Albemarle Corp. & Subsidiaries v. United States

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ ALBEMARLE CORPORATION & SUBSIDIARIES, NINGXIA HUAHUI ACTIVATED CARBON COMPANY LIMITED, Plaintiffs-Appellants SHANXI DMD CORPORATION, BEIJING PACIFIC ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCTS CO., LTD., CHERISHMET INC., NINGXIA GUANGHUA CHERISHMET ACTIVATED CARBON CO., LTD., Plaintiffs-Appellees v. UNITED STATES, CALGON CARBON CORPORATION, NORIT AMERICAS, INC., Defendants-Cross-Appellants CALGON CARBON (TIANJIN) CORPORATION LIMTED, Defendant ______________________ 2015-1288, 2015-1289, 2015-1290 ______________________ Appeals from the United States Court of International Trade in No. 1:11-cv-00451-TCS, Chief Judge Timothy C. Stanceu. 2 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US ______________________ Decided: May 2, 2016 ______________________ JILL A. CRAMER, Mowry & Grimson, PLLC, Washing- ton, DC, argued for plaintiffs-appellants. Also represented by JEFFREY S. GRIMSON, KRISTIN HEIM MOWRY, SARAH M. WYSS. GREGORY S. MENEGAZ, DeKieffer & Horgan, PLLC, Washington, DC, representing plaintiff-appellee Shanxi DMD Corporation, argued for all plaintiffs-appellees. FRANCIS J. SAILER, Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Sil- verman & Klestadt LLP, Washington, DC, for plaintiffs- appellees Beijing Pacific Activated Carbon Products Co., Ltd., Cherishmet Inc., Ningxia Guanghua Cherishmet Activated Carbon Co., Ltd. Also represented by KAVITA MOHAN, MARK PARDO, ANDREW THOMAS SCHUTZ. CLAUDIA BURKE, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing- ton, DC, argued for defendant-cross-appellant United States. Also represented by ANTONIA RAMOS SOARES, BENJAMIN C. MIZER, JEANNE E. DAVIDSON, PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY; SHELBY ANDERSON, Office of the Chief Coun- sel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance, United States Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. ROBERT ALAN LUBERDA, Kelley Drye & Warren, LLP, Washington, DC, argued for defendants-cross-appellants Calgon Carbon Corporation, Norit Americas, Inc. Also represented by JOHN M. HERRMANN, DAVID A. HARTQUIST. ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 3 Before LOURIE, BRYSON, and DYK, Circuit Judges. DYK, Circuit Judge. The Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) selected two exporters, Jacobi Carbons AB (“Jacobi”) and Calgon Carbon (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. (“CCT”), to individually exam- ine in the third administrative review of an antidumping order. Commerce assigned both exporters de minimis dumping margins. Rather than using the “expected method” of averaging those de minimis margins to calcu- late a separate rate for non-examined exporters Ningxia Guanghua Cherishmet Activated Carbon Co., Ltd. (“Cher- ishmet”), 1 Shanxi DMD Corp. (“Shanxi”), and Ningxia Huahui Activated Carbon Company Ltd. (“Huahui”), 2 Commerce continued to apply the rates it had assigned those exporters in the second, immediately preceding administrative review. The Court of International Trade (“CIT”) held that Commerce’s use of prior dumping mar- gins was impermissible with respect to Cherishmet and Shanxi but permissible with respect to Huahui. We affirm with respect to Cherishmet and Shanxi and reverse and remand with respect to Huahui. In each case, Com- merce has failed to justify using the rate from the prior administrative review. 1 Consistent with Commerce, we treat Cherishmet and Beijing Pacific Activated Carbon Products as one entity, which we refer to as “Cherishmet.” 2 We refer to appellants Albemarle Corporation & Subsidiaries and Ningxia Huahui Activated Carbon Company Ltd. together as “Huahui.” 4 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US BACKGROUND I When merchandise is sold in the United States at less than fair value, Commerce is authorized by statute to impose antidumping duties. See 19 U.S.C. § 1673. These duties are equal to the dumping margin, the amount by which the price of the merchandise in the exporting country (“normal value”) exceeds the price of the mer- chandise in the United States (“export price” or “U.S. price”). See id. §§ 1673e(a)(1), 1677b(a)(1), 1677a(a); 3 Changzhou Wujin Fine Chem. Factory Co., v. United States, 701 F.3d 1367, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2012). Under the statute, Commerce is generally charged with determining individual dumping margins for each known exporter. 19 U.S.C. § 1677f–1(c)(1). When it is “not practicable” to determine individual margins for each exporter, the statute provides that Commerce may limit its examina- tion to a “reasonable number of exporters” that either constitute a statistically representative sample of all known exporters or account for the largest volume of the subject merchandise from the exporting country. Id. § 1677f–1(c)(2). In proceedings involving non-market economy coun- tries, including China, Commerce presumes that export- ers are state-controlled, and assigns them a single state- wide dumping rate. Changzhou, 701 F.3d at 1370; 19 C.F.R. § 351.107(d). This presumption is rebuttable; an exporter that demonstrates sufficient independence from 3 On June 29, 2015, the Trade Preferences Exten- sion Act of 2015, Pub. L. No. 114-27, 129 Stat. 362 (2015), went into effect. The Act makes a number of changes to the antidumping duty laws, none of which is relevant to this case. ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 5 state control may apply to Commerce for a different rate. Changzhou, 701 F.3d at 1370. A separate rate, sometimes referred to as the “all-others” rate, is assigned to all non- individually examined exporters (“separate respondents”) when Commerce limits its examination to fewer than all known exporters. 