation
order, a joint stipulation for lump-sum settlement, a stipulation or
agreement between a claimant and his or her attorney, or any other
agreement related to benefits under this chapter which provides for an
attorney’s fee in excess of the amount permitted by this section. The
[JCC] is not required to approve any retainer agreement between the
claimant and his or her attorney. The retainer agreement as to fees and
costs may not be for compensation in excess of the amount allowed
under this subsection or subsection (7).
9
Subsection 440.34(2) instructs the JCC to “consider only those benefits secured by
the attorney” when awarding a fee. Thus, the relevant statutes impose a criminal
penalty on any attorney who accepts a fee for providing legal representation to a
workers’ compensation claimant who may not successfully obtain benefits under
chapter 440.
The First Amendment of the United States Constitution provides, in relevant
part, that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of
the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the
Government for a redress of grievances.” Freedom of speech is “among the
fundamental personal rights and liberties which are secured to all persons by the
Fourteenth Amendment against abridgment by a state.” Thornhill v. Ala., 310 U.S.
88, 95 (1940).
Standard of Review
An as-applied challenge, as raised here, is an argument that a law which is
constitutional on its face is nonetheless unconstitutional as applied to a particular
case or party, because of its discriminatory effects; in contrast, a facial challenge
asserts that a statute always operates unconstitutionally. In a First Amendment
challenge, “content-based speech restrictions will not survive strict scrutiny unless
the government can show that the regulation promotes a compelling government
interest and that it chooses the least restrictive means to further the articulated
10
interest.” Cashatt v. State, 873 So. 2d 430, 434 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004) (citing Sable
Commc’ns of Calif., Inc. v. Fed. Commc’ns Comm’n, 492 U.S. 115 (1989)). In
Florida workers’ compensation proceedings, constitutional challenges of any sort
need not be preserved for appellate review, because JCCs lack jurisdiction to
determine constitutionality. See B & B Steel Erectors v. Burnsed, 591 So. 2d 644,
647 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (“[W]e note that workers’ compensation judges do not have
the power to determine the constitutionality of a portion of the Workers’
Compensation Act, and that such issues may be raised for the first time on appeal,
without having been preserved below.”).
Furthermore, the applicable legal test by which to review the legislation itself
depends upon the particular claim. Because First Amendment rights are
fundamental, “we apply strict scrutiny to section 440.34, regarding its effect on these
First Amendment rights when taken in conjunction with section
440.105(3)(c).” Jacobson v. Se. Pers. Leasing, Inc., 113 So. 3d 1042, 1048 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2013). “To survive strict scrutiny, a law ‘[a] must be necessary to promote a
compelling governmental interest and [b] must be narrowly tailored to advance that
interest,’ and ‘[c] accomplishes its goal through the use of the least intrusive
means.’” Id. (quoting State v. J.P., 907 So. 2d 1101, 1110 (Fla. 2004)). The
applicable standard of “review,” even though there is no constitutional ruling to
11
review, is de novo. See Medina v. Gulf Coast Linen Servs., 825 So. 2d 1018, 1020
(Fla. 1st DCA 2002).
Analysis
Freedom of Speech
Included in the First Amendment’s fundamental guarantee of freedom of
speech, association, and to petition for redress of grievances, is the right to hire and
consult an attorney. In United Mine Workers of America, District 12 v. Illinois State
Bar Association, 389 U.S. 217 (1967), the Court held that “the freedom of speech,
assembly, and petition guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments” gave
the union “the right to hire attorneys on a salary basis to assist its members in the
assertion of their legal rights.” Id. at 221-22. The Court based this conclusion
on “the premise that the rights to assemble peaceably and to petition for a redress for
grievances are among the most precious of the liberties safeguarded by the Bill of
Rights. These rights, moreover, are intimately connected both in origin and in
purpose, with the other First Amendment rights of free speech and free press,” that,
although not identical, are inseparable. Id. at 222. Here, Claimant argues that the
fee statutes violate her right to free speech, because the evidence established that no
attorney would take her case if counsel’s compensation was limited to a “guideline”
fee, regardless of whether that fee was paid by the E/C or by Claimant.
