IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA15-731
Filed: 10 May 2016
Durham County, No. 12 CRS 61997
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
MICHAEL ANTONIO BULLOCK, Defendant.
Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 30 July 2014 by Judge Orlando F.
Hudson in Durham County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 17
November 2015.
Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General John A. Payne, for
the State.
Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defendant Jon H.
Hunt, for defendant-appellant.
GEER, Judge.
Defendant Michael Antonio Bullock was indicted for trafficking in heroin by
possession, trafficking in heroin by transportation, and possession with the intent to
sell or deliver a Schedule I controlled substance (heroin). Following the denial of
defendant’s motion to suppress evidence obtained by law enforcement as a result of a
search of his vehicle following a traffic stop, defendant pled guilty to the charged
offenses. On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion
to suppress because its findings of fact establish that the officer unlawfully extended
the stop, making the subsequent search unlawful. In light of the United States
STATE V. BULLOCK
Opinion of the Court
Supreme Court’s decision in Rodriguez v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 191 L. Ed. 2d
492, 135 S. Ct. 1609 (2015), we agree and hold, based on the trial court’s findings of
fact, that the officer unlawfully extended the stop and that defendant’s consent to the
search did not, therefore, justify the search. Accordingly, we reverse.
Facts
The State presented evidence at the motion to suppress hearing that tended to
show the following facts. On 27 November 2012, defendant was traveling south on I-
85 through Durham. Officer John McDonough of the Durham Police Department was
stationary on the side of the interstate when defendant drove past him in the far left
lane in a white Chrysler, traveling approximately 70 mph in a 60 mph zone. Officer
McDonough observed defendant change lanes to the middle lane “even though there
was no car in front of him.”
Officer McDonough began following defendant and paced him for about a mile,
as defendant continued to maintain a speed of 70 mph, although the speed limit
increased to 65 mph. Officer McDonough, while following defendant in a marked
patrol car, observed defendant apply the brakes twice and cross over the white
shoulder line. He also observed defendant following a truck too closely, coming within
approximately one and a half car lengths of it.
Officer McDonough initiated a traffic stop and approached defendant’s car
from the passenger side. Officer McDonough asked how defendant was doing and for
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Opinion of the Court
his driver’s license and registration. Defendant already had his driver’s license out
when Officer McDonough approached and his hand was trembling a little. Officer
McDonough observed two cell phones in the center console of defendant’s vehicle.
Officer McDonough understood defendant as saying that he was going to Century
Oaks Drive to meet a girl, but that he had missed his exit.
Officer McDonough asked defendant for the rental agreement for the vehicle
once defendant indicated that the car was a rental. The rental agreement specified
that the car was rented by an “Alicia Bullock,” and “it looked like [defendant] had
written his name in at the date part down where the renter signed her name.”
However, the only authorized user on the rental agreement was Alicia Bullock.
Officer McDonough asked defendant to step back to his patrol car while he ran
defendant’s driver’s license. He shook hands with defendant and told him that he
would give him a warning for the traffic violation. He then asked if he could briefly
search defendant for weapons before he got into his patrol car. Defendant agreed and
lifted his arms up in the air -- Officer McDonough found only cash on him. Defendant
later stated that the cash totaled about $372.00. Defendant told Officer McDonough
that he was about to go shopping.
While defendant was seated in his patrol car, Officer McDonough ran
defendant’s North Carolina driver’s license through his mobile computer. Officer
McDonough’s K-9 was located in the back of his police car. Defendant claimed that
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he had just moved down from Washington, but Officer McDonough learned by
running his license that the license was issued back in 2000 and that defendant had
been arrested in North Carolina in 2001. Defendant later admitted he had been in
the area for a while and claimed he was going to meet a girl he met on Facebook for
the first time. However, defendant also mentioned that the same woman would
sometimes come up to Henderson to meet him. In addition, when Officer McDonough
misidentified the street that defendant had claimed he was traveling to, defendant
did not correct him.
Officer McDonough thought defendant looked nervous while he was
questioning him in the police car. He noted that defendant was “breathing in and out
in his stomach” and was not making much eye contact. Officer McDonough then
asked defendant if there were any weapons or drugs in the car and if he could search
the vehicle. Defendant gave consent for Officer McDonough to search the car, but not
his personal belongings in the car. Defendant clarified that his personal belongings
included a bag, some clothes, and some condoms. Officer McDonough called for a
backup officer and explained to defendant that he could not conduct a search of a car
without a backup officer present. Officer McDonough testified that it took Officer
Green around three to five minutes to arrive, although the surveillance tape indicates
closer to 10 minutes elapsed.
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While they were waiting for Officer Green, defendant asked what they were
waiting for, and Officer McDonough explained that he could get in trouble if he
searched the car without another officer present. Defendant asked Officer
McDonough what would happen if he did not consent to a search of the car, and
Officer McDonough stated that he would then deploy his K-9 dog to search the car.
At that time, defendant and Officer McDonough spoke some more about the girl
defendant was going to see and other matters unrelated to the traffic stop. Defendant
then asked again, “What are we waiting for now?” He also expressed concern to
Officer McDonough that he was “going to make me miss this.”
Once Officer Green arrived, Officer McDonough began searching the front
passenger area of the car. Officer McDonough felt that the car was still “kind of
outside the shoulder” so he moved it further off to the side of the road. Officer
McDonough rolled down the window of his patrol car in case defendant revoked
consent to search the car, but other than limiting the search to not including the bags,
defendant never revoked his consent to search his car. Officer McDonough got to the
trunk and then defendant yelled out, “it’s not my bag” and “those are not my hoodies
. . . .” Defendant explained that it was his sister’s bag and that he couldn’t give Officer
McDonough permission to search her bag.
Officer McDonough had Officer Green remove the bag and put it on the grass.