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(1)(B)(i)(II); Changzhou, 701 F.3d at 1370. Typically, as discussed below, this separate or all- others rate is calculated by averaging the rates of the individually examined exporters. Non-selected parties can request individual examination pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(a), but Commerce is not obligated to grant such requests. Statement of Administrative Action accompa- nying the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, H.R. Doc. No. 103–316 (1994) [“SAA”], reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4201 (“Commerce may decline to analyze voluntary responses because it would be unduly burdensome.”); Yangzhou Bestpak Gifts & Crafts Co., v. United States (“Bestpak”), 716 F.3d 1370, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2013). Here, Commerce determined that all of the parties to this appeal were entitled to separate rates. The central issue concerns the calculation of those separate rates for Cher- ishmet, Shanxi, and Huahui. As noted earlier, rather than using the average of the rates calculated for the individually examined exporters during the third admin- istrative review, Commerce used the rates applied to Cherishmet, Shanxi, and Huahui in the previous adminis- trative review. II The underlying proceedings involve an initial investi- gation followed by three administrative reviews of im- ports of “certain activated carbon” from the People’s Republic of China, which encompasses “powdered, granu- lar, or pelletized carbon product[s] obtained by ‘activating’ with heat and steam various materials containing car- 6 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US bon.” Notice of Antidumping Order: Certain Activated Carbon from the People’s Republic of China, 72 Fed. Reg. 20,988, 20,988 (Apr. 27, 2007). In the initial investigation in 2007, Commerce individually investigated only the two largest volume exporters, Jacobi and CCT. Commerce determined that appellant Huahui and appellees Cher- ishmet and Shanxi were entitled to separate rates. After receiving several requests for review of the ini- tial antidumping order, Commerce conducted a series of three administrative reviews. In the first review in 2009, Jacobi and CCT were selected as individual respondents, and Commerce granted Cherishmet’s request to be indi- vidually examined as a voluntary respondent. Certain Activated Carbon from the People’s Republic of China: Notice of Preliminary Results of the Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Extension of Time Limits for the Final Results, 74 Fed. Reg. 21,317, 21,318 (May 7, 2009). In the second review in 2010, Jacobi and Huahui were individually examined, while CCT, Cherishmet, and Shanxi were given separate rates. Certain Activated Carbon from the People’s Republic of China: Final Results and Partial Rescission of Second Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 75 Fed. Reg. 70,208, 70,208, 70,209–10 (Nov. 17, 2010). Commerce assigned Jacobi a rate of $0.11/kg and Huahui a rate of $0.44/kg. It calcu- lated the separate rate by averaging those individual margins, resulting in a separate rate of $0.28/kg, which was applied to Cherishmet and Shanxi. In the third and final review in 2011, which is the subject of this appeal, Commerce individually examined Jacobi and CCT. Certain Activated Carbon from the People’s Republic of China: Final Results and Partial Rescission of the Third Administrative Antidumping Duty Administrative Review [“Final Results”], 76 Fed. Reg. 67,142, 67,142 (Oct. 31, 2011). Cherishmet, Shanxi, and Huahui were held entitled to a separate rate. Huahui ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 7 submitted a request to be individually examined as a voluntary respondent, but Commerce denied its request. In the Final Results, Commerce determined that Jacobi and CCT, the individually examined respondents, were not dumping, and assigned them de minimis margins. 4 The question was whether these de minimis rates should be averaged and applied to the separate respondents. As discussed in detail below, 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5) governs Commerce’s calculation of separate rates. Under the statute, when all individually examined exporters are assigned de minimis margins, the “expected method” is for Commerce to calculate the separate rate by taking the average of the de minimis margins assigned to the indi- vidually examined respondents. See SAA, at 4201. If Commerce determines that following the expected method would not be feasible or would result in margins that would “not be reasonably reflective of potential dumping margins” for the separate respondents, Commerce may use “other reasonable methods.” Id. Rather than following the “expected method” of aver- aging the de minimis margins calculated for the individu- ally examined respondents here, Commerce calculated separate rates for Huahui, Cherishmet, and Shanxi by continuing to apply the margins it had assigned them during the previous period of review—Huahui was given $0.44/kg, the same rate it was assigned when individually examined during the second review, and Cherishmet and Shanxi were given $0.28/kg, the same separate rate that was calculated during the second review by averaging the rates for the individually examined respondents. Com- 4 In administrative reviews, Commerce considers any margin of less than 0.5% of U.S. sales price to be de minimis. 19 C.F.R. § 351.106(c). Here, Commerce as- signed Jacobi and CCT margins of $0.00/kg. 8 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US merce does not contend that employing the expected method would be unfeasible. Instead, Commerce deter- mined that the expected method would result in margins that would not be reasonably reflective of the separate respondents’ actual dumping, explaining primarily that its policy was to exclude de minimis margins from all separate rate calculations: “We agree with Petitioners that [Commerce] should not diverge from the practice of excluding zero and de minimis margins when calculating the separate rate margin.” Memorandum to the File, through Ronald K. Lorentzen from Christian Marsh re: Issues and Dec. Mem. for the Final Results of the Third Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, dated Oct. 24, 2011, at 5 [“Memorandum”], available at J.A. 100992. III Huahui, Cherishmet, and Shanxi challenged Com- merce’s separate rate calculations in the CIT. Albemarle Corp. v. United States (“Albemarle I”), 931 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2013). The