Filed 4/29/16 P. v. Moseley CA2/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
THE PEOPLE, B261997
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BA430104)
v.
DEANTE MOSELEY,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Frederick N. Wapner, Judge. Affirmed.
______
Jared G. Coleman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey and
Michael J. Wise, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
______
Appellant Deante Moseley appeals from the judgment of conviction of one count
of second degree robbery. The trial court granted appellant’s request to represent
himself. Thereafter, the court found appellant suffered from a mental disorder that
impaired his ability to represent himself without the assistance of counsel, and relying
on Indiana v. Edwards (2008) 554 U.S. 164, 177-178 (Edwards), the court revoked
appellant’s propria persona (pro. per.) status. Appellant claims that the trial court
violated his right to self-representation when it revoked his pro. per. status because
substantial evidence did not support the court’s finding of mental illness. In the
alternative, appellant argues that the court erred in failing to order a mental health
evaluation to determine his competency to stand trial and that the failure to do so violated
state law and the United States constitutional right to due process. As we shall explain,
appellant’s claims lack merit; sufficient evidence supported the court’s ruling. Thus, the
court did not err in revoking the appellant’s pro. per. status or in failing to suspend the
proceedings to conduct an evaluation of his competency for trial. Accordingly, we
affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On October 2, 2014, appellant forced his way into a discount store as the owners
were opening the shop for the day. He proceeded to steal several small items, and after a
brief confrontation with the owners, appellant escaped. In a separate incident on the
same day, appellant entered a different store and purportedly stole several items. The
police apprehended appellant shortly thereafter.
The information charged appellant with two counts of second degree robbery
(Pen. Code, § 211), and further alleged that appellant had served prior prison terms
within the meaning of Penal Code section 667.5, subdivision (b). On October 20, 2014,
before the preliminary hearing, appellant waived his right to counsel and requested
to proceed in pro. per. The court advised appellant of the risks and obligations of
self-representation. Appellant told the court that he had the “equivalent education” of
a paralegal and had represented himself in a prior criminal case in 2013. The trial court
granted the request. Appellant proceeded to represent himself during the preliminary
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hearing. He questioned the eyewitnesses and made a motion to dismiss the charges.
At the end of the hearing, appellant discussed his need for funds to retain a private
investigator.
On November 3, 2014, at the arraignment hearing, appellant acknowledged his
rights associated with a criminal trial and entered not guilty pleas to the charges. He
discussed and rejected a plea offer from the prosecution and proposed a counter offer.
Appellant also filed two handwritten documents which he characterized as a “motion to
suppress” and a “[m]otion for [d]ismissal.” The court denied the motions and expressed
a concern that appellant’s filings contained information and admissions that appellant
should not disclose to the prosecutor. The court encouraged appellant to accept the
appointment of legal counsel, but appellant refused. Appellant claimed that he was a
“federal, state, and county confidential informant,” that “L.A.P.D., Wilcox, Hollywood
Division” harassed him, and that his “due process” rights as a pro. per. had been violated
in unspecified ways. He further described an unrelated incident in which he had been
sprayed with mace at a store in Hollywood. Appellant also asked for the contact
information for the United States Attorney’s Office, stating that he wanted to contact Eric
Holder. Several times during the hearing the court reflected on appellant’s “smiling” and
his demeanor, which appeared to be at odds with the seriousness of the proceedings.
On December 11, 2014, at the pretrial hearing, the same judge who conducted the
arraignment hearing, appointed standby counsel for appellant and held an in-camera
hearing to discuss appellant’s pro. per. status. At the in-camera hearing, the court stated
that it had learned from the Sheriff’s department that appellant had been moved to the
“mental observation unit” in the jail on the “high observation floor” and that inmates are
placed in that unit when they express an intent to harm themselves or someone else. The
court noted that given his placement, appellant would not have access to the pro. per.
library in the jail and that his lack of library access disadvantaged him. The court also
disclosed that it had learned that appellant was receiving treatment from a psychiatrist
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and a clinical social worker through the department of mental health.1 The court further
stated that it “already had a concern about [appellant’s], ability to effectively represent
[himself] based on the way [he had] spoken in court” and the motions he had previously
filed. The court noted that appellant had filed a motion in which he confessed to
committing a crime. The court stated that although it did not question appellant’s
intelligence, the court believed that appellant suffered from a mental disorder that raised
questions about his ability to represent himself. The court revoked appellant’s pro. per.
status and appointed standby counsel to represent appellant during the trial. In response,
appellant complained that the trial judge suffered from a disorder of “incorrect justice”
and further threatened: “I’ll make sure I complain to the Santa Monica Bar Association.”