He then got his K-9 dog out of the car. The K-9 went around the car and did not alert
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Opinion of the Court
to any drugs being in the car. Officer McDonough then had his K-9 sniff the bag on
the side of the road, and the dog “immediately put his nose on the bag and came to a
sit” -- the behavior he exhibits when there is an odor of narcotics. According to Officer
McDonough, his K-9 dog has never given a false alert. Officer Green opened the bag
and found 100 bindles of heroin in it.
Defendant was indicted on 17 December 2012 by a grand jury for trafficking in
heroin by possession, trafficking in heroin by transportation, and possession with the
intent to sell or deliver a Schedule I controlled substance. Defendant filed a motion
to suppress on 2 July 2014, arguing that the trial court should suppress all of the
evidence obtained as a result of the search of the vehicle defendant was driving. A
suppression hearing was held on 30 July 2014, and on 4 August 2014, the trial court
entered an order denying defendant’s motion.
In its order, the trial court made the following findings of fact. Officer
McDonough initiated a traffic stop after observing defendant “traveling 70 miles per
hour in a 60 mile per hour zone in the far left travel lane.” In addition, Officer
McDonough observed defendant “come within approximately one and a half car
lengths of a silver Ford pickup truck.” The trial court noted that Officer McDonough
requested defendant’s license and registration and that “Defendant’s hand was
trembling when handing his license over to [Officer] McDonough.” Further, the trial
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Opinion of the Court
court found that defendant was the sole occupant and driver of the car and he “was
not listed as an authorized driver” on the rental agreement.
The trial court also found “[t]hat [Officer] McDonough observed that defendant
had two cellular phones inside the Chrysler[.]” The trial court found that Officer
McDonough “asked defendant where he was traveling” and that “Defendant
responded he was going to his girlfriend’s house on Century Oaks Drive in Durham
and he just missed his exit.” The court also found that defendant claimed he just
moved from Washington, D.C. to Henderson, North Carolina and indicated that he
was using the GPS on his cellphone in order to get to his destination.
In addition, the trial court found:
That [Officer] McDonough requested defendant to exit the
Chrysler and have a seat in McDonough’s patrol vehicle in
order to check defendant’s driver’s license. Before
defendant sat in the passenger seat of the patrol vehicle,
[Officer] McDonough met defendant at the rear of the
Chrysler, shook defendant’s hand, told him he was going to
give him a warning for the traffic violations, and briefly
check him for weapons. While checking for weapons,
[Officer] McDonough observed a small bundle of United
States currency totaling $372.00 in defendant’s right side
pants pocket. Defendant stated he was about to go
shopping.
Next, the trial court found that Officer McDonough told defendant he was
receiving a warning ticket and that the reason Officer McDonough did so was “to calm
[him] down to be able to gauge nervousness not caused by general fear of getting a
ticket.” The court also noted that Officer McDonough claimed he asked defendant to
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Opinion of the Court
sit next to him in his patrol vehicle “to observe defendant when defendant answer[ed]
his questions.”
The court further found “[t]hat information came back to [Officer] McDonough
from the various law enforcement databases that defendant was issued a North
Carolina driver’s license in 2000 and had a criminal history in North Carolina that
began in 2001.” Additionally, the court found that Officer McDonough requested that
another officer check in with him so that two officers would be present and able to
search the Chrysler. The court also noted that when Officer McDonough questioned
defendant about certain items, such as “whether there were any guns in the vehicle,
or a dead body in the trunk, defendant was able to make eye contact with [Officer]
McDonough while answering the question.” When asked about his girlfriend or
where he was traveling, however “defendant would not make eye contact and instead
looked out the window and away from [Officer] McDonough.” Further, “defendant’s
breathing was elevated and his stomach was rising and falling rapidly.”
The trial court then described what happened after Officer McDonough asked
defendant if he could search his vehicle, finding “[t]hat [Officer] McDonough asked
defendant if he had a problem with him searching the vehicle” and that defendant
responded “ ‘yeah, I don’t want you to go in my stuff.’ ” But, defendant said Officer
McDonough could check the car if he wanted. The court indicated “[t]hat at no time
did defendant state that he changed his mind and that he did not want [Officer]
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Opinion of the Court
McDonough to search the Chrysler.” Finally, the court found, in Finding of Fact No.
18, that 1,500 bindles of heroin were found in defendant’s bag.
Ultimately, the trial court concluded that Officer McDonough had reasonable,
articulable suspicion to conduct the traffic stop because defendant was speeding and
following another vehicle too closely. Additionally, the court concluded:
That [Officer] McDonough had reasonable, articulable
suspicion to extend the traffic stop based on his
observations that: defendant was driving on an interstate
where illegal drugs are transported; defendant was
operating a rental vehicle which he was not authorized to
drive; defendant possessed two cellphones and a small
bundle of United States currency; defendant was obviously
nervous, deceptive, and evasive as noted in his trembling
hands, elevated breathing, and lack of eye contact; and
defendant made multiple inconsistent statements
regarding his destination, who he was going to meet, and
how long he had lived in North Carolina.
After the trial court denied defendant’s motion to suppress, he pled guilty to
the charged offenses, and the trial court sentenced him to a term of 225 to 279 months
imprisonment. Defendant timely appealed to this Court.
Discussion
On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion
to suppress because the officer unlawfully extended the traffic stop, making the
subsequent search unlawful. In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to
suppress, this Court “determine[s] only whether the trial court’s findings of fact are
supported by competent evidence, and whether these findings of fact support the
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court’s conclusions of law.” State v. Pulliam, 139 N.C. App. 437, 439-40, 533 S.E.2d
280, 282 (2000). Conclusions of law are, however, reviewable de novo. State v.
Kincaid, 147 N.C. App. 94, 97, 555 S.E.2d 294, 297 (2001).