12
In Jacobson, this court addressed a similar challenge to the fee statutes
challenged here, and explained that it viewed the “speech at issue here [was]
Claimant’s own words – given voice through his attorney – spoken or written before
the court in his defense during litigation.” 113 So. 3d at 1049. The claimant
in Jacobson was faced with a claim for litigation costs by the E/C and wished to hire
an attorney. The court held that the fee statutes – insofar as they limited claimant-
paid fees due under contract (as opposed to fees paid by an E/C to a claimant’s
attorney) – violated the claimant’s First Amendment rights, because they completely
denied his right to hire an attorney given that no benefits could ever be secured as a
result of the cost hearing, even upon a successful defense against the E/C’s motion
to tax costs. Id. at 1048-49. Because section 440.105(3)(c), Florida Statutes, makes
it a crime for an attorney to accept a fee that is not approved by a JCC, and section
440.34, Florida Statutes, prohibits a JCC from approving a fee that is not tied to the
amount of benefits secured, the two statutes operated as an unconstitutional
infringement on the claimant’s right to hire an attorney.
Addressing the governmental interests advanced as the basis for these statutes,
the Jacobson court pointed to “the regulation of attorney's fees in general . . . ;
lowering the overall cost of the workers’ compensation system . . . ; and protecting
injured workers who are of relatively limited financial means . . . .” Id. at 1049. The
court found that the general interest in regulating fees in the context of prior case
13
law related “specifically to the state’s interest in protecting the amount of benefits
secured by an injured worker under chapter 440 from depletion to pay a lawyer’s
bills,” and that it was “not evident from case law that these fee regulations represent
a general interest in ‘regulating attorney’s fees.’” 1 Id.
The Jacobson court also held that the State’s interest in lowering the cost of
workers’ compensation premiums was “not implicated in the instant case because it
is Claimant, not the E/C, who would pay the fee implicated by the legal work at issue
here – defending against the E/C's motion to tax costs. Thus, premiums charged by
insurers would be unaffected.” Id. Finally, the court held that the interest in
“protecting the body of workers’ compensation benefits from depletion” was not
implicated, because “there can be no depletion of benefits where there are no
benefits. A successful defense against an E/C’s motion to tax costs does not
constitute ‘benefits secured.’” Id.
Here, by contrast, Claimant was seeking to obtain workers’ compensation
benefits, and she properly requested the JCC approve retainer agreements, under
which Claimant and her union would pay an attorney out of their own funds to pursue
1
The cases cited were Samaha v. State, 389 So. 2d 639, 640 (Fla. 1980); Lundy v.
Four Seasons Ocean Grand Palm Beach, 932 So. 2d 506, 510 (Fla. 1st DCA 2006);
and Khoury v. Carvel Homes South, Inc., 403 So. 2d 1043, 1045 (Fla. 1st DCA
1981).
14
those benefits. Despite this difference, the analysis that led to the holding
in Jacobson still applies here, as we discuss below.
We start with the premise that “[laypersons] cannot be expected to know how
to protect their rights when dealing with practiced and carefully counseled
adversaries.” Bhd. of R.R. Trainmen v. Va. ex rel. Va. State Bar, 377 U.S. 1, 7
(1964). Here, although the JCC specifically found the attorney affidavits would not
have changed his ruling on the fee retainer issue, his ruling was that he did not have
jurisdiction over the constitutional arguments, and the JCC could not declare the
statutory provision unconstitutional. See Burnsed, 591 So. 2d at 647 (noting
workers’ compensation judges do not have authority to determine constitutionality
of statutory provisions). In our view, the affidavits of the six attorneys support
Claimant’s argument that she could not secure their representation, as it is not
economically feasible for an attorney to undertake representation in a case as
complex as an exposure claim, knowing that a fee would be payable only if the claim
was successful. In other words, no reasonable attorney would accept the risk of
investing their labor into representing Claimant where the likelihood of receiving
any compensation was uncertain.
The State cites United States Department of Labor v. Triplett, 494 U.S. 715,
717-18 (1990), to bring into question the sufficiency of Claimant’s record.
In Triplett, the assessment of the three attorneys relied upon by Mr. Triplett, as
15
described in the opinion, were all commenting in the third person: “‘fewer qualified
attorneys are accepting black lung claims,’ and that more claimants are proceeding
pro se. . . . ‘few attorneys are willing to represent black lung claimants.’ . . . ‘many
of his colleagues had ‘. . . stated unequivocally that they would not take black lung
cases. . . .’” 494 U.S. at 723. Here, in contrast, the six affidavits spoke in the first
person: All six attorneys averred they would not be able to take this case on a
contingency basis under the current statutory scheme, where a fee is paid only if the
prosecution of the claim is successful. The evidence is direct, unlike the evidence
rejected in Triplett, 494 U.S. at 723-24, and the evidence persuasively supports
Claimant’s argument that sections 440.105 and 440.34 thwart her First Amendment
rights, which can be adequately exercised only by obtaining legal representation.