The jury found appellant guilty of one count of robbery.2 When the jury
announced the verdicts, appellant interrupted the proceedings, uttering expletives and
condemning the jury. He also complained about the violation of his “pro[.] per[.] rights.”
During a brief recess in the proceedings, after the jury announced its verdicts and before
the court commenced trial on appellant’s prior convictions, appellant removed his court
clothing, dressed in his jail clothing, and placed the court clothing in the toilet of his
holding cell. The court sentenced appellant to a four-year prison term. Appellant filed
this appeal.
1 During the hearing appellant interrupted the court several times. He interjected
that he had been moved to the mental observation unit because he had a “cardiac arrest”
and because the deputies wanted to deny his pro. per. rights.
2 The jury deadlocked on the other count of robbery, and the court declared a
mistrial and dismissed that count.
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DISCUSSION
I. Revocation of the Right to Self-Representation
Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it revoked his right to represent
himself because sufficient evidence did not support the finding that he suffered from a
severe mental illness that impaired his ability to present a defense without the assistance
of counsel. We disagree.3
A trial court must allow a defendant to represent himself if he knowingly and
intelligently makes an unequivocal and timely request to do so. (Faretta v. California
(1975) 422 U.S. 806, 836; People v. Windham (1977) 19 Cal.3d 121, 127-128.) The right
to self-representation, however, is not absolute. (Edwards, supra, 554 U.S. at p. 171.) In
Edwards, the United States Supreme Court held that a court may limit a defendant’s right
to self-representation if the defendant lacks the mental capacity to conduct his defense.
(Id. at p. 178 [“[T]he Constitution permits States to insist upon representation by counsel
for those . . . who . . . suffer from severe mental illness to the point where they are not
competent to conduct trial proceedings by themselves.”].)
The Court in Edwards did not establish a specific test for mental competence to
represent oneself or define “severe” mental illness. Rather, the Edwards Court
acknowledged that “[m]ental illness itself is not a unitary concept. It varies in degree.
It can vary over time. It interferes with an individual’s functioning at different times in
different ways.” (Edwards, supra, 554 U.S. at p. 175.) Likewise, a finding of mental
incompetency does not require a formal diagnosis of mental illness or a professional
psychological or psychiatric evaluation to assist in determining a defendant’s mental
status. (See People v. Johnson (2012) 53 Cal.4th 519, 530.) Instead, the trial court’s
first-hand observation of the defendant’s behavior and conduct may support a finding that
3 Preliminarily, we reject the Attorney General’s assertion that appellant waived
or acquiesced to the court’s revocation of his pro. per. status. Although, during the
in-camera proceeding appellant acknowledged the trial court’s decision to revoke his
pro. per. status; appellant neither agreed nor acquiesced to it. Instead, he objected and
even threatened to report the judge to the Santa Monica Bar Association. In view of the
circumstances, appellant preserved this issue for appeal.
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a defendant suffered from requisite mental illness. (Ibid.) Ultimately, the focus of the
competency inquiry is not on the exact nature or intensity of the defendant’s mental
illness, but rather on its effect on defendant’s ability to represent him. Indeed, “Edwards
described competence to represent oneself at trial as the ability ‘to carry out the basic
tasks needed to present [one’s] own defense without the help of counsel.’ ” (People v.
Johnson, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 530, quoting Edwards, supra, 554 U.S. at pp. 175-176.)
In making the requisite finding, the trial court may consider, inter alia, the defendant’s:
(1) awareness of the proceedings; (2) capacity to perceive and evaluate problematic
situations that arise in the case; (3) ability to gather, understand and use relevant
information; (4) capability to rationally respond to the charges and to justify a decision
with a plausible reason; (5) aptitude to formulate and implement simple defense strategies
and tactics; and (6) ability to communicate coherently to the court. (People v. Johnson,
supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 529-530.)
On a cold record we cannot evaluate a defendant’s demeanor. We thus give great
deference to the trial court’s exercise of discretion in determining whether the defendant
is mentally competent to represent himself, and the decision will be upheld if supported
by substantial evidence. Such deference is especially appropriate where, as here, the
same judge has observed the defendant at several court hearings. (People v. Johnson,
supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 531.)
The court, in this case, revoked appellant’s pro. per. status based on its finding that
appellant suffered from a mental disorder that caused the judge to doubt defendant’s
ability to represent himself. Sufficient evidence supported this determination.4 The trial
court had multiple opportunities to observe appellant and interact with him. Even though
4 In reaching this conclusion we reject appellant’s assertion that the trial court’s
determination was improperly based on appellant’s out-of-court behavior and that
appellant had no access to the pro. per. law library in the jail. The court did mention those
two matters early in the proceeding, but in stating the reasons for its finding the court
relied only on the “way [he had] spoken in court” and the motions he had previously
filed. We reject defendant’s request that we speculate that the judge harbored
unarticulated reasons for his decision.