This appeal is controlled by Rodriguez. In addressing the reasonableness of
the duration of a traffic stop, the Supreme Court explained:
A seizure for a traffic violation justifies a police
investigation of that violation. A relatively brief encounter,
a routine traffic stop is more analogous to a so-called Terry
stop than to a formal arrest. Like a Terry stop, the
tolerable duration of police inquiries in the traffic-stop
context is determined by the seizure’s mission -- to address
the traffic violation that warranted the stop, and attend to
related safety concerns. Because addressing the infraction
is the purpose of the stop, it may last no longer than is
necessary to effectuate that purpose. Authority for the
seizure thus ends when tasks tied to the traffic infraction
are -- or reasonably should have been -- completed.
Our decisions in [Illinois v.] Caballes[, 543 U.S. 405,
160 L. Ed. 2d 842, 125 S. Ct. 834 (2005)] and [Arizona v.]
Johnson[, 555 U.S. 323, 172 L. Ed. 2d 694, 129 S. Ct. 781
(2009)] heed these constraints. In both cases, we concluded
that the Fourth Amendment tolerated certain unrelated
investigations that did not lengthen the roadside
detention. In Caballes, however, we cautioned that a
traffic stop can become unlawful if it is prolonged beyond
the time reasonably required to complete the mission of
issuing a warning ticket. And we repeated that admonition
in Johnson: The seizure remains lawful only so long as
unrelated inquiries do not measurably extend the duration
of the stop. An officer, in other words, may conduct certain
unrelated checks during an otherwise lawful traffic stop.
But . . . he may not do so in a way that prolongs the stop,
absent the reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to
justify detaining an individual.
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Id. at ___, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 498-99, 135 S. Ct. at 1614-15 (second emphasis added)
(internal citations, quotation marks, brackets, and ellipses omitted).
Before the U.S. Supreme Court’s Rodriguez decision, this Court had recognized
essentially the same principles. In State v. Myles, 188 N.C. App. 42, 45, 654 S.E.2d
752, 754 (quoting State v. Falana, 129 N.C. App. 813, 816, 501 S.E.2d 358, 360
(1998)), aff’d per curiam, 362 N.C. 344, 661 S.E.2d 732 (2008), this Court explained
that “ ‘[o]nce the original purpose of the stop has been addressed, there must be
grounds which provide a reasonable and articulable suspicion in order to justify
further delay.’ ” “To determine whether the officer had reasonable suspicion, it is
necessary to look at the totality of the circumstances.” Id. The Court emphasized
that “in order to justify [the officer’s] further detention of defendant, [the officer] must
have had defendant’s consent or ‘grounds which provide a reasonable and articulable
suspicion in order to justify further delay’ before he questioned defendant.” Id., 654
S.E.2d at 755 (quoting Falana, 129 N.C. App. at 816, 501 S.E.2d at 360).
Applying Rodriguez and Myles to this case, the mission of the stop was to issue
a traffic infraction warning ticket to defendant for speeding and following a truck too
closely. Officer McDonough’s stop of defendant could, therefore, last only as long as
necessary to complete that mission and certain permissible unrelated “checks,”
including checking defendant’s driver’s license, determining whether there were
outstanding warrants against defendant, and inspecting the automobile’s
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registration and proof of insurance. Rodriguez, ___ U.S. at ___, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 499,
135 S. Ct. at 1615.
Officer McDonough completed the mission of the traffic stop when he told
defendant that he was giving defendant a warning for the traffic violations as they
were standing at the rear of defendant’s car. With respect to the permissible checks,
Officer McDonough checked the car rental agreement -- the equivalent of inspecting
a car’s registration and proof of insurance -- before he asked defendant to exit his car.
Officer McDonough was still permitted to check defendant’s license and check for
outstanding warrants. But, he was not allowed to “do so in a way that prolong[ed]
the stop, absent the reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an
individual.” Id. at ___, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 499, 135 S. Ct. at 1615.
Rather than taking the license back to his patrol car and running the checks,
Officer McDonough required defendant to exit his car, subjected him to a pat down
search, and had him sit in the patrol car while the officer ran his checks. The trial
court’s findings of fact set out the reason Officer McDonough proceeded in this
manner. He told defendant that he was giving him just a warning so he could
“attribute nervousness to something other than general anxiety from a routine traffic
stop.” In addition, the trial court found that Officer “McDonough [had] defendant sit
in the passenger seat next to him to observe defendant when defendant answer[ed]
his questions.” Then, apart from just checking defendant’s license and checking for
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Opinion of the Court
warrants, Officer McDonough ran “defendant’s name through various law
enforcement databases” while he questioned defendant at length about subjects
unrelated to the traffic stop’s mission.
Under existing case law, an officer may, during a traffic stop, lawfully ask the
driver to exit the vehicle. See, e.g, State v. McRae, 154 N.C. App. 624, 629, 573 S.E.2d
214, 218 (2002) (“When an officer has lawfully detained a vehicle based on probable
cause to believe that a traffic law has been violated, he may order the driver to exit
the vehicle.”). In Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 111, 54 L. Ed. 2d 331, 337,
98 S. Ct. 330, 333 (1977), the United States Supreme Court found that the “additional
intrusion” into the personal liberty of the driver by the officer asking him to step out
of the car was, at most, “de minimis.” Although “prior to Rodriguez, many
jurisdictions -- including North Carolina -- applied a de minimis rule, . . . the holdings
in these cases to the extent that they apply the de minimis rule have been overruled
by Rodriguez.” State v. Warren, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 775 S.E.2d 362, 365 (2015),
aff’d per curiam, ___ N.C. ___, 782 S.E.2d 509 (2016). Thus, under Rodriguez, even a
de minimis extension is too long if it prolongs the stop beyond the time necessary to
complete the mission. ___ U.S. at ___, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 500-01, 135 S. Ct. at 1616.
The Rodriguez Court considered Mimms and made comparisons to a dog sniff,
noting that while ordering an individual to exit a car can be justified as being for
officer safety, a dog sniff could not be justified on the same basis. Id. at ___, 191 L.
