Filed 4/29/16 P. v. Kelly CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E063517
v. (Super.Ct.No. FVI023793)
JERRY DEAN KELLY, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Miriam Ivy
Morton, Judge. Affirmed.
Nancy J. King, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Andrew Mestman and Arlene A.
Sevidal, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
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Defendant Jerry Dean Kelly pleaded guilty to one felony count of receiving a
stolen motor vehicle in violation of Penal Code section 496d, subdivision (a), and
admitted to suffering a prior conviction for robbery in violation of Penal Code
section 211. The trial court sentenced defendant to the upper term of three years for the
conviction, doubled pursuant to the one strike law (Pen. Code, §§ 1170.12, subd. (c)(1),
667, subd. (e)(1)), for a total term of six years in state prison. More than eight years later,
the voters approved Proposition 47, the Safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act, which
reduced certain property and drug offenses from felonies to misdemeanors and provides
for resentencing of certain defendants currently serving felony sentences under prior law.
Defendant, who was still in custody, petitioned the trial court pursuant to Proposition 47
to reduce his conviction to a misdemeanor and to resentence him. The trial court denied
the petition, ex parte, concluding defendant’s conviction under Penal Code section 496d
“does not qualify under Prop. 47.”
On appeal, defendant contends that, although his conviction for receiving a stolen
motor vehicle is not expressly mentioned or affected by the text of Proposition 47, the
voters clearly intended a conviction for receiving a stolen motor vehicle with a value of
no more than $950 to be eligible for resentencing. Assuming this court concludes
otherwise, defendant argues excluding his conviction from relief under Proposition 47
violates his federal and state constitutional right to equal protection under the law.
Applying well-settled rules of statutory interpretation, we conclude a conviction
for receiving a stolen motor vehicle in violation of Penal Code section 496d is not
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governed by Proposition 47 even if it is worth $950 or less and, therefore, defendant was
not entitled to have his conviction reduced to a misdemeanor and to be resentenced.
Moreover, we conclude there is a rational basis for distinguishing between a
defendant convicted of receiving a stolen motor vehicle worth $950 or less in violation of
Penal Code section 496d and a defendant convicted of receiving stolen property worth no
more than $950 in violation of Penal Code section 496 and, therefore, treating them
differently for purposes of Proposition 47 does not offend equal protection principles.
Therefore, we affirm.
I.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The People charged defendant by information with threatening to commit great
bodily injury (Pen. Code, § 422), first degree residential burglary (Pen. Code, § 459),
unlawfully driving or taking a motor vehicle (Veh. Code, § 10851, subd. (a)), and
inflicting corporal injury on a former cohabitant (Pen. Code, § 273.5, subd. (a); unless
otherwise indicated, all undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code). The
People also alleged defendant suffered two prior robbery convictions in violation of Penal
Code section 211, which constituted serious or violent strikes.
On the day of trial, defendant entered into a plea agreement with the People. In
exchange for dismissal of the four counts and one of the strike priors alleged in the
information, defendant agreed to plead guilty to a new count of receiving a stolen motor
vehicle in violation of section 496d, subdivision (a), to admit to suffering one strike
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conviction, and to be sentenced to six years in state prison. The trial court accepted
defendant’s guilty plea and sentenced him forthwith.
After the voters adopted Proposition 47, defendant filed a petition requesting the
trial court reduce his conviction for receiving a stolen motor vehicle to a misdemeanor
and resentence defendant. The People’s written opposition to the petition argued a
conviction under section 496d “is not affected by Prop 47.” In an ex parte order, the trial
court agreed with the People and denied the petition, finding a conviction under section
496d, subdivision (a), “does not qualify under Prop. 47.”
Defendant timely appealed.
II.
DISCUSSION
A. Proposition 47 Does Not Govern the Offense of Receiving a Stolen Motor
Vehicle
Defendant contends the trial court erred by denying his petition because the
offense of receiving a stolen motor vehicle worth $950 or less, in violation of
section 496d, subdivision (a), is eligible for reclassification and resentencing under
Proposition 47. Whether Proposition 47 governs a conviction under section 496d when
the value of the motor vehicle does not exceed $950 is currently pending before the
California Supreme Court. (People v. Garness (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 1370, review
granted Jan. 27, 2016, S231031.) For the reasons stated below, we conclude it is not.
“Proposition 47 makes certain drug- and theft-related offenses misdemeanors,
unless the offenses were committed by certain ineligible defendants. These offenses had
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previously been designated as either felonies or wobblers (crimes that can be punished as
either felonies or misdemeanors).” (People v. Rivera (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 1085,
1091.) “Proposition 47 also created a new resentencing provision: section 1170.18.
Under section 1170.18, a person ‘currently serving’ a felony sentence for an offense that
is now a misdemeanor under Proposition 47, may petition for a recall of that sentence and
request resentencing in accordance with the statutes that were added or amended by
Proposition 47.” (Id. at p. 1092.)