exporters argued that Commerce’s calculations were unreasonable because they were based exclusively on non-contemporaneous data, and asserted that Commerce failed to adequately explain its departure from the “well-established premise that the Final Results of a proceeding should be based solely on the facts on the record in that proceeding.” Id. at 1290. The CIT remanded and ordered Commerce to reconsider the margin it assigned to Cherishmet and Shanxi, ex- plaining that the $0.28/kg margin was not based on data pertaining to any pricing behavior that occurred in the third [period of review]. Nor was it based on any data pertaining to these respondents; instead, Com- merce reverted to a margin it determined in an- other review for other respondents. This margin does not reflect commercial reality with respect to ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 9 [Shanxi or Cherishmet], and is, in that sense, ar- bitrary. Id. at 1291. With respect to Huahui, the CIT “reserve[d] any decision on whether the margin assigned [] was permissible. Commerce may or may not decide to assign Huahui a different margin based on other decisions it makes upon remand.” Id. at 1293. On remand, cross-appellant Calgon Carbon Corpora- tion (“CCC”), the parent company of CCT and a United States competitor of Cherishmet, Shanxi, and Huahui, petitioned Commerce to reopen the administrative record and collect additional data from the separate respondents to support its position that those companies should be assessed dumping duties. Final Results of Redetermina- tion Pursuant to Court Remand, Albemarle Corp. v. U.S., Consol. Ct. No. 11-00451 at 21 (Jan. 9, 2014) [“Final Remand Redetermination”], available at J.A. 101177. Commerce declined, stating, “we do not have the re- sources to individually review more than two respond- ents.” Id. Commerce recalculated the separate rates for Cherishmet and Shanxi, “follow[ing] the [CIT’s] logic, under protest, to its natural conclusion,” and averaging the de minimis margins assigned to the individually examined respondents in the third review. Id. at 13. This resulted in de minimis margins for Cherishmet and Shanxi. With respect to Huahui, Commerce “decline[d] to reconsider Huahui’s dumping margin” and continued to assign the previous rate of $0.44/kg. Id. at 22. Following the Final Remand Redetermination, the CIT, having retained jurisdiction, affirmed Commerce’s redeterminations and the dumping margins assigned to all exporters. Albemarle Corp, Ningxia Huahui Activated Carbon Co. v. United States (“Albemarle II”), 27 F. Supp. 3d 1336, 1352 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2014). While following the CIT’s instructions on remand, Commerce continued to 10 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US view its original determinations as being correct. With respect to Cherishmet and Shanxi, the CIT reiterated that Commerce’s initial decision to carry forward the prior dumping margins was impermissible. It explained that Commerce’s assertion that the previous margins were contemporaneous and reasonably reflective of actual margins was “factually incorrect when viewed in the context of the record evidence of the third review.” Id. at 1344. The CIT explained that “no data on the record demonstrated that the pricing behavior of [Cherishmet and Shanxi] matched the pricing behaviors of the manda- tory respondents in the previous review.” Id. Instead, using contemporaneous data from the third review for the individually examined respondents resulted in a “reason- able reflection of the potential dumping margin” that Cherishmet and Shanxi “would have been assigned in the third review, had they been examined.” Id. at 1344–45 (internal quotation marks, citations, and alterations omitted). With respect to Huahui, the CIT affirmed Commerce’s decision to not recalculate the $0.44/kg margin previously assigned, holding that Commerce’s method was reasona- ble because it “relie[d] on data that were specific to Huahui’s sales and factors of production,” unlike the rate that had been carried over for Cherishmet and Shanxi. Id. at 1348. The CIT recognized that the data were derived from the previous period of review but concluded that Commerce’s decision to choose “specificity to Huahui over contemporaneity” was reasonable. Id. Huahui appeals. The government and CCC cross- appeal. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(5). ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 11 DISCUSSION I We review decisions of the CIT concerning Com- merce’s antidumping determinations by applying the same standard of review used by the CIT. Bestpak, 716 F.3d at 1377; Changzhou, 701 F.3d at 1374. Commerce’s determination will be set aside if it is arbitrary and capricious or not supported by substantial evidence. Changzhou, 701 F.3d at 1374; see also SKF U.S.A., Inc. v. United States, 254 F.3d 1022, 1028 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“We review [Commerce’s] decision under the Administrative Procedure Act and any other applicable law.”). The question of whether Commerce’s statutory interpretation accords with law is guided by the two-part test articulated in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842–43 (1984). See Bestpak, 716 F.3d at 1377; Nan Ya Plastics Corp., v. United States, 810 F.3d 1333, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2016). We have acknowl- edged “Commerce’s special expertise” in antidumping cases and have “accorded substantial deference to its construction of pertinent statutes.” SKF, 254 F.3d at 1028 (internal quotation marks, citations, and alterations omitted). II Under the statute, Commerce normally calculates the separate rate by averaging the “dumping margins estab- lished for exporters and producers individually investi- gated, excluding any zero and de minimis margins.” 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(A); Changzhou, 701 F.3d at 1372. The statute provides an exception, however, for situations like the present one where all individually examined respondents receive de minimis margins. In that case, Commerce “may use any reasonable method to establish the estimated all-others rate for exporters and producers not individually investigated, including averaging the 12 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US estimated weighted average dumping margins deter- mined for the exporters and producers individually inves- tigated.” 