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Ed. 2d at 500, 135 S. Ct. at 1616. Even so, the Court noted that the “critical question
. . . is not whether the dog sniff occurs before or after the officer issues a ticket, . . .
but whether conducting the sniff ‘prolongs’ -- i.e., adds time to -- ‘the stop[.]’ ” Id. at
___, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 501, 135 S. Ct. at 1616. Moreover, the Court focused on whether
the imposition or interest “stems from the mission of the stop itself[,]” noting: “On-
scene investigation into other crimes . . . detours from that mission. So too do safety
precautions taken in order to facilitate such detours.” Id. at ___, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 500,
135 S. Ct. at 1616 (internal citations omitted).
Even assuming Officer McDonough had a right to ask defendant to exit the
vehicle while he ran defendant’s license, his actions that followed certainly extended
the stop beyond what was necessary to complete the mission. The issue is not
whether Officer McDonough could lawfully request defendant to exit the vehicle, but
rather whether he unlawfully extended and prolonged the traffic stop by frisking
defendant and then requiring defendant to sit in the patrol car while he was
questioned. To resolve that issue, we follow Rodriguez and focus again on the overall
mission of the stop. We hold, based on the trial court’s findings of fact, that Officer
McDonough unlawfully prolonged the detention by causing defendant to be subjected
to a frisk, sit in the officer’s patrol car, and answer questions while the officer
searched law enforcement databases for reasons unrelated to the mission of the stop
and for reasons exceeding the routine checks authorized by Rodriguez.
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With respect to Officer McDonough’s decision, as the trial court found, to
“briefly check [defendant] for weapons,” it is well established that “[d]uring a lawful
stop, ‘an officer may conduct a pat down search, for the purpose of determining
whether the person is carrying a weapon, when the officer is justified in believing that
the individual is armed and presently dangerous.’ ” State v. Johnson, ___ N.C. App.
___, ___ S.E.2d ___, 2016 WL 1319083, at *10, 2016 N.C. App. LEXIS 341, at *28-29
(April 5, 2016) (No. COA15-29) (quoting State v. Sanders, 112 N.C. App. 477, 480, 435
S.E.2d 842, 844 (1993)) (emphasis added). Here, however, the trial court made no
findings suggesting that Officer McDonough was justified in believing that defendant
might be armed and presently dangerous. Thus, Officer McDonough’s frisk of
defendant for weapons, without reasonable suspicion that he was armed and
dangerous, unlawfully extended the stop.
The dissent argues that defendant consented to the pat down search. We need
not decide, however, whether defendant consented, because the moment Officer
McDonough asked if he could search defendant’s person, without reasonable
suspicion that defendant was armed and dangerous, he unlawfully prolonged the
stop. Under Rodriguez, other than running permissive checks, any additional
amount of time Officer McDonough took that was unrelated to the mission of the stop
unlawfully prolonged it.
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Officer McDonough then extended the stop further when he had defendant get
into his patrol vehicle and ran defendant’s name through numerous databases while
being questioned, as this went beyond an authorized, routine check of a driver’s
license or for warrants. The only basis found by the trial court for Officer
McDonough’s decision to have defendant get into his patrol vehicle was so that he
could “observe defendant when defendant answer[ed] his questions.” In other words,
the officer was prolonging the detention to conduct a check unrelated to the traffic
stop. Under Rodriguez, he could “not do so in a way that prolong[ed] the stop absent
the reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an individual.” ___
U.S. at ___, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 499, 135 S. Ct. at 1615. Consequently, given the trial
court’s finding of fact and Rodriguez, Officer McDonough was required to have
reasonable suspicion before asking defendant to go to his patrol vehicle to be
questioned.
By requiring defendant to submit to a pat-down search and questioning in the
patrol car unrelated to the purpose of the traffic stop, the officer prolonged the traffic
stop beyond the time necessary to complete the stop’s mission and the routine checks
authorized by Rodriguez. As this Court has recently emphasized in State v. Castillo,
___ N.C. App. ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, 2016 WL _____, 2016 N.C. App. LEXIS ____ (May
3, 2016) (No. COA15-855), under Rodriguez, investigation unrelated to the mission of
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the traffic stop “is not necessarily prohibited, but extending the stop to conduct such
an investigation is prohibited.”
The question is, then, did Officer McDonough have reasonable articulable
suspicion that criminal activity was occurring prior to the extended detention? See
Rodriguez, ___ U.S. at ___, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 499, 135 S. Ct. at 1615 (holding that while
officer may engage in checks unrelated to traffic stop, “he may not do so in a way that
prolongs the stop, absent the reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify
detaining an individual”); Castillo, ___ N.C. App. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___, 2016 WL
___, at *__, 2016 N.C. App. LEXIS ___, at *___ (in determining whether officer had
reasonable suspicion to extend detention, Court looked at “factors . . . known to [the
officer] while he stood on the roadside before defendant joined him in the patrol
vehicle”).
“ ‘[A] trial court’s conclusions of law regarding whether the officer had
reasonable suspicion [or probable cause] to detain a defendant is reviewable de
novo.’ ” State v. Hudgins, 195 N.C. App. 430, 432, 672 S.E.2d 717, 718 (2009) (quoting
State v. Wilson, 155 N.C. App. 89, 93-94, 574 S.E.2d 93, 97 (2002)). Thus, we review
de novo the trial court’s conclusion in this case that Officer McDonough had
reasonable, articulable suspicion to extend the defendant’s detention.