The theft-related crimes enumerated in section 1170.18, subdivisions (a) and (b),
that may be reclassified and resentenced as misdemeanors include: shoplifting where the
value of the property does not exceed $950 (§ 459.5, subd. (a)); forgery of a document
valued at $950 or less (§ 473, subd. (b)); issuing a check for $950 or less without
sufficient funds (§ 476a, subd. (b)); petty theft of property worth $950 or less (§ 490.2,
subd. (a)); receiving stolen property worth no more than $950 (§ 496, subd. (a)); and
petty theft with a prior (§ 666, subd. (a)).
The crime of receiving a stolen motor vehicle in violation of section 496d is not
enumerated under section 1170.18 as an offense that may be reclassified and resentenced
as a misdemeanor, and Proposition 47 did not amend section 496d to make receipt of a
stolen motor vehicle worth no more than $950 a misdemeanor. Instead, Proposition 47
left section 496d untouched, and the crime of receiving a stolen motor vehicle of any
value is still punishable as a wobbler. (§ 496d, subd. (a).) Under settled principles of
statutory construction, this should be the end of the analysis. “When we interpret an
initiative, we apply the same principles governing statutory construction. We first
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consider the initiative’s language, giving the words their ordinary meaning and
construing this language in the context of the statute and initiative as a whole. If the
language is not ambiguous, we presume the voters intended the meaning apparent from
that language, and we may not add to the statute or rewrite it to conform to some assumed
intent not apparent from that language.” (People v. Superior Court (Pearson) (2010)
48 Cal.4th 564, 571.)
Defendant concedes Proposition 47 did not amend section 496d to provide that
receipt of a stolen motor vehicle worth $950 or less is a misdemeanor and did not
expressly provide that such an offense is eligible for reclassification and resentencing
under section 1170.18. Instead, defendant contends we must conclude the voters who
adopted Proposition 47 intended to include receipt of a motor vehicle worth no more than
$950 in the list of crimes that are now misdemeanors and that are eligible for
reclassification and resentencing under section 1170.18. According to defendant, we may
infer this intent from the amendment made by Proposition 47 to the crime of receipt of
stolen property (§ 496), and from Proposition 47’s creation of section 490.2, which
defines the crime of petty theft as theft of property worth $950 or less. We are
unpersuaded.
Proposition 47 expressly provides that receipt of stolen property worth $950 or
less is now a misdemeanor. (§§ 496, subd. (a), 1170.18, subds (a), (b).) As noted ante,
Proposition 47 left untouched section 496d and it did not list the crime of receiving a
stolen motor vehicle worth $950 or less as an offense that may be reclassified and
resentenced under section 1170.18. Nonetheless, because “[s]ections 496 and 496d are
6
identical offenses except that section 496 is the broader offense,” defendant argues the
fact he was convicted under the latter statute and not the former does not affect his
eligibility for resentencing under section 1170.18. But sections 496 and 496d do not
define identical crimes. Although section 496 broadly proscribes receipt of stolen
property, the Legislature went to the trouble of enacting section 496d to address the more
specific crime of receiving a stolen motor vehicle. Had the voters who adopted
Proposition 47 wished to override the Legislature’s intent of separating the crimes of
receiving stolen property and receiving a stolen motor vehicle, at least with respect to
receiving a stolen motor vehicle worth no more than $950, they could have easily done so
by amending section 496d.
Defendant’s argument with respect to section 490.2 fares no better. Under
section 487, subdivision (d)(1), theft of a motor vehicle constitutes grand theft.
Proposition 47 added section 490.2, subdivision (a), which provides, in pertinent part,
“Notwithstanding Section 487 or any other provision of law defining grand theft,
obtaining any property by theft where the value of the money, labor, real or personal
property taken does not exceed nine hundred fifty dollars ($950) shall be considered petty
theft and shall be punished as a misdemeanor . . . .” Under defendant’s reasoning, if the
voters who adopted Proposition 47 intended stealing a motor vehicle worth $950 or less
to be petty theft punishable as a misdemeanor, then surely those same voters must have
intended receipt of a stolen motor vehicle worth no more than $950 to also be punishable
as a misdemeanor. This argument must fail because section 490.2, subdivision (a),
defines petty theft of property, including petty theft of a motor vehicle. It has nothing to
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do with receipt of a stolen motor vehicle. Therefore, we cannot infer from the adoption
of section 490.2 any intent on the part of the voters to alter the crime of receiving a stolen
motor vehicle.