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(B). The Statement of Administrative Action, legislative history that is “recog- nized by Congress as an authoritative expression concern- ing the interpretation and application of the Tariff Act under 19 U.S.C. § 3512(d),” Bestpak, 716 F.3d at 1373, explains that when all individually examined respondents are assigned de minimis margins, The expected method in such cases will be to weight-average the zero and de minimis mar- gins . . . provided that volume data is available. However, if this method is not feasible, or if it re- sults in an average that would not be reasonably reflective of potential dumping margins for non- investigated exporters or producers, Commerce may use other reasonable methods. SAA, at 4201 (underscoring added). 5 The SAA thus makes clear that under the statute, when all individually 5 The full text of the relevant SAA section reads as follows: (2) All Others Rate Recognizing the impracticality of examining all producers and exporters in all cases, Article 9.4 of the Antidumping Agreement permits the use of an all others rate to be applied to non-investigated firms. To implement the Agreement, section 219(b) of the bill adds section 735(c)(5)(A) to the Act which provides that the all others rate will be equal to the weighted-average of the individual dumping margins calculated for those exporters and producers that are individually investigated, exclusive of any zero and de minimis margins, and any margins determined entirely on the basis of ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 13 examined respondents are assigned de minimis margins, Commerce is expected to calculate the separate rate by taking the average of those margins. Commerce may use “other reasonable methods,” but only if Commerce rea- sonably concludes that the expected method is “not feasi- ble” or “would not be reasonably reflective of potential dumping margins.” Id. It is true, as the government points out, that 19 U.S.C. § 1673d applies on its face only to investigations, not periodic administrative reviews. 6 See Amanda Foods the facts available. Currently, in determining the all others rate, Commerce includes margins de- termined on the basis of the facts available. Section 219(b) of the bill adds new section 735(c)(5)(B) which provides an exception to the general rule if the dumping margins for all of the exporters and producers that are individually in- vestigated are determined entirely on the basis of the facts available or are zero or de minimis. In such situations, Commerce may use any reasona- ble method to calculate the all others rate. The expected method in such cases will be to weight- average the zero and de minimis margins and margins determined pursuant to the facts availa- ble, provided that volume data is available. How- ever, if this method is not feasible, or if it results in an average that would not be reasonably reflec- tive of potential dumping margins for non- investigated exporters or producers, Commerce may use other reasonable methods. SAA, at 4201 (underscoring added). 6 The statute also explicitly applies only to market economy proceedings, but Commerce has adopted it in non-market economy proceedings as well, see Bestpak, 716 14 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US (Vietnam) Ltd. v. United States, 714 F. Supp. 2d 1282, 1290 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2010). But the statutory framework contemplates that Commerce will employ the same meth- ods for calculating a separate rate in periodic administra- tive reviews as it does in initial investigations. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a) (amended 2016) (In conducting periodic administrative reviews, Commerce is required to “deter- mine the dumping margin” to calculate “the amount of any antidumping duty,” just as it must do in initial inves- tigations). 7 Indeed, for this reason Commerce itself has found the statute’s methodology applicable in periodic F.3d at 1374, and the government does not contend that the calculation of the separate rate should be any differ- ent in light of the non-market economy here. 7 Although the government contends that the SAA applies only to investigations and not administrative reviews, the text of the SAA is to the contrary. The section of the SAA from which the quoted excerpt above was taken refers to the calculation of dumping margins “for all producers and exporters of merchandise who are subject to an antidumping investigation or for whom an administrative review is requested.” SAA, at 4200 (em- phasis added). And the treaty that gave rise to the statu- tory provisions addressed in the SAA states that the provisions governing the determination of individual dumping margins when there are large numbers of ex- porters and producers apply to reviews as well as investi- gations. Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, art. 11.4, Apr. 15, 1994, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, vol. 1, at 1455, 1868 U.N.T.S. 201 (“The provisions of Article 6 regarding evidence and procedure shall apply to any review carried out under this Article”), referring to Article 6.10; see also id. at art. 9.4. ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 15 administrative reviews as well as initial investigations, as it did in this case. See Memorandum, at 4. The “expected method” under the statute makes sense in light of the general assumption underlying the statuto- ry framework. Here, the individually examined respond- ents account for a majority of the market during the relevant period, and are representative at the very least in terms of aggregate volume. The government argues that “the possibility exists that the pricing behavior of the largest exporters [selected for individual examination] may not reflect the pricing behavior of smaller exporters,” Br. of United States at 23–24, but there is no evidence here that the largest exporters are not representative. The very fact that the statute contemplates using data from the largest volume exporters suggests an assump- tion that those data can be viewed as representative of all exporters. The statute assumes that, absent such evi- dence, reviewing only a limited number of exporters will enable Commerce to reasonably approximate the margins of all known exporters. As the CIT has explained, “[t]he representativeness of the investigated exporters is the essential characteristic that justifies an ‘all others’ rate based on a weighted average for such respondents.” Nat’l Knitwear & Sportswear Ass’n v. United States, 15 C.I.T. 548, 559 (1991). Thus the government’s repeated argu- ment that “no record evidence demonstrated that the separate rate respondents engaged in pricing behavior similar to Jacobi or CCT,” Br. of United States at 24, is backwards. The burden is not on the separate respond- ents to show that their dumping is the same as that of the individually examined respondents. Rather, Commerce must find based on substantial evidence that there is a reasonable basis for concluding that the separate re- spondents’ dumping is different. There is no contention here that the expected method is not feasible. The questions therefore are (1) whether 16 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US Commerce properly determined that the expected method (utilizing the average of the margins calculated for the examined respondents) “would not be reasonably reflec- tive of potential dumping margins” for Cherishmet, Shan- xi, and Huahui; and (2) if so, whether Commerce’s chosen method of carrying forward their margins from the previ- ous review was “reasonable.” III Commerce primarily seeks to justify its approach on the ground that there is a policy against using de minimis margins to calculate separate rates. See Memorandum, at 4 (“We agree with Petitioners that [Commerce] should not diverge from the practice of excluding zero and de mini- mis margins when calculating the separate rate margin.”) (emphasis in original). The government contends that this is reasonable because the statute disfavors using zero or de minimis rates as a general matter. We disagree. It is true that when there are non-de minimis margins assigned to individually examined respondents, the statute instructs Commerce to calculate the separate rate by averaging the margins assigned to the individually examined respondents, “excluding any zero and de mini- mis margins.” 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(A). But it is equal- ly clear that when all individually examined respondents are assigned de minimis margins, Commerce has no similar mandate to routinely exclude zero or de minimis margins. Congress has spoken directly to this precise situation in § 1673d(c)(5)(B), and the SAA unambiguously provides that the expected method to calculate the sepa- rate rate in such circumstances is to average the individ- ually examined respondents’ de minimis margins. See SAA, at 4201. The government cannot contend that methodology employing de minimis margins is disfavored when Con- gress has unmistakably explained that it is, in fact, ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 17 preferred. 8 The government’s policy simply cannot be distilled from the statute in this context, and Commerce’s insistence on using its hostility to de minimis rates as the driving force behind its methodology is on its face arbi- trary and capricious. Indeed, counsel for the government admitted at oral argument that Commerce would have used $0.05/kg, which CCT was assigned in the prelimi- nary results of the third review, as the separate rate if one of the two individually examined respondents had been assigned that rate in the final review. See Oral Arg. at 44:30–40. This demonstrates the arbitrariness of Commerce’s approach. Commerce also seeks to justify its approach on the ground that Commerce has a legitimate interest in allo- cating its own limited resources. 9 While this interest is 8 “Simply put, when a statutory provision specifical- ly lists ‘averaging the [zero and de minimis] estimated weighted average dumping margins determined for the exporters and producers individually investigated’ as the sole provided example of a ‘reasonable method to estab- lish the estimated all-others rate’ when all mandatory respondents’ margins are zero or de minimis, 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(B), it is impermissible to interpret this provision as expressing a preference against the use of such methodology in such situations. This must particu- larly be the case when the [SAA] expressly states that the allegedly disfavored methodology is in fact ‘[t]he expected method in such cases.’” Amanda Foods, 714 F. Supp. 2d at 1291 (citations omitted). 9 See, e.g., Torrington v. United States, 68 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (“[A]gencies with statutory enforcement responsibilities enjoy broad discretion in allocating investigative and enforcement resources.”). 18 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US certainly relevant, it alone is not sufficient to render an otherwise unreasonable methodology reasonable. Finally, as our cases have explained, accuracy and fairness must be Commerce’s primary objectives in calcu- lating a separate rate for cooperating exporters. See Bestpak, 716 F.3d at 1379 (“An overriding purpose of Commerce’s administration of antidumping laws is to calculate dumping margins as accurately as possible.”); Gallant Ocean (Thailand) Co., v. United States, 602 F.3d 1319, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (a rate must be a “reasonably accurate estimate of the respondent’s actual rate”) (inter- nal quotation marks and citations omitted); SNR Rou- lements v. United States, 402 F.3d 1358, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“Antidumping laws intend to calculate antidump- ing duties on a fair and equitable basis.”); Rhone Poulenc, Inc. v. United States, 899 F.2d 1185, 1191 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (the “basic purpose of the statute” is to “determin[e] current