Based on the trial court’s findings, the only information that Officer
McDonough had to raise suspicion prior to the officer subjecting defendant to the
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Terry pat down was: (1) defendant was driving on I-85, an interstate used for the
transport of drugs; (2) defendant was operating a rental vehicle that he was not
authorized to drive; (3) defendant possessed two cellphones; (4) defendant’s hand
trembled when he handed the officer his license; (5) defendant told the officer he was
going to Century Oaks Drive, but had missed his exit, when in fact he had passed
three major exits that would have allowed defendant to reach his claimed destination;
and (6) defendant, when first observed, was traveling in the far left hand lane and
did not appear to be intending to exit off of I-85. However, these circumstances,
considered together, give rise to only a hunch and not the particularized suspicion
necessary to justify detaining defendant. See State v. Fields, 195 N.C. App. 740, 744,
673 S.E.2d 765, 767-68 (2009) (holding that “police officer must develop more than an
unparticularized suspicion or hunch before he or she is justified in conducting an
investigatory stop” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Officer McDonough’s testimony and the trial court’s findings that the officer
told defendant he would get a warning ticket so that the officer would then be able to
distinguish between nervousness over receiving a ticket and nervousness for other
reasons shows that the nervousness before the warning -- the hand tremble -- was
not enough to raise a suspicion. See Myles, 188 N.C. App. at 49, 654 S.E.2d at 757
(noting that the Supreme Court has held “that a defendant’s extreme nervousness
may be taken into account in determining whether reasonable suspicion exists”).
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Mere trembling of a hand when handing over a driver’s license cannot be considered
“extreme nervousness,” id., and, therefore, this tremble is not relevant to the totality
of the circumstances. See also State v. Pearson, 348 N.C. 272, 276, 498 S.E.2d 599,
601 (1998) (noting that “[t]he nervousness of the defendant is not significant” because
“[m]any people become nervous when stopped by a state trooper”).
The other circumstances, without more, describe innocent behavior that even
collectively does not raise a particularized suspicion of criminal activity. See Myles,
188 N.C. App. at 47, 50, 51, 654 S.E.2d at 756, 758 (holding no reasonable suspicion
existed to extend traffic stop when rental car occupants’ stories did not conflict, rental
car was rented by passenger rather than driver, there was no odor of alcohol although
car had weaved in lane, officer found no contraband or weapons upon frisking driver,
and driver’s license was valid, although driver’s “heart was beating unusually fast”
and rental car was one day overdue).
Indeed, the trial court’s finding of reasonable suspicion depended substantially
on circumstances that arose after Officer McDonough had extended the stop,
including the discovery that defendant had $372.00 in cash, defendant’s elevated
breathing and lack of eye contact, and his multiple inconsistent statements regarding
his destination, who he was going to meet, and how long he had lived in North
Carolina. Although both the trial court and Officer McDonough, in his testimony,
relied substantially on inconsistencies in defendant’s story that developed while he
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was questioned in the officer’s patrol car, defendant’s initial explanation for missing
his exit -- he was talking on his cell phone -- presented no inconsistent statement and
was not implausible without consideration of the further questioning. The State has
pointed to no authority that suggests that in the absence of the post-extension
circumstances, the circumstances present in this case prior to the frisk were sufficient
to give rise to reasonable suspicion.
However, we find the Fourth Circuit’s decision in United States v. Digiovanni,
650 F.3d 498 (4th Cir. 2011), persuasive. In Digiovanni, the Fourth Circuit
acknowledged that “[t]he Supreme Court has recognized that factors consistent with
innocent travel can, when taken together, give rise to reasonable suspicion.” Id. at
511. On the other hand, “[t]he articulated innocent factors collectively must serve to
eliminate a substantial portion of innocent travelers before the requirement of
reasonable suspicion will be satisfied.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
The officer in Digiovanni claimed to have developed reasonable suspicion to
prolong the traffic stop due to 10 factors, including that: (1) the car was a rental car;
(2) the car was coming from a known drug-supply state (Florida); (3) the car was
travelling on I-95, a known drug corridor; (4) the car was clean; (5) two shirts hanging
in the back; (6) toiletry bag in backseat; (7) the defendant’s hands trembled; (8) the
defendant’s response to questions; (9) the defendant’s travel itinerary; and (10) the
defendant said, “ ‘oh boy’ ” when the officer asked if he had any luggage in the car and
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STATE V. BULLOCK
Opinion of the Court
if everything in the car belonged to him. Id. at 512. The Fourth Circuit dismissed
the officer’s reliance on the clean car, the two shirts, and the toiletry bag as absurd
and accepted the district court’s finding that the defendant’s “ ‘oh boy’ ” statement
referred to the heat. Id.
Turning to the remaining circumstances, the Fourth Circuit reasoned:
With regard to the car rental, the traveling on I-95,
and the traveling from Florida factors, there is little doubt
that these facts enter the reasonable suspicion calculus.
With regard to [the defendant’s] travel itinerary, [the
officer] certainly was entitled to rely, to some degree, on its
unusual nature in determining whether criminal activity
was afoot.
Nevertheless, we agree with the district court that
reasonable suspicion was not present to turn this routine
traffic stop into a drug investigation. The articulated facts,
in their totality, simply do not eliminate a substantial
portion of innocent travelers. . . . It is true that [the
defendant’s] travel itinerary is unusual -- not many people
are flying from Boston to Miami for the weekend, renting a
car for the return trip to Boston, traveling part of the way
on the Auto Train, and stopping in New York to pick up
some paintings. The problem for the government is that
this unusual travel itinerary is not keyed to other
compelling suspicious behavior. In this case, other than
[the defendant’s] unusual travel itinerary, there is nothing
compellingly suspicious about the case. There is no
evidence of flight, suspicious or furtive movements, or
suspicious odors, such as the smell of air fresheners,
alcohol, or drugs. All the government can link to the
unusual travel itinerary are the facts that [the defendant]
rented a car from a source state, was stopped on I-95, and
was initially nervous. Such facts, without more, simply do
not eliminate a substantial portion of innocent travelers.
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STATE V. BULLOCK
Opinion of the Court
Id. at 512-13 (internal citations omitted).
We find Digiovanni remarkably similar to this case. As in Digiovanni,
defendant was driving a rental car, was stopped on I-85, and his hand trembled. The
issue with defendant’s travel itinerary -- missing multiple exits for his supposed
destination while talking on the phone -- was less unusual than that in Digiovanni.