Thus, because Claimant, a layperson, required legal counsel to pursue her
claim for benefits, and without counsel she was in all likelihood destined to fail in
that pursuit, there were no benefits to deplete, as in Jacobson. Therefore, the interest
in regulating attorney’s fees under the guise of protecting the amount of benefits
secured by an injured worker against unreasonable attorney’s fee payments, or of
protecting the body of workers’ compensation benefits from depletion, was not and
could not be implicated if securing any benefits was effectively prevented by
Claimant’s inability to secure counsel. As the court in Jacobson observed, “there
can be no depletion of benefits where there are no benefits.” 113 So. 3d at 1049.
16
Furthermore, even to the extent that Claimant may have prevailed, and was
only entitled to an E/C-paid fee based on the guidelines which would not cover the
amount she paid out of pocket, Claimant would still be left in a better position with
counsel, as without counsel she likely would obtain no benefits at all (and been
exposed to a potential claim for costs as well). As noted in the concurring opinion
to In re Amendment to the Rules Regulating the Florida Bar – Rule 4-1.5(f)(4)(B)
of the Rules of Professional Conduct, 939 So. 2d 1032, 1041 (Fla. 2006), “[t]here
are many reasons why a client would choose a particular lawyer at a rate which
would be higher than that charged by other lawyers.” Likewise, there may be many
reasons why a claimant in a workers’ compensation case may choose to pay more in
attorney’s fees than she otherwise would under the guidelines, including increasing
her likelihood of obtaining any benefits at all. The equation is simple: Some
compensation is superior to no compensation.
Furthermore, again as in Jacobson, an attorney’s fee paid by Claimant and her
union would have no impact on workers’ compensation premiums, because
Claimant and her union are the ones paying the fee, not the E/C. If Claimant
prevailed, the E/C still could not be required to pay more in fees that the Legislature
allows under section 440.34, Florida Statutes, regardless of Claimant obtaining legal
counsel not authorized under chapter 440, as Claimant would pay the excess fee.
17
Nor are we persuaded that the exception to strict scrutiny review for laws that
permissibly restrict the time, place, or manner of the exercise of the applicable rights
has been satisfied. As we noted in Jacobson, “such [time, place and manner] laws
must (a) be content-neutral, (b) be narrowly tailored to serve a significant (rather
than “compelling”) governmental interest, and (c) leave open alternative channels of
communication.” 113 So. 3d at 1049 (citing Clark v. Cmty. for Creative Non–
Violence, 468 U.S. 288, 293 (1984)).
Applying this test here, sections 440.105(3)(c) and 440.34 fail, because
[t]here is no significant governmental interest being served, because
there is no “benefit secured” associated with the fees at issue in this
case and, thus, no need to protect such from depletion. Moreover, the
legislation is not content-neutral. “The principal inquiry in determining
content neutrality, in speech cases generally and in time, place, or
manner cases in particular, is whether the government has adopted a
regulation of speech because of disagreement with the message it
conveys.” Ward [v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 791, 1989)].
The fee restrictions at issue here are not content-neutral, both because
they are limited to work done on workers’ compensation issues as
opposed to other areas of law, and because they are imposed only on
claimants arguing [entitlement to benefits], rather than on both parties’
arguments . . . .
Id. at 1050.
Thus, we conclude that, to the extent these statutes prohibit a workers’
compensation claimant (or a claimant’s union) from paying attorney’s fees out of
their own funds for purposes of litigating a workers’ compensation claim, these
statutes are unconstitutional, because they impermissibly infringe on a claimant’s
18
rights to free speech and to seek redress of grievances. Additionally, any fee
agreement “must nonetheless, like all fees for Florida attorneys, comport with the
factors set forth in Lee Engineering & Construction Co. v. Fellows, 209 So. 2d 454,
458 (Fla.1968), and codified in the Rules Regulating the Florida Bar at rule 4–
1.5(b).” Jacobson, 113 So. 3d at 1052. Consequently, we hold that no attorney
accepting fees in this situation may be prosecuted under section 440.105(3)(c),
Florida Statutes.
