J-S36012-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
TERRELL DIXON
Appellant No. 1825 MDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence September 17, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-36-CR-0000587-2014
BEFORE: MUNDY, J., DUBOW, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY MUNDY, J.: FILED MAY 05, 2016
Appellant, Terrell Dixon, appeals from the September 17, 2015
judgment of sentence of three to six years’ incarceration, imposed after the
trial court convicted him of one count of carrying a firearm without a
license.1 After careful review, we affirm.
The suppression court summarized the factual history of this case as
follows.
On January 13, 2014, Manheim Borough Police
Officers Kevin Oswald and Ryan Yarnell responded to
a call of a trespass in progress at the Caribbean Inn
at 1 South Charlotte Street, in the Borough of
Manheim, Lancaster County. Officers Oswald and
____________________________________________
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a).
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Yarnell arrived on scene within approximately five
minutes of dispatch. As Officer Oswald approached
the Caribbean Inn, he observed [Appellant], whom
neither he nor Officer Yarnell recognized, and Jean-
Luc Beers, an individual both officers knew, walking
down the stairs to the street. Officer Oswald
approached and engaged [Appellant] in
conversation, while Officer Yarnell spoke to Mr.
Beers.
Officer Oswald testified that [Appellant] and
Mr. Beers appeared to be “in a rush to leave.” He
believed that both men were involved in the trespass
call because they were leaving the Caribbean Inn not
long after the call had been received. Officer Oswald
testified that he did not ask for identification from
[Appellant] nor did he direct [Appellant’s]
movements or accuse him of any crime. Officer
Oswald asked if either man knew who had called the
police, to which both men responded, “No.” When
asked, [Appellant] stated that he did not live at the
Caribbean Inn. [Appellant] stated that he was
present at the Caribbean Inn to see a friend, but did
not know his friend’s name and did not provide the
friend’s room number. As [Appellant] answered
Officer Oswald’s questions, he became nervous and
spoke faster than normal. At some point,
[Appellant] sat down on the steps outside the
Caribbean Inn. Officer Oswald noticed that
[Appellant] appeared very nervous, beyond a
general anxiety of being around the police.
[Appellant] avoided eye contact as Officer
Oswald talked to him, and he continued to touch his
hooded sweatshirt in the area of his waistband.
Officer Oswald described the behavior as “nervous
behavior, where there was something in that area
that he didn’t want me to know about or it [sic] was
subconsciously touching.” Officer Oswald was then
approached by a maintenance man of the Caribbean
Inn who told Officer Oswald that “Brian had called
the police … and that someone had a gun.” Officer
Oswald, recognizing that the waistband is a common
area for weapons to be concealed, and believing that
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[Appellant] had been nervously touching a firearm in
his waistband, grabbed [Appellant’s] right wrist and
placed him up against a nearby wall.
Officer Yarnell did not hear the interaction
between the maintenance man and Officer Oswald.
Officer Yarnell testified that Mr. Beers looked over his
shoulder at [Appellant] and said, “that’s the guy you
were called about.” Before Officer Yarnell could
inform Officer Oswald of this statement, Officer
Yarnell saw that [Appellant] was already being held
against a nearby wall by Officer Oswald.
Officer Oswald advised Officer Yarnell that a
gun was involved, and he controlled [Appellant’s]
wrists until Officer Yarnell could respond. Even
though Officer Oswald instructed [Appellant] not to
move, [Appellant] offered some resistance as Officer
Yarnell attempted to handcuff him. [Appellant]
attempted to move his hands once he was
handcuffed, and Officer Yarnell prevented any further
movement. Both officers testified that [Appellant]
was placed into handcuffs so that officers could
determine if he was armed. Neither officer informed
[Appellant] that he was under arrest before a pat-
down was conducted.