Defendant also contends we must interpret Proposition 47 to advance the voters’
stated money saving goals. (Ballot Pamp., Gen. Elec. (Nov. 4, 2014) text of Prop. 47,
§§ 2, 3, subd. (6), p. 70, at
[as of Apr. 29, 2016].) According to defendant, if we interpret Proposition 47 to exclude
the offense of receiving a stolen motor vehicle worth $950 or less, we will thwart the
fiscal intent of the voters. We disagree. Under the canon of statutory interpretation
expresio unius est exclusio alterius (the expression of certain things necessarily excludes
things not expressed), when the Legislature or voters expressly include certain criminal
offenses in a statute, the legislative intent was to exclude offenses not mentioned.
(People v. Brun (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 951, 954.) Based on the plain language of
Proposition 47, we must conclude the voters did not intend to address receipt of a stolen
motor vehicle in violation of section 496d and, consequently, we must conclude the
voters believed Proposition 47’s money saving goals would be achieved notwithstanding
exclusion of some theft related crimes such as receiving a stolen motor vehicle.
Finally, defendant argues the rule of lenity requires us to interpret Proposition 47
to govern receipt of a stolen motor vehicle worth $950 or less. Again, we disagree. The
rule of lenity “‘generally requires that “ambiguity in a criminal statute should be resolved
in favor of lenity, giving the defendant the benefit of every reasonable doubt on questions
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of interpretation. But . . . ‘that rule applies “only if two reasonable interpretations of the
statute stand in relative equipoise.” [Citation.]’ [Citations.]” [Citations.]’ [Citation.]
‘The rule of lenity does not apply every time there are two or more reasonable
interpretations of a penal statute. [Citation.] Rather, the rule applies “‘only if the court
can do no more than guess what the legislative body intended; there must be an egregious
ambiguity and uncertainty to justify invoking the rule.’” [Citations.]’” (People v.
Nuckles (2013) 56 Cal.4th 601, 611.) We have already concluded there is no ambiguity
in Proposition 47 with respect to receipt of a stolen motor vehicle worth $950 or less—it
simply does not address the offense. Therefore, we have no occasion to apply the rule of
lenity.
In sum, we conclude defendant’s conviction for receiving a stolen motor vehicle in
violation of section 469d, subdivision (a), is not eligible for reclassification and
resentencing under Proposition 47 and, therefore, the trial court correctly denied
defendant’s petition.
B. Excluding the Offense of Receiving a Stolen Motor Vehicle Worth $950 or
Less from Proposition 47 Does Not Violate Defendant’s Equal Protection Rights
Defendant argues excluding from relief under Proposition 47 the crime of
receiving a stolen motor vehicle in violation of section 496d, when the vehicle is worth
$950 or less, violates his right to equal protection under the law because similarly
situated defendants convicted of receiving stolen property worth $950 or less in violation
of section 496 are entitled to such relief. We disagree.
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“‘“The concept of the equal protection of the laws compels recognition of the
proposition that persons similarly situated with respect to the legitimate purpose of the
law receive like treatment.”’ [Citation.] ‘The first prerequisite to a meritorious claim
under the equal protection clause is a showing that the state has adopted a classification
that affects two or more similarly situated groups in an unequal manner.’ [Citations.]
This initial inquiry is not whether persons are similarly situated for all purposes, but
‘whether they are similarly situated for purposes of the law challenged.’ [Citation.]”
(Cooley v. Superior Court (2002) 29 Cal.4th 228, 253.)
Defendant has not shown he is similarly situated with a defendant convicted of
receiving stolen property worth $950 or less in violation of section 496. Defendant
contends “there was no evidence that the value of the [stolen] car [he received] exceeded
$950,” but by the same token there is no evidence in the record of conviction (at least in
the record before this court) that the value of the stolen motor vehicle did not exceed
$950. Defendant argues the People, not he, bore the burden of establishing the stolen
motor vehicle at issue was worth more than $950. We recently rejected the contention
that the People bear the burden under Proposition 47 of proving the value of property at
issue.
“The statute [Penal Code § 1170.18] itself is silent as to who has the burden of
establishing whether a petitioner is eligible for resentencing. However, Evidence Code
section 500 provides, ‘[e]xcept as otherwise provided by law, a party has the burden of
proof as to each fact the existence or nonexistence of which is essential to the claim for
relief or defense that he is asserting.’ Because defendant is the petitioner seeking relief,
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and because Proposition 47 does not provide otherwise, ‘a petitioner for resentencing
under Proposition 47 must establish his or her eligibility for such resentencing.’ (People
v. Sherow (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 875, 878-879 . . . (Sherow); see also People v. Rivas–
Colon (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 444, 449-450 . . . .) In a successful petition, the offender
must set out a case for eligibility, stating and in some cases showing the offense of
conviction has been reclassified as a misdemeanor and, where the offense of conviction is
a theft crime reclassified based on the value of stolen property, showing the value of the
property did not exceed $950. (Sherow, supra, at pp. 877-878; see also § 1170.18,
subd. (a).) The defendant must attach information or evidence necessary to enable the
court to determine eligibility. (Sherow, supra, at p. 880 [‘A proper petition could
certainly contain at least [defendant’s] testimony about the nature of the items taken. If
he made the initial showing the court can take such action as appropriate to grant the
petition or permit further factual determination.’].)” (People v. Perkins (2016) 244
Cal.App.4th 129, 136-137.)