Freedom to Contract
The Jacobson court also held that the statutes under review violated the
claimant’s right to contract for legal services. Id. at 1050. “The right to make
contracts of any kind, so long as no fraud or deception is practiced and the contracts
are legal in all respects, is an element of civil liberty possessed by all persons who
are sui juris. It is both a liberty and property right and is within the protection of the
guaranties against the taking of liberty or property without due process of law.” State
ex rel. Fulton v. Ives, 167 So. 394, 398-99 (Fla. 1936) (citations omitted). “The right
to contract is one of the most sacrosanct rights guaranteed by our fundamental law.”
Lawnwood Med. Ctr. v. Seeger, 959 So. 2d 1222, 1224 (Fla. 1st DCA 2007).
“Like the First Amendment rights to freedom of speech, assembly, and
petition, the right to contract for legal services is a fundamental right, implicating
strict scrutiny.” Jacobson, 113 So. 3d at 1050. Although strict scrutiny applies,
19
because the right to contract is a property right, the relevant exception to strict
scrutiny review is whether the restrictions on the right to contract represent a
“reasonable restraint” under the State’s police power, “the right being ‘the general
rule’ and its restraint ‘the exception to be exercised when necessary to secure the
comfort, health, welfare, safety and prosperity of the people.’” Id. at 1050-51
(quoting Golden v. McCarty, 337 So. 2d 388, 390 (Fla. 1976)).
The Jacobson court determined that the statutory limitations on attorney’s fees
were not a permissible exercise of that police power in the context of a legal defense
against a motion to tax costs, because the fee provisions precluded entirely the
claimant’s ability to obtain legal representation. Id. at 1051. The Jacobson court
distinguished the determination in Lundy v. Four Seasons Ocean Grand Palm
Beach, 932 So. 2d 506 (Fla. 1st DCA 2006), that section 440.34 “‘does not offend
the right to freely contract,’” on grounds that Lundy addressed E/C-paid fees as
opposed to claimant-paid fees. Id. at 1052 (quoting Lundy, 932 So. 2d at 510).
Here, although, Claimant is seeking benefits (unlike the claimant in
Jacobson), she argues that her right to contract is no less violated by the strict
adherence to the fee schedule than it was under the circumstances in Jacobson, where
the issue was not an E/C-paid fee, but a claimant-paid fee, because the challenged
statutes prevented Claimant from retaining and paying an attorney with her own
funds (or those of her union) in an amount not based on the mandated statutory fee
20
schedule. The issue, therefore, is whether sections 440.105 and 440.34 are
constitutionally permissible restrictions on claimant-paid fees based on the State’s
police power.
“There is no settled formula for determining when the valid exercise of police
power stops and an impermissible encroachment on private property rights begins.”
Graham v. Estuary Props., Inc., 399 So. 2d 1374, 1380 (Fla. 1981) (reviewing
decision to deny approval for development of wetlands). As we noted in Jacobson,
however, the Florida Supreme Court listed some factors in Graham which have been
considered in past appeals, and the Jacobson court found that the following of those
factors were relevant in addressing the fees statutes at issue here: (1) whether the
regulation confers a public benefit or prevents a public harm; (2) whether the
regulation promotes the health, safety, welfare, or morals of the public; and
(3) whether the regulation is arbitrarily and capriciously applied. Jacobson, 113
So. 3d at 1051.
Regarding factor (1), the supreme court observed, “If the regulation creates a
public benefit it is more likely an exercise of eminent domain, whereas if a public
harm is prevented it is more likely an exercise of the police power.” Graham, 399
So. 2d at 1381. The fee regulations here are intended to prevent public harm, and
are therefore at least purportedly an exercise of the State’s police power. See
generally City of El Paso v. Simmons, 379 U.S. 497, 508 (1965) (noting, in
21
reviewing statute governing forfeiture of public land sale contracts for nonpayment
of interest, that Legislature has “wide discretion” in determining what is necessary
to protect general welfare of people in association with police power).
For the same basic reasons addressed above holding that these statutes do not
advance the State’s interest in regulating attorney’s fees to protect the amount of
benefits a claimant is awarded, the statutes do not actually prevent a public harm.
To the contrary, as Claimant established, the statutes actually operated to discourage
attorneys from representing her, thus potentially placing the burden for any allegedly
compensable injury or condition, which might normally be borne by the E/C, on the
public as a whole, if Claimant is forced to access governmental benefits. Thus, the
statutes cannot be reasonably read to prevent a public harm.