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appellant appeared to understand the charges and nature of the proceedings, over the
course of several hearings, appellant’s conduct changed—he interrupted the court, made
nonresponsive comments, offered incoherent remarks and complained about irrelevant
and unrelated matters and incidents. Based on the court’s comments on the record, it
appears that appellant’s behavior deteriorated in a short period. Appellant’s written
filings and oral presentations also support the trial court’s determination. Appellant’s
filings and oral statements shed light on his mental status, and on several occasions
the court questioned the wisdom of appellant’s written disclosures and admissions,
particularly his admission of committing a crime contained in one of his written motions.
The trial court properly considered the motions appellant filed and the “way he had
spoken in court” in assessing whether appellant had the mental capacity to represent
himself. (See Edwards, supra, 554 U.S. at pp. 176, 178 [defendant’s written filings and
representations demonstrated incompetence to represent himself]; People v. Johnson,
supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 529-530 [A court may consider the defendant’s ability to
formulate a plausible defense and execute rational defense strategies, in making the
required mental competency determination.].) In addition, the court reflected on
appellant’s unusual courtroom demeanor—smiling and pleasant—which appeared
inconsistent with the proceedings, and created the impression that appellant did not
appreciate the seriousness of the situation. These first-hand observations of appellant
support the court’s finding that appellant’s mental condition prevented him from carrying
out the basic tasks necessary for effective self-representation. Consequently, under the
circumstances and given the great deference afforded the trial court in making these
competency findings, we cannot conclude that the trial court erred when it revoked
appellant’s pro. per. status.
II. Competence to Stand Trial
In the alternative, appellant argues that assuming sufficient evidence existed to
support the court’s finding that he suffered from a mental illness as defined by Edwards
and its progeny, that evidence also raised a reasonable doubt regarding his competency to
stand trial. Thus, he argues that the trial court was required to conduct a competency
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hearing and that the failure to do so violated state law and his federal due process rights.
We do not agree.
In Edwards, the Supreme Court found that the standard for competence to stand
trial and the standard for competence to represent oneself are different. An individual
may well be able to satisfy the mental competence standard to stand trial because he is
“able to work with counsel at trial,[5] yet at the same time he may be unable to carry
out the basic tasks needed to present his own defense without the help of counsel.”
(Edwards, supra, 554 U.S. at pp. 175-176.) The Court in Edwards, thus, recognized a
“gray-area” between the “minimal constitutional requirement that measures a defendant’s
ability to stand trial and a somewhat higher standard that measures mental fitness for
another legal purpose.” (Id. at pp. 172, 174.; see People v. Johnson, supra, 53 Cal.4th
at p. 528 [California courts have the discretion to deny self-representation to a
“gray-area” defendant in those cases where “Edwards permits such denial.”].)
Accordingly, the trial court here was not required ipso facto to suspend the proceedings
to conduct a hearing to determine appellant’s competency for trial based on its conclusion
that appellant lacked the mental fitness to represent himself.
Appellant argues, however, that given the trial court’s remarks when it revoked his
in pro. per. status, the court should have suspended criminal proceedings and held a
competency hearing. In finding appellant had exhibited signs of mental impairment, the
trial court’s comments focused solely on appellant’s ability to represent himself not on
his competency to stand trial. The record supports this distinction—appellant was a
“gray-area” defendant as that status was described in Edwards. He lacked the capacity to
represent himself effectively, and yet he appeared to understand the nature of the
proceedings. Moreover, the record contains no evidence that appellant was unable to
5 A defendant is incompetent to stand trial if the defendant has a mental
disorder that makes the defendant “unable to understand the nature of the criminal
proceedings or to assist counsel in the conduct of a defense in a rational manner.”
(People v. Dunkle (2005) 36 Cal.4th 861, 885, overruled in part on other grounds as
stated in People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 453; see Dusky v. United States (1960)
362 U.S. 402 (per curiam).)
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assist his counsel in the conduct of his defense; and appointed counsel never raised a
doubt about appellant’s competency during the subsequent trial. (See People v. Howard
(1992) 1 Cal.4th 1132, 1164 [defense “counsel’s opinion is undoubtedly relevant” to the
question of a defendant’s competency to stand trial].) Accordingly, the court did not err
in failing to suspend the proceedings to order a competency determination in this case.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
ROTHSCHILD, P. J.
We concur:
CHANEY, J.
JOHNSON, J.
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