In addition, defendant had two cell phones, but, just as in Digiovanni, there was no
compelling suspicious behavior. These circumstances considered together, “without
more, simply do not eliminate a substantial portion of innocent travelers[,]” id. at
513, and, therefore, do not give rise to reasonable, articulable suspicion. See also
United States v. Williams, 808 F.3d 238, 246 (4th Cir. 2015) (holding that “the
relevant facts articulated by the officers and found by the trial court, after an
appropriate hearing, must in their totality serve to eliminate a substantial portion of
innocent travelers” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
In this Court’s decision in Castillo, by contrast, the Court found that the trial
court properly determined that an officer had reasonable suspicion to extend a traffic
stop based on “defendant’s bizarre travel plans, his extreme nervousness, the use of
masking odors, the smell of marijuana on his person, and the third-party registration
of the vehicle . . . .” ___ N.C. App. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___, 2016 WL ___, at *___,
2016 N.C. App. LEXIS ___, at *___. The evidence in this case does not rise to the
same level. See also State v. Cottrell, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 760 S.E.2d 274, 281
- 22 -
STATE V. BULLOCK
Opinion of the Court
(2014) (holding that officer unlawfully extended stop when he based detention on only
strong incense-like fragrance and defendant’s felony and drug history). Accordingly,
we hold that the trial court erred in concluding that Officer McDonough had
reasonable articulable suspicion to extend the traffic stop.
However, the trial court also concluded that defendant voluntarily consented
to the search of his vehicle. In its order denying defendant’s motion to suppress, the
trial court concluded “[t]hat defendant gave knowing, willing, and voluntary consent
to search the vehicle” and “[t]hat at no point after giving his consent did defendant
revoke his consent to search the vehicle.” Since we have concluded that Officer
McDonough did not have reasonable suspicion to extend the stop, whether defendant
may have later consented to the search is irrelevant, as consent obtained during an
unlawful extension of a stop is not voluntary. See Myles, 188 N.C. App. at 51, 654
S.E.2d at 758 (“Since [the officer’s] continued detention of defendant was
unconstitutional, defendant’s consent to the search of his car was involuntary.”); see
also Cottrell, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 760 S.E.2d at 282 (holding that because officer
unlawfully extended stop, did not give defendant his license back, and continuously
questioned defendant, “the trial court correctly found that defendant’s detention
never became consensual in this case”).
Thus, we hold that the trial court’s order denying defendant’s motion to
suppress must be reversed. We, therefore, vacate defendant’s guilty plea and remand
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STATE V. BULLOCK
Opinion of the Court
to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Since we vacate
defendant’s plea, we do not need to address his additional arguments related to
whether he entered into it knowing and voluntarily.
REVERSED.
Judge BRYANT concurs.
Judge McCULLOUGH dissents in a separate opinion.
- 24 -
No. COA15-731 – STATE V. BULLOCK
McCULLOUGH, Judge, dissent.
From the majority’s conclusion that Officer John McDonough of the Durham
Police Department unnecessarily extended the traffic stop involving Michael Antonio
Bullock (“defendant”), I respectfully dissent. The facts are fully set forth in the
majority opinion and will not be repeated unless necessary to demonstrate the
reasoning of this dissent. Needless to say, traffic stops are some of the most-litigated
police-citizen encounters and have long been recognized as fraught with danger to
officers. Thus, certain rules have evolved over the years to allow traffic law
enforcement to be conducted safely and efficiently. We grapple with those rules in
this opinion.
In the case at bar, the majority concludes that the traffic stop in question was
extended when the officer caused defendant to exit his car, be subjected to a frisk,
and sit in the patrol car while answering questions while the officer ran various data
bases, thereby violating the traffic stop rules recently set forth by the United States
Supreme Court in Rodriguez v. U.S., __ U.S. __, 191 L. Ed. 2d 492, (2015). I disagree
and believe his actions to be reasonable, well within the parameters allowed by
Rodriguez. It is conceded by defendant that the initial traffic stop was based on
reasonable suspicion, thus we focus on what Officer McDonough’s actions were from
the time he approached the defendant’s vehicle until consent was given to search that
vehicle.
STATE V. BULLOCK
McCULLOUGH, Judge, dissent
As the majority opinion notes, before leaving defendant’s vehicle, the officer
was aware that the car was on I-85, but being a local vehicle and licensee, this factor
is not significant; defendant had two cell phones; was not the authorized user of the
rental car; defendant told the officer he was going to Century Oaks Drive which was
several exits previous to the one where he was stopped; when stopped defendant was
accelerating in the far left lane and thus did not appear to be seeking an exit.
Defendant had also told the officer he had been on his cell phone as an excuse for how
he missed the proper exit. The majority concludes that based on these facts the officer
did not have reasonable suspicion to extend the stop. I agree with that conclusion.
Where the majority and I disagree is whether a stop is unnecessarily extended by
having the motorist accompany the officer to the patrol car while a citation is
prepared and data bases are checked.
Police questioning during a traffic stop is not subject to the strictures of
Miranda, Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 435-42, 82 L. Ed. 2d 317, 331-36 (1984),
and mere police questioning does not constitute a seizure. Florida v. Bostick, 501
U.S. 429, 434, 115 L. Ed. 2d 389, 398 (1991). As the majority notes, under existing
case law, a driver may be ordered to exit the vehicle. State v. McRae, 154 N.C. App.
624, 629, 573 S.E.2d 214, 218 (2002). Such orders by police without any reasonable
suspicion, but based on officer safety have long been permitted. Pennsylvania v.
Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 111, 54 L. Ed. 2d 331, 337 (1977). The ultimate question here
2
STATE V. BULLOCK
McCULLOUGH, Judge, dissent
is can the officer, as a matter of routine, have the motorist sit in the police vehicle
while the officer prepares his citation and runs any data base checks.