Likewise, the statutes’ restrictions on a claimant’s ability to contract for legal
representation to obtain benefits no longer promote the health, safety, welfare, or
morals of the public when, as demonstrated here, an injured worker is unable to
secure benefits to which she could potentially otherwise be entitled under law,
because of the statutory restrictions on attorney compensation. Finally, application
of the statutes to this scenario is arbitrary and capricious, because only the attorney’s
fees paid to claimants’ attorneys are regulated, and E/Cs are free to contract for legal
services without limitation. See id. (holding application of statutes to scenario in
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which only claimant is restricted from paying for legal services in an action for costs
is arbitrary and capricious).
We recognize that the Legislature could intend to prevent the public harm
caused when injured workers might quixotically seek benefits the worker is highly
unlikely to obtain. In addition, the Legislature could rationally seek to disincentivize
meritless litigation which disrupts the workplace and causes unnecessary hostility
between employers and employees. But in a free society which attempts to allow
individuals the intellectual prerogative to personally weigh the benefits and risk of
exercising their statutory right to obtain redress for their injury, we hold that the
rational intent to minimize workplace litigation cannot ultimately trump the benefits
the public obtains by allowing an injured worker, or one who personally thinks she
is injured, to seek redress under law. Thus, the public harm to be prevented – undue
depletion of workers’ financial resources and undue disruption of the workplace –
does not prevail against the individual’s right to contract for legal representation.
Because the record establishes that Claimant demonstrated that, as applied to
her, the restrictions on her right to contract for legal work in workers’ compensation
cases do not adequately prevent public harm, no longer promote the health, safety,
welfare, and morals of the public, and are being arbitrarily and capriciously applied,
sections 440.105 and 440.34 are not a valid exercise of the State’s police power, and
thus are unconstitutional violations of the right to contract.
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Waiver
Florida case law has long recognized that an individual can waive his or her
personal constitutional rights. In re Shambow’s Estate v. Shambow, 15 So. 2d 837,
837 (Fla. 1943) (“It is fundamental that constitutional rights which are personal may
be waived.”). Courts have also recognized the ability to waive various protective
rights, including the right to present mitigating evidence in the penalty phase of a
first-degree murder trial, see Spann v. State, 857 So. 2d 845, 853 (Fla. 2003); the
right to require a warrant before authorities can search one’s property, see Lockwood
v. State, 470 So. 2d 822 (Fla. 1985); the right to remain silent, see Bailey v. State,
31 So. 3d 809, 812 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009); and the right to a jury or speedy trial, see
Torres v. State, 43 So. 3d 831 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010), and State v. Burgess, 153 So. 3d
286 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014).
Logically, then, if a person can waive constitutional rights, a person can also
waive statutory rights such as those in section 440.34, Florida Statutes. For example,
in In re Amendment to the Rules Regulating the Florida Bar – Rule 4-1.5(f)(4)(B)
of the Rules of Professional Conduct, the Florida Supreme Court approved a Florida
Bar rule that allowed medical malpractice plaintiffs to waive the constitutional caps
on attorney’s fees, subject to certain conditions. 939 So. 2d at 1038-39. Notably,
those conditions did not require judicial review of such waivers; whereas in the
workers’ compensation context, the JCC must approve as reasonable the fee a
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claimant agrees to pay her attorney. Likewise, here, we see no reason why a
workers’ compensation claimant should not be able to waive a limitation on claimant
attorney’s fees and agree to pay her attorney with her own (or someone else’s) funds,
subject to a JCC’s finding that the fee is reasonable.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the restrictions in sections 440.105 and 440.34, when applied
to a claimant’s ability to retain counsel under a contract that calls for the payment of
a reasonable fee by a claimant (or someone on his or her behalf), are unconstitutional
violations of a claimant’s rights to free speech, free association, and petition – and
are not permissible time, place, or manner restrictions on those rights. Likewise,
those provisions also represent unconstitutional violations of a claimant’s right to
form contracts – and are not permissible police power restrictions on those rights.
Thus, we hold that the criminal penalties of section 440.105(3)(c), Florida Statutes,
are unenforceable against an attorney representing a workers’ compensation client
seeking to obtain benefits under chapter 440, as limited by other provisions
discussed above.
We conclude that the statutory restrictions are unconstitutional, and that the
proper remedy is to allow an injured worker and an attorney to enter into a fee
agreement approved by the JCC, notwithstanding the statutory restrictions.
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Accordingly, we reverse the orders of the JCC, and remand for a new hearing on the
motion to approve the retainer agreements and on the petitions for benefits.
REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
ROBERTS, C.J., and WOLF, J., CONCUR.
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