Officer Yarnell conducted a pat-down of
[Appellant’s] clothes which revealed a .40 caliber
glock pistol stowed in [Appellant’s] waistband groin
area. Officer Yarnell asked [Appellant] if he
possessed a license to carry firearms, to which
[Appellant] replied, “No, I’m not supposed to have
that.” Approximately three minutes elapsed from
the time that Officers Oswald and Yarnell arrived on
the scene until [Appellant] was placed into
handcuffs.
Trial Court Opinion, 2/4/15, at 2-4 (citations to notes of testimony and
footnotes omitted).
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Appellant was charged with carrying a firearm without a license. On
April 14, 2014, he filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained from his
encounter with Officers Oswald and Yarnell. The suppression court held a
hearing on September 9, 2014, and issued its opinion and order denying the
motion on February 4, 2015. Appellant proceeded to a non-jury trial on July
7, 2015, after which the trial court rendered its guilty verdict. 2 On
September 17, 2015, the trial court sentenced Appellant to three to six
years’ incarceration. Appellant did not file a post-sentence motion.
Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on October 16, 2015.3
On appeal, Appellant presents a single issue for our review.
Did the trial court err in denying [Appellant’s] Motion
to Suppress, where police had neither reasonable
suspicion nor probable cause to justify the detention
and/or arrest and frisk of [Appellant]?
Appellant’s Brief at 4.
Our review of a trial court’s suppression ruling is guided by the
following.
____________________________________________
2
The Honorable Jeffery D. Wright presided at Appellant’s trial, while the
suppression motion was heard and decided by The Honorable James P.
Cullen.
3
Appellant and the trial court have complied with Pennsylvania Rule of
Appellate Procedure 1925. Judge Wright issued a Memorandum of Opinion
on November 13, 2015, in which he stated, “the reasons for the denial of
[Appellant’s suppression m]otion are stated in Judge Cullen’s February [4],
2015 Opinion and Order. Therefore, I rely on that Opinion and Order to
comply with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).”
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Our standard of review in addressing a
challenge to the denial of a suppression motion is
limited to determining whether the suppression
court’s factual findings are supported by the record
and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those
facts are correct. Because the Commonwealth
prevailed before the suppression court, we may
consider only the evidence of the Commonwealth
and so much of the evidence for the defense as
remains uncontradicted when read in the context of
the record as a whole. The suppression court’s legal
conclusions are not binding on an appellate court,
whose duty it is to determine if the suppression court
properly applied the law to the facts. Thus, the
conclusions of law of the courts below are subject to
our plenary review. Commonwealth v. Jones, 605
Pa. 188, 988 A.2d 649, 654 (2010) (citations,
quotations, and ellipses omitted). Moreover,
appellate courts are limited to reviewing only the
evidence presented at the suppression hearing when
examining a ruling on a pre-trial motion to suppress.
See In re L.J., 622 Pa. 126, 79 A.3d 1073, 1083–
1087 (2013).
Commonwealth v. Mathis, 125 A.3d 780, 783 (Pa. Super. 2015), appeal
granted, ---A.3d---, (Pa. 2016).
Instantly, Appellant contends “police had neither reasonable suspicion
nor probable cause to justify the detention and/or arrest and frisk” of
Appellant. Appellant’s Brief at 11. Appellant asserts that “although the
encounter with [Appellant] began as a ‘mere encounter,’ it ripened into an
investigative detention without reasonable suspicion, then into a custodial
arrest without probable cause, and the firearm seized during the frisk of
[Appellant] should have been suppressed, along with [Appellant’s]
statements to police.” Id. at 13. The essence of Appellant’s argument is
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that his interaction with police transformed from a mere encounter to a
custodial detention without reasonable suspicion “when Officer Oswald
informed [Appellant] that he was investigating a criminal trespass,
instructed [Appellant] to sit on the steps and began asking questions.” Id.
at 18. Appellant avers that the investigative detention became an improper
“custodial detention when [Appellant] was physically manipulated into
handcuffs against the wall, and told not to move, without explanation.” Id.
Conversely, the Commonwealth apprised the scenario presented on
appeal as follows.