Defendant’s petition did not allege, let alone offer proof, that the stolen motor
vehicle he received was worth no more than $950. Because defendant did not satisfy his
burden of establishing the value of the stolen motor vehicle he received, he cannot
establish he is similarly situated with a defendant convicted under section 496 of
receiving stolen property worth $950 or less.
Even if defendant were similarly situated with a defendant convicted of receiving
stolen property worth $950 or less, his equal protection challenge must still fail. “A
defendant . . . ‘does not have a fundamental interest in a specific term of imprisonment or
11
in the designation a particular crime receives.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Wilkinson (2004)
33 Cal.4th 821, 838.) Absent some allegation that sentencing disparity involves a suspect
classification, a court addressing such an equal protection challenge must apply the
deferential rational basis test. (Ibid.)
“Where, as here, a disputed statutory disparity implicates no suspect class or
fundamental right, ‘equal protection of the law is denied only where there is no “rational
relationship between the disparity of treatment and some legitimate governmental
purpose.”’ [Citation.] ‘This standard of rationality does not depend upon whether
lawmakers ever actually articulated the purpose they sought to achieve. Nor must the
underlying rationale be empirically substantiated. [Citation.] While the realities of the
subject matter cannot be completely ignored [citation], a court may engage in “‘rational
speculation’” as to the justifications for the legislative choice [citation]. It is immaterial
for rational basis review “whether or not” any such speculation has “a foundation in the
record.”’ [Citation.] To mount a successful rational basis challenge, a party must
‘“negative every conceivable basis”’ that might support the disputed statutory disparity.
[Citations.] If a plausible basis exists for the disparity, courts may not second-guess its
‘“wisdom, fairness, or logic.”’ [Citations.]” (Johnson v. Department of Justice (2015)
60 Cal.4th 871, 881.)
Relying on People v. Wilkinson, supra, 33 Cal.4th 821, the People argue that, by
reclassifying as a misdemeanor the crime of receiving stolen property worth no more than
$950 (§ 496, subd. (a)) but leaving as a wobbler the crime of receiving a stolen motor
vehicle worth the same amount (§ 496d, subd. (a)), the voters may have intended to allow
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prosecutors to exercise their discretion when charging particular defendants. We agree
with the People. “[N]umerous factors properly may enter into a prosecutor’s decision to
charge under one statute and not another, such as a defendant’s background and the
severity of the crime, and so long as there is no showing that a defendant ‘has been
singled out deliberately for prosecution on the basis of some invidious criterion,’ that is,
‘“one that is arbitrary and thus unjustified because it bears no rational relationship to
legitimate law enforcement interests[,]”’ the defendant cannot make out an equal
protection violation. [Citation.]” (People v. Wilkinson, supra, at pp. 838-839.)
Another reason for treating the crime of receiving a stolen motor vehicle
differently than the crime of receiving some other form of stolen property is to single out
and combat the operation of automobile “chop shops.” Assembly Bill No. 2390 added
section 496d “to the Penal Code to encompass only motor vehicle[s] related to the
receiving of stolen property.” (Assem. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Assem. Bill
No. 2390 (1997-1998 Reg. Sess.) as amended Apr. 13, 1998, p. 2, available at
http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/97-98/bill/asm/ab_2351-2400/ab_2390_cfa_19980413_
140614_asm_comm.html [as of Apr. 29, 2016].) The legislative history of Penal Code
section 496d, of which we take judicial notice (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (c), 459,
subd. (a)), described the statute as “‘provid[ing] additional tools to law enforcement for
utilization in combating vehicle theft and prosecuting vehicle thieves. Incarcerating
vehicle thieves provides safer streets and saves Californians millions of dollars. These
proposals target persons involved in the business of vehicle theft and would identify
persons having prior felony convictions for the receiving of stolen vehicles for enhanced
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sentences.’” (Assem. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Assem. Bill No. 2390, supra,
as amended Apr. 13, 1998, p. 2, italics added.)
Because there are plausible, legitimate reasons for distinguishing between
defendants convicted of receiving stolen property worth $950 or less and defendants
convicted of receiving a stolen motor vehicle, when the vehicle is worth $950 or less,
defendant has not established the exclusion of the latter from relief under Proposition 47
is an equal protection violation.
III.
CONCLUSION
The order denying defendant’s petition is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
McKINSTER
J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ
P. J.
HOLLENHORST
J.
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People v. Kelly CA4/2
Combined Opinion