In Rodriguez, the United States Supreme Court held that a traffic stop cannot
be unnecessarily extended while an unrelated investigation is conducted, absent
reasonable suspicion. __ U.S. at __, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 496. Even a de minimis delay is
impermissible. The holding in Rodriguez is actually unremarkable and is essentially
what has been the rule for quite a while in North Carolina. See State v. Myles, 188
N.C. App. 42, 45, 645 S.E.2d 752, 754, aff’d per curiam, 362 N.C. 344, 661 S.E.2d 732
(2008).
The majority opinion relies on two main reasons it believes the traffic stop was
unnecessarily extended. First, the majority concludes that the pat down of defendant
prior to directing him to sit in the patrol car extended the stop as the officer did not
have any reasonable suspicion that defendant was armed and he testified he did not
feel threatened. I disagree that this pat down search during which a sum of money
($372) was discovered was an unnecessary extension as the pat down was conducted
by consent. At the suppression hearing held on 30 July 2014, Officer McDonough
testified as follows:
A. Just the two phones, and at that point, I asked him
to step back to my car, and we were going to run his driver’s
license.
Q. Okay. And what happened when you made that
request?
3
STATE V. BULLOCK
McCULLOUGH, Judge, dissent
A. He agreed and got out. I met him in the back of his
car. I shook his hand, gave him a warning for the traffic
violation, and then I asked him if I could search him before
he got into my patrol car.
Q. Okay. And what did he say to you?
A. He said, yes, and he lifted his arms up in the air.
Q. Okay. And then what happened after that?
A. I searched his right pants’ pocket that had the
currency of different denominations, and he said he was
about to go shopping.
Q. Do you know how much money he had in that bundle
you were talking about that he was going shopping with?
A. It was -- he told me later on in the traffic stop, I think
he said $372.
Q. And when he told you he was going shopping, when
did he say that to you?
A. Right when I grabbed the money, that he was going
shopping.
Q. And what kind of indicator was that to you?
A. Through my experience, a lot of times guys who are
involved in activity of transporting or either be a courier or
be involved in it will have large sums of money in their
pockets.
I do not believe an officer unnecessarily extends a traffic stop by conducting a
consensual search prior to running a driving history check or warrants check on a
motorist.
4
STATE V. BULLOCK
McCULLOUGH, Judge, dissent
The majority opinion quotes from Rodriguez emphasizing that a traffic stop
may not be unnecessarily extended while an officer conducts an unrelated
investigation. Rodriguez also noted however that the officer may conduct certain
routine actions, stating:
Beyond determining whether to issue a traffic ticket, an
officer’s mission includes “ordinary inquiries incident to
[the traffic] stop.” Typically such inquiries involve
checking the driver’s license, determining whether there
are outstanding warrants against the driver, and
inspecting the automobile’s registration and proof of
insurance. These checks serve the same objective as
enforcement of the traffic code: ensuring that vehicles on
the road are operated safely and responsibly. (A “warrant
check makes it possible to determine whether the apparent
traffic violator is wanted for one or more previous traffic
offenses.”).
Rodriguez, __ U.S. at __, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 499, (internal citations omitted).
It should also be noted that Officer McDonough’s questioning defendant about
his travel plans, usually referred to as “coming and going” questions are part and
parcel of a traffic stop as the questions and answers given can impact driver fatigue
and other traffic related issues. See U.S. v. Barahona, 990 F.2d 412, 416 (8th Cir.
1993); Ohio v. Carlson, 657 N.E.2d 591, 599 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995). In the case at bar
the officer was also confronted by an unauthorized operator of a rental vehicle. The
use of rental vehicles by unauthorized users was one of the major indicators of
unlawful activity that the officer stressed in his suppression hearing testimony.
Depending on what his data base checks revealed, Officer McDonough might have an
5
STATE V. BULLOCK
McCULLOUGH, Judge, dissent
individual who was in violation of several motor vehicle laws, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-
72.2 (unauthorized use of motor-propelled conveyance) or even N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-
106 (possession of stolen vehicle). In other words, the officer is not obligated to credit
the motorist’s version of how he came into possession of the vehicle, but is entitled to
conduct a short investigation into the circumstances. See United States v. Sharpe,
470 U.S. 675, 84 L. Ed. 2d 605 (1985).
With this background in mind, we must face the issue presented by the
majority opinion, namely whether Officer McDonough had the authority to direct
defendant to sit in the patrol car with him as he wrote him a warning ticket and
conducted his background checks. For if he had that authority, almost immediately
after sitting down in the patrol car defendant provided information that evolved into
reasonable suspicion. If the encounter is to be limited to what the officer knew
roadside, the majority opinion is correct and the trial court should be reversed. As
far as delaying the mission of the traffic stop, directing a motorist to sit in the police
vehicle does not in any way delay the traffic stop. The majority recognizes that the
traffic stop is not unnecessarily extended while the officer prepares the ticket and
runs his data base checks. Directing the motorist to accompany the officer does not
create unnecessary delay as the two (motorist and officer) will walk to the police car
in the same length of time as if the officer had walked alone.
6
STATE V. BULLOCK
McCULLOUGH, Judge, dissent
Whether an officer can direct a motorist to sit in the police vehicle while these
actions are taken, is an open question in North Carolina. The courts that have
considered this issue view it through the prism of an additional seizure. Many cases,
state and federal, have implicitly recognized that officers have the authority to direct
a motorist to sit in the police vehicle while the ticketing process is accomplished. See,
Barahona, 990 F.2d at 414 (in which the officer asked the defendant to exit the car
and accompany him to the patrol car). Several federal courts have concluded that an
officer needs a reasonable justification, normally a specific, articulable safety concern,
before the officer may direct a motorist to sit in the patrol vehicle, see U.S. v. Cannon,
29 F.3d 472, 476-77 (9th Cir. 1994), U.S. v. Ricardo D., 912 F.2d 337, 340-41 (9th Cir.
1990), while other courts have determined that if an officer’s request is merely part
of the ticketing procedure, then having the motorist sit in the police vehicle is within
the permissible scope of a Terry stop. See U.S. v. Rodriguez, 831 F.2d 162, 166 (7th
Cir. 1987), U.S. v. Rivera, 906 F.2d 319, 322-23 (7th Cir. 1990), U.S. v. Bloomfield, 40
F.3d 910, 915 (8th Cir. 1994) (reasonable investigation includes requesting that the
driver sit in the patrol car), Ohio v. Lozada, 748 N.E.2d 520, 523 (Ohio Ct. App. 2001).