[T]he interaction [the police officers] had with the
Appellant started off as a mere encounter that went
to an investigative detention supported by
reasonable suspicion, and articulate[d] specific facts,
that criminality was afoot. The period of detention
was approximately 3 minutes, it did not involve any
coercive tactics by police that would make the
interactions the functional equivalent of an arrest. It
wasn’t until after the gun was found that the
Appellant was arrested. It would be clearly
unreasonable in this situation to prevent the Officer
from making sure the person he was dealing with
was not armed and dangerous.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 11-12.
Upon review, we are not persuaded by Appellant’s interpretation of
events, and agree with the Commonwealth that suppression was not
warranted. We recognize the applicable law as follows.
[T]here are three levels of encounter that aid courts
in conducting search and seizure analyses.
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The first of these is a “mere encounter”
(or request for information) which need
not be supported by any level of
suspicion, but carries no official
compulsion to stop or respond. The
second, an “investigative detention”
must be supported by reasonable
suspicion; it subjects a suspect to a stop
and period of detention, but does not
involve such coercive conditions as to
constitute the functional equivalent of
arrest. Finally, an arrest or “custodial
detention” must be supported by
probable cause.
Commonwealth v. Williams, 73 A.3d 609, 613
(Pa. Super. 2013) (citation omitted), appeal denied,
––– Pa. –––, 87 A.3d 320 (2014).
***
“The Fourth Amendment permits brief investigative
stops ... when a law enforcement officer has a
particularized and objective basis for suspecting the
particular person stopped of criminal activity.”
Navarette v. California, 134 S.Ct. 1683, 1687
(2014). It is axiomatic that to establish reasonable
suspicion, an officer “must be able to articulate
something more than an inchoate and
unparticularized suspicion or hunch.” United States
v. Sokolow, 109 S.Ct. 1581 (1989) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). Unlike the
other amendments pertaining to criminal
proceedings, the Fourth Amendment is unique as it
has standards built into its text, i.e., reasonableness
and probable cause. See generally U.S. Const.
amend. IV. However, as the Supreme Court has
long recognized, Terry v. Ohio, 88 S.Ct. 1868
(1968) is an exception to the textual standard of
probable cause. Florida v. Royer, 103 S.Ct. 1319
(1983). A suppression court is required to “take[ ]
into account the totality of the circumstances—the
whole picture.” Navarette, supra (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). When
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conducting a Terry analysis, it is incumbent on the
suppression court to inquire, based on all of the
circumstances known to the officer ex ante, whether
an objective basis for the seizure was present.
Adams v. Williams, 92 S.Ct. 1921 (1972). In
addition, an officer may conduct a limited search,
i.e., a pat-down of the person stopped, if the officer
possesses reasonable suspicion that the person
stopped may be armed and dangerous. United
States v. Place, 103 S.Ct. 2637 (1983) (citation
omitted).
Commonwealth v. Carter, 105 A.3d 765, 768-69 (Pa. Super. 2014)
(parallel citations omitted), appeal denied, 117 A.3d 295 (Pa. 2015).
We have carefully scrutinized the transcript from the suppression
hearing, at which two witnesses, Officer Kevin Oswald and Officer Ryan
Yarnell, testified. Officer Oswald testified to responding to the Caribbean Inn
boarding house, after receiving a call reporting a trespass from “another
resident of the building.” N.T., 9/9/14, at 5. Officer Oswald stated his
“police department is at the Caribbean often. [One] South Charlotte is the
boarding house and 3 South Charlotte is the attached bar. Because of the
criminal activity that goes on in there, they have surveillance cameras so we
did not want to park right where they know we were coming, depending on
who was involved.” Id. at 14. When Officer Oswald walked toward the
Caribbean Inn, he saw Mr. Beers and Appellant exiting the building and
walking toward the street. Id. at 7. Officer Oswald asked whether they
knew who called the police, and testified that he, Officer Oswald, was “laid
back. I wasn’t – I initially wasn’t sure if they were involved in the call. With
that building, the way it is laid out inside – we respond there often – it
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seems if something is going on, a lot of people would know about it because
it is such close quarters. They are single rooms, several in a very tight
area.” Id. at 7-8. However, Officer Oswald subsequently observed that
“both subjects appeared nervous. Neither one appeared like they wanted to
speak with the police. They appeared to be in a rush to leave.” Id. at 8.