margins as accurately as possible”); see also Nan Ya, 810 F.3d at 1344–45 (accuracy represents a “reliable guidepost[] for Commerce’s determinations,” and a deter- mination is “accurate” if it is “supported by substantial evidence”). IV We therefore turn to Commerce’s other justifications for its approach. We first address Commerce’s methodol- ogy with respect to Cherishmet and Shanxi. Cherishmet and Shanxi were not individually examined in either the second or third reviews. In the second review, they were assigned a separate rate based on the simple average of the dumping margins calculated for the individually examined respondents, Jacobi and Huahui, which result- ed in a dumping margin of $0.28/kg. In the third review, Commerce individually examined Jacobi and CCT, ulti- mately assigning them both de minimis margins. But Commerce continued to apply the $0.28/kg margin to ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 19 Cherishmet and Shanxi as their separate rate in the third review. There is no evidence that supports Commerce’s de- termination that averaging the de minimis margins assigned to the individually examined respondents in the third review would have resulted in margins for Cherish- met and Shanxi that would not have been reflective of their actual dumping margins. Commerce had no data specific to Cherishmet or Shanxi from either the second or third review. And Commerce in fact assumed that the examined respondents were reasonably representative of Cherishmet and Shanxi during the second review, as Commerce calculated the separate rate by averaging the margins of the individually examined respondents from that review. Having assumed that the individually examined re- spondents were reasonably representative of Cherishmet and Shanxi in the second review, Commerce lacked any basis to reverse course and conclude that Cherishmet and Shanxi were somehow different in the third review. Commerce did not collect any additional information regarding Cherishmet or Shanxi, nor was there any evidence that would indicate different exporting behavior. In fact, one of the two individually examined exporters, Jacobi, was examined in both the second and third re- views. And in both reviews Commerce selected the indi- vidually examined respondents pursuant to the same method of examining the largest volume exporters. In the second review, Jacobi’s rate was used to calculate the rates for Cherishmet and Shanxi, but was found non- representative in the third review. The government offers no explanation as to why Cherishmet and Shanxi were no longer reasonably represented by the individually exam- ined respondents in the third review, while they had been in both reviews prior. Commerce’s conclusion was arbi- trary and unsupported by substantial evidence. Accord- 20 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US ingly, we affirm the CIT with respect to Cherishmet and Shanxi. V We next consider Huahui. Unlike Cherishmet and Shanxi, Commerce did have information specific to Huahui because Huahui was one of the individually examined respondents in the second review. Huahui was assigned an individual dumping margin of $0.44/kg in the second review, significantly higher than the $0.11/kg margin assigned to Jacobi, the other individually exam- ined respondent during that review, and the $0.00/kg rates assigned to the individually examined respondents in the third review. For this reason, Commerce did have substantial evidence to support its conclusion that simply averaging the de minimis rates assigned to Jacobi and CCT in the third review might not reasonably reflect Huahui’s potential dumping margin during the third period. Commerce was therefore entitled to use “other reasonable methods” under the statute. SAA, at 4201; 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(B). The question here is whether Commerce’s chosen method of carrying forward Huahui’s data from the second period of review to the third was reasonable. We conclude that it was not. In assessing the reasonableness of Commerce’s meth- odology, our analysis is guided by the statute’s manifest preference for contemporaneity in periodic administrative reviews. Under the statute, Commerce is obligated to review an antidumping duty order if requested “[a]t least once during each 12-month period beginning on the anniversary of the date of publication” of the order. 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(1) (1999) (amended 2016). Commerce must commence a review within six months of any re- quest. 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2)(B)(ii) (1999) (amended 2016). The purpose of periodic administrative reviews is to reassess dumping margins previously calculated in ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 21 light of data made available during the intervening period since the antidumping order was issued. See Union Steel v. United States, 713 F.3d 1101, 1103, 1108 (Fed. Cir. 2013); Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v. United States, 346 F.3d 1368, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Unlike investigations, which consider “overall pricing behavior” to “determine the appropriateness of imposing an antidumping duty order” in the first place, administra- tive reviews begin with “an antidumping duty order already in place,” and typically employ methodology that “permits greater specificity” to “further[] the transactional accuracy interests” at the core of the review process. Union Steel, 713 F.3d at 1108. Thus, when it comes to administrative reviews, “it is reasonable for the agency to look for more accuracy [than in the initial investigation], which it achieves in some measure through monthly averaging.” Id. There is no basis to simply assume that the underly- ing facts or calculated dumping margins remain the same from period to period. “[I]f the facts remained the same from period to period, there would be no need for adminis- trative reviews.” Shandong Huarong Mach. Co. v. United States, 29 C.I.T. 484, 490–91 (2005). Thus Commerce itself has explained that “it is well established and upheld practice that the Department must base its decisions on the record of the administrative proceeding before it in each review.” Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results in the Second Antidumping Duty Order Administrative Review of Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof from the Republic of Korea, 78 Fed. Reg. 36,524, cmt. 4 (June 18, 2013). 10 In short, as we have previously 10 See also, e.g., Qingdao Sea-Line Trading Co., v. United States, 766 F.3d 1378, 1386 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (In 22 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US recognized, “there is a clear congressional intent” that administrative reviews “be as accurate and current as possible.” Allegheny, 346 F.3d at 1373 (emphasis added). The legislative history “emphasized the importance of using current information with respect to making deter- minations. ‘The Committee intends that the Authority and the ITC should always use the most up-to-date infor- mation available.’” Freeport Minerals Co. (Freeport McMoran, Inc.) v. United States, 776 F.2d 1029, 1032 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 96-317, at 77 (1979)). 11 determining what constitutes the “best available infor- mation” for calculating normal values in administrative reviews of non-market economies, “Commerce generally selects, to the extent practicable, surrogate values that are publicly available, are product-specific, reflect a broad market average, and are contemporaneous with the period of review.”) (emphasis added); Home Meridian Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 772 F.3d 1289, 1296 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (“Commerce gave considerable weight to contemporaneity, as the Court of International Trade recognized Commerce often does when comparing contemporaneous surrogate values with non-contemporaneous market economy pur- chases.”); Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States, 618 F.3d 1316, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (Commerce argued that certain survey data was the best available because it presented “a broad market average, specific to the input in question, exactly contemporaneous with the period of review.”) (emphasis added) (alterations omitted). 11 Commerce appears to suggest that it is somehow less important to use contemporaneous data in adminis- trative reviews than in investigations because in adminis- trative reviews, unlike investigations, prior period data is ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 23 In light of this established doctrine, it is not open to Commerce to argue that prior review data is reliable simply because it is “temporally proximate.” Br. of United States at 13, 25. The government’s rationale contravenes this fundamental premise of periodic administrative reviews that each “administrative review is a separate exercise of Commerce’s authority that allows for different conclusions based on different facts in the record.” Qing- dao, 766 F.3d at 1387. That the prior rates were near in time cannot in and of itself justify their use in a subse- quent review. To be sure, there are at least two circumstances where use of data from a prior period may be reasonable. But neither prevails here. First, there are situations where there is evidence that the overall market and the dumping margins have not changed from period to period. Thus in Atar S.R.L. v. United States, we upheld Com- merce’s use of surrogate data from a prior review period in calculating an exporter’s constructed value profit cap because the record demonstrated that the market had not meaningfully changed between periods. 730 F.3d 1320, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2013). But that is not the case here. This is not a situation in which there was any consistency with respect to the dumping margins of the individually exam- ined respondents throughout the reviews. For both parties that were individually examined in more than one review here, the numbers demonstrate a significant decline in dumping margins. For example, Jacobi’s mar- gin decreased from 61.95% in the initial investigation to 18.19% in the first review, and then again from $0.11/kg in the second review to $0.00/kg in the third. CCT’s available. See Memorandum, at 5. But the availability of prior information provides no basis for using non- contemporaneous data in each administrative review. 24 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US margin also significantly decreased from 69.54% in the initial investigation to 14.51% in the first review, and then again to a de minimis margin in the third review. There was also a significant decrease in the financial ratios used in calculating the normal values between the second and third reviews, which, all other things being equal, suggests a decline in overall dumping. Thus if anything, the history here is one of generally declining dumping margins, and Commerce had no reason to be- lieve that Huahui’s margin would not have similarly declined. Second, as the government points out, in the Adverse Facts Available (“AFA”) context, where Commerce is allowed to consider deterrence as a factor, 12 we have upheld Commerce’s use of data from a previous adminis- trative review. We have explained that when an exporter is not cooperating, “Commerce is permitted to use a ‘common sense inference that the highest prior [dumping] margin is the most probative evidence of current mar- gins.’” KYD, Inc. v. United States, 607 F.3d 760, 766 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (quoting Rhone Poulenc, 899 F.2d at 1190). In other words, Commerce may presume that “a prior dump- ing margin imposed against an exporter in an earlier administrative review continues to be valid if the exporter fails to cooperate in a subsequent administrative review.” Id. at 767; see also Ta Chen Stainless Steel Pipe, Inc. v. United States, 298 F.3d 1330, 1339–40 (Fed. Cir. 2002). We have upheld this presumption because “if it were not so, the [exporter], knowing of the rule, would have pro- 12 As Nan Ya makes clear, Commerce has greater latitude in determining dumping margins when dealing with AFA determinations, because other considerations such as deterrence appropriately play a role. See 810 F.3d at 1348. ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 25 duced current information showing the margins to be less.” KYD, 607 F.3d at 766 (emphasis in original). Commerce is thus permitted to infer from the exporter’s lack of cooperation that its dumping has not decreased since the previous review. But the current situation is quite different. Huahui is not a non-cooperating party. To the contra- ry, Huahui specifically requested leave to be individually examined as a voluntary respondent under 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(a), or alternatively to submit additional supple- mentary data, but Commerce denied both requests. “A presumption used to encourage some companies to submit more accurate information may not reasonably be trans- posed onto companies which are expressly prevented from submitting more accurate information.” Amanda Foods, 714 F. Supp. 2d at 1294. VI Nonetheless, the government argues that Commerce’s reliance on data from the previous period was reasonable as to Huahui for two additional reasons. First, the government argues that Commerce’s meth- od was reasonable in light of Huahui’s “history of dump- ing” over the course of the administrative proceedings here. Br. of United States at 24. While evidence of dump- ing from previous administrative reviews is relevant and may inform Commerce’s methodology, in itself it is not sufficient to demonstrate that Huahui’s dumping contin- ued, let alone that it continued at the same rate. Second, the government argues that it was reasonable to carry over Huahui’s old rate because there were no data on record specific to Huahui in the third review. As we described earlier, Commerce has significant authority to make administrative decisions regarding the allocation of its own limited resources. See, e.g., Torrington Co. v. 26 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US United States, 68 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 1995). But as we have explained, Commerce may not justify “the ab- sence of evidence by invoking procedural difficulties that were at least in part a creature of its own making.” Bestpak, 716 F.3d at 1378. It was unreasonable in this case for Commerce to choose to limit its review to the two largest volume exporters, refuse to collect additional data from Huahui, and then draw inferences adverse to Huahui based on the lack of data available in the record. See Albemarle I, 931 F. Supp. 2d at 1293 (“The available data pertaining to the [period of review] for the third review were limited by [Commerce’s] decision to individu- ally examine only two mandatory respondents. . . . Com- merce made this determination despite its general statutory obligation to examine all respondents for which a review was requested.”). While it is clear that 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1 does not re- quire Commerce to calculate individual margins for every known exporter in all instances, it is equally clear that Commerce has at its disposal broad authority to gather information, see 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677f-1(a), (b); 1675(a), including from separate respondents. On at least one prior occasion, Commerce has reopened the administra- tive record and collected additional information from separate respondents when all individually examined respondents were assigned de minimis margins. See Amanda Foods (Vietnam) Ltd. v. United States, 774 F. Supp. 2d 1286, 1289–90 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2011). When it did, it found that the separate respondents, like the individually examined respondents, were not dumping. See id. The availability of updated information from Huahui and its request to submit such information here suggest that simply applying the old rate in the third period of review was not reasonable. Commerce had available additional quantity and value data, which would not have ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US 27 required elaborate antidumping calculations, but rather could have served as a basis for Commerce to make ap- proximate comparisons of Huahui’s export price. See, e.g., Amanda Foods, 774 F. Supp. 2d at 1289–90, n.8. What is more, as Commerce acknowledged at argument, Com- merce already had at least partial data specific to Huahui’s factors of production on record because Huahui was a supplier to Jacobi, and Huahui’s information had already been collected as part of Jacobi’s individual exam- inations. See Oral Arg. at 12:24–12:52. Commerce had at least partial information regarding Huahui’s contempora- neous normal value, and the ability to gather information as to U.S. sales price. To be clear, we are not suggesting that Commerce was required to either individually examine Huahui or assign it a de minimis margin. Rather, what was necessary was some evidence, for example, by a sampling process, that Huahui’s earlier data continued to be reasonably reflec- tive of its current practice. Far from suggesting that Huahui’s old data would continue to be reasonably reflec- tive here, the current record suggests that normal values decreased and dumping margins declined between the second and third reviews generally. It was unreasonable under these circumstances for Commerce to reassign Huahui in the third review its rate calculated during the second review rather than take the average of the de minimis margins assigned to Jacobi and CCT. VII Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the CIT with respect to Cherishmet and Shanxi, and reverse with respect to Huahui. We hold that Commerce could not on this record utilize data from the previous review. Rather, Commerce, having declined to collect additional infor- mation, was required to follow the “expected method” of utilizing the de minimis margins of the individually 28 ALBEMARLE CORPORATION v. US examined respondents from the contemporaneous period. The case is remanded to the CIT so that it may issue appropriate instructions to Commerce. AFFIRMED-IN-PART, REVERSED-IN-PART, AND REMANDED-IN-PART COSTS Costs to Cherishmet, Beijing Pacific Activated Carbon Products, Shanxi, Albemarle, and Huahui.