Even those jurisdictions which believe the officer needs some justification to direct a
motorist to accompany him or her to the patrol vehicle recognize some exceptions.
Here Officer McDonough was faced with an unauthorized user of a rental vehicle. At
the moment he directed defendant to proceed to the police vehicle, as stated earlier,
7
STATE V. BULLOCK
McCULLOUGH, Judge, dissent
he did not know if the data base check might reveal a reported theft. Even verification
of defendant’s story that he borrowed the car from a relative who was the renter could
be facilitated by defendant’s presence.
Thus, I maintain that an officer acts within the constitutional parameters of a
“Terry stop” when he directs a motorist to accompany the officer to the police vehicle
during the ticketing process. Based on the line of cases cited previously, it is my
position that under either line of cases, Officer McDonough was justified in directing
defendant to sit in the patrol car, even if it was only to be of assistance in determining
if defendant had permission to use the vehicle from the renter. We know he did not
have the owner’s permission as he was not on the rental agreement. Upon entering
the vehicle, defendant almost immediately provided enough information to provide
the officer with enough reasonable suspicion to extend the stop until he received
consent to search. It is not contested that consent was given, the only issue concerns
whether the stop was unnecessarily extended in violation of Rodriguez so that the
officer was never in a position to ask for consent.
At the suppression hearing Officer McDonough testified as follows:
A. I told him to have a seat in the patrol car.
Q. And did he comply?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And when you had him in your patrol vehicle, what
happened?
8
STATE V. BULLOCK
McCULLOUGH, Judge, dissent
A. At that point, I started -- got his license and started
running his license and other information in my mobile
computer.
Q. Can you walk the Court through when you're
running someone’s name like how many programs are you
running the names through?
A. There’s about three databases that I usually use.
One is for our police program, CJ Leads, and I use a
program called “TLO”, also.
Q. What do those programs actually tell you?
A. CJ Leads will give all criminals in North Carolina.
Our program will have driver’s -- had arrested in Durham,
and TLO usually helps with people from out-of-state,
shows their criminal history from out-of-state.
Q. Do you have an idea how long it takes you to run a
CJ Lead or how long it takes to run somebody’s license?
A. It takes a little bit because we have to go in and out,
log in, run a wire -- so it takes a little bit.
Q. You said it takes a little bit, like are you talking
seconds, minutes?
A. It takes minutes.
Q. So while you’re running his name through various
databases, what is happening?
A. Well, I remember when he first got in the car and --
where he was going, he said he just moved down here from
Washington. So I started running that in CJ Leads and
TLO, he said he was from Washington. When I ran his
driver’s license, it was issued back in 2000, and he had been
arrested in North Carolina starting 2001. So he’s already
9
STATE V. BULLOCK
McCULLOUGH, Judge, dissent
been down here 12 years when he said he just moved down
here from Washington.
Q. What does that tell you?
A. I just thought I [sic] was strange because you just
moved down here from Washington, but you’ve been here
for 12 years. You didn’t just move down from Washington.
I don’t know if he’s just trying to throw that out at me, to
throw me off or not.
Q. And what happened after you noticed that he had a
license since 2000, and you were looking at records, an
arrest record that started from 2001, and had indicated to
you on November 27th, 2012 that he had just moved from
DC?
A. We started having some conversation. He did later
say that he’s been down here awhile, started talking about
how he met this girl, he said he met her on Facebook,
known her about two weeks, and he said it’s the first time
he came down here to meet her because she always comes
to Henderson. And I think we were discussing his criminal
history. He mentioned about the gun, he said he had two
occasions where his ex-wife had put the gun in the glove
box, and he was driving the car and got arrested for it in
Vance County, and I think South Carolina -- and he started
asking me questions about why I think that happened in
Vance County while it was running his information.
Q. So taking a step back, so you are discussing you
mention about how he met the girl he was apparently going
to see on Century Oaks. Was there anything of note in your
discussion about the woman he was apparently going go
see?
A. Like I said, he said he just met her on Facebook. He
never met her face-to-face, but he confused me when he
says, well, she always comes up to Henderson; if he never
met her face-to-face, how does she always come to
10
STATE V. BULLOCK
McCULLOUGH, Judge, dissent
Henderson. And later on in the conversation, he said she’s
come to Henderson, but he’s never met her I believe.
Q. So when you're speaking in regards to the girlfriend,
what does that tell you?
A. That tells me that that story is -- he’s not telling the
truth about that story.
After having this conversation and running defendant’s driver’s license record
as Rodriguez permits while also checking for warrants, Officer McDonough obtained
reasonable suspicion to extend the stop and request consent to search. To summarize,
the officer not only had that information he obtained prior to proceeding to the police
vehicle, he also knew defendant had a sum of cash ($372), defendant had not just
come down from D.C. as claimed initially, but had been here since 2000, thus his story
about not being that familiar with the roads is likely to be untrue, and defendant
made contradictory statements about the girl he was going to meet. Also, during this
dialogue, the officer twice mispronounced the name of the street defendant said he
was going to without any correction being made by defendant. Contradictory
statements regarding one’s destination are a strong factor in providing reasonable
suspicion. See U.S. v. Carpenter, 462 F.3d 981, 987 (8th Cir. 2006). After the
conversation, while the data base for defendant’s drivers license was checked, the
officer had reasonable suspicion to detain defendant and ask for consent to search. I
would then affirm the decision of the trial court to deny the motion to suppress.
11