He said he did not direct Appellant’s movements or accuse him of anything,
and was “just asking general questions.” Id. at 9. He also testified on
direct examination as follows.
[Appellant] appeared very nervous. When he was
sitting on the steps he continued to touch [his]
hooded sweatshirt in the area of his waistband. As I
spoke with him, he answered a few of my general
questions, started to speak faster, appeared more
nervous. He was looking off into the distance. He
didn’t make a whole lot of eye contact during our
interaction.
…
He appeared nervous. A lot of people we interact
with are nervous to be around the police. This
appeared to be more than that, you know, just the
general anxiety of being around the police. It
seemed like there was more he wasn’t telling me.
Q. While you were speaking with [Appellant,] did
anyone else approach you?
As I was speaking to [Appellant,] a maintenance
worker for the Caribbean Inn approached me. He
was speaking with another unknown male, but he
stated to me that Brian had called the police – who
was the original caller – and that someone had a
gun.
Q. As a result of that information, what did you do?
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At that time I grabbed [Appellant’s] right arm and
right hand, applied pressure, secured it, [and]
advised Officer Yarnell there was a gun involved.
Q. Why did you grab [Appellant]?
The way he was behaving, how nervous he was,
picking at his clothes, the fidgeting, touching the
hoody. That information, and then the information
that there was a gun, my initial reaction was he’s the
person with the gun. The gun is somewhere where
he was just touching.
Q. So why would you then apply to grab his hands?
I chose to grab his right hand. Most people are
right-handed. I did it for officer safety so I can
secure that hand and that gun can’t be drawn from
wherever it’s secured.
Q. What happened next?
Officer Yarnell approached. I assisted him in placing
him in handcuffs – placing [Appellant], into
handcuffs.
Id. at 9-11.
On cross-examination, Officer Oswald testified that when he
encountered Appellant, he engaged Mr. Beers and Appellant with “Hey, guys,
do you know who called the police? … I believe I explained the nature of the
call, why we were there; someone called the police for trespassing. I
explained to them that I just received the call. You guys are both walking
out of here. I believed they were involved, just because of the timing.” Id.
at 19. Officer Oswald asked Appellant “why he was at the Caribbean. [He
said he had] a friend that lives there. Didn’t provide room number. Didn’t
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provide friend’s name. Didn’t know the friend’s name. That was a follow-up
question, well, who’s your friend? Couldn’t tell me a name.” Id. at 33.
Officer Oswald testified that his conversation with Appellant “took place on
the steps. He eventually sat down on, I believe, the first or second step.
Officer Yarnell spoke with [Mr. Beers] right in the area of the steps. We
were probably within arms distance of each other, myself and Officer
Yarnell.” Id. at 20. Officer Oswald stated that he did not recall whether he
asked Appellant to sit, but “it’s possible.” Id. He said “I don’t recall. I do
have people sit at times. I don’t recall if I had him sit.” Id. He explained
that Appellant “wasn’t [sitting for] an extended period of time” when a
maintenance worker approached and “said that someone had a gun.” Id. at
22-23. At that point, Officer Oswald grabbed Appellant and put him against
a wall; Appellant “started pulling away with his hand a little bit,” but partially
complied as Officer Yarnell handcuffed Appellant and Officer Oswald patted
him down. Id. at 24-25. Officer Oswald testified he “felt some resistance
when I was holding [Appellant’s] wrist and I explained to him, you know,
don’t pull away, stop moving.” Id. at 27. He said that he “placed
[Appellant] against the wall [not to arrest him, but] to secure him until I was
able to determine if a gun was involved and if he was the one carrying that
gun.” Id. at 32. The officers also placed Mr. Beers in handcuffs, because
they “still did not know who had the gun.” Id. at 26. Officer Oswald
testified he “absolutely” became concerned for his safety when Appellant
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showed “fidgeting of the outer garments, the nervous behavior, evasive
answers to my questions, and the biggest [reason] was the information that
there was a gun involved….” Id. at 31-32.
Officer Yarnell corroborated Officer Oswald’s testimony, noting that the
officers reported to the Caribbean Inn at 9:43 p.m. on January 13, 2014,
after receiving “a call for trespass” and information “that one of the tenants
was needing help. There were possibly drugs involved, I believe it was
indicated.” Id. at 36-38. Officer Yarnell testified that like Officer Oswald, he
knew Mr. Beers but did not know Appellant. Id. at 39. He stated that Mr.
Beers was acting uncharacteristically nervous, and when he asked Mr. Beers
“what’s wrong” and “what are you worried about?” Mr. Beers “looked over
his shoulder” toward Appellant and said “that’s the guy you’re looking for.”
Id. at 40-41. Officer Yarnell explained that he and Mr. Beers “didn’t really
get any further with the conversation” because he heard “Officer Oswald
indicate to me that there is a gun,” which prompted Officer Yarnell to “walk
over [and] handcuff [Appellant].” Id. at 42.
Based on the above testimony, we conclude that the police officers
initially had a mere encounter with Appellant when they arrived at the
Caribbean Inn and Officer Oswald asked Appellant whether he knew who
called the police. Commonwealth v. Williams, 73 A.3d 609, 615 (Pa.
Super. 2013) (mere encounter where experienced officer, who knew the
area to be one where crimes frequently occurred, observed appellant and
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approached him to ask his name and destination; officer did not tell
appellant he was not free to leave, and there was no indication that the
officer in any way intimidated or threatened appellant, or suggested there
would be any adverse consequence if he failed to identify himself), appeal
denied, 87 A.3d 320 (Pa. 2014).
Although Officer Oswald testified that he could not recall whether
Appellant proceeded to sit down on the steps at Officer Oswald’s request, or
of his own volition, Appellant’s position on the steps, with the officers
standing closely and in front of him, after Appellant initially attempted to
walk away from the Caribbean Inn, indicates that Appellant did not feel free
to leave or end the encounter, such that the mere encounter became an
investigative detention. Commonwealth v. Gutierrez, 36 A.3d 1104,
1107 (Pa. Super. 2012), appeal denied, 48 A.3d 1247 (Pa. 2012), citing
Commonwealth v. Smith, 732 A.2d 1226, 1232 (Pa. Super. 1999) (stating
that whether a seizure has been effected hinges on “whether a reasonable
person would feel free to decline the officers’ requests or otherwise
terminate the encounter”), affirmed, 836 A.2d 5 (Pa. 2003). However,
contrary to Appellant’s assertions, the investigative detention was supported
by the officers’ objective reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was
afoot, given the totality of the circumstances, where the officers were called
to the Caribbean Inn, known for criminal activity, at approximately 9:45
p.m., and Appellant was both nervous and evasive in his interaction with
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Officer Oswald. Further, the officers’ search and handcuffing of Appellant
upon learning about the existence of a gun did not constitute an illegal
arrest, and was proper given the officers’ concerns for their safety.
Commonwealth v. Stevenson, 894 A.2d 759, 772 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(police officer may frisk an individual during an investigatory detention when
the officer believes, based on specific and articulable facts, that the
individual is armed and dangerous), appeal denied, 917 A.2d 846 (Pa.
2007); Commonwealth v. Rosas, 875 A.2d 341, 348 (Pa. Super. 2005)
(“for their safety, police officers may handcuff individuals during an
investigative detention”), appeal denied, 897 A.2d 455 (Pa. 2006). Thus,
Appellant was not under arrest until the officers discovered his firearm.
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Appellant’s suppression
claim lacks merit. We therefore affirm the September 17, 2015 judgment of
sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/5/2016
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