Case: 15-20184 Document: 00513502661 Page: 1 Date Filed: 05/12/2016
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
No. 15-20184
Fifth Circuit
FILED
May 12, 2016
WELLOGIX, INCORPORATED, Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
SAP AMERICA, INCORPORATED; SAP A.G.,
Defendants - Appellees
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cons w/ No. 15-20187
SAP AMERICA, INCORPORATED,
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
WELLOGIX, INCORPORATED,
Defendant - Appellant
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC No. 4:14-CV-741
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Before JONES, WIENER, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
These consolidated appeals follow multiple lawsuits between the parties,
the first of which was filed in 2008. See Wellogix, Inc. v. Accenture, LLP,
716 F.3d 867 (5th Cir. 2013) (describing background of the litigation). Because
of the limited scope of this decision, we do not repeat the parties’ complex
dealings or litigation history. Two of the suits directly underlie the rulings
before this court. One is a “Patent Case” filed by SAP in April 2010 in the
Southern District of Texas seeking a declaratory judgment of non-infringement
and invalidity of five Wellogix patents. The second is a “Trade Secrets Case”
filed by Wellogix against SAP for theft and appropriation of trade secrets,
which was intended to assert counterclaims in the Patent Case but, after some
procedural jockeying, was severed and treated as a separate case.
SAP filed a summary judgment motion seeking dismissal of the severed
Trade Secrets Case on several grounds, including the forum selection clause
specifying Germany in the parties’ licensing agreement. The district court
enforced the forum selection clause and granted dismissal for forum non
conveniens with a detailed opinion. Wellogix, Inc. v. SAP Am., Inc.,
58 F. Supp. 3d 766 (S.D. Tex. 2014). As to most aspects of the forum selection
clause analysis, the court gave preclusive effect to a 2008 ruling in which
another judge had dismissed SAP from the Accenture case cited above. Id. at
776, 779–80. The Trade Secrets court found that the scope of the clause had
not been previously litigated, but concluded that it covered Wellogix’s trade
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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secrets claims because they arose “out of or in connection with” the licensing
agreement and arguably depended on construction of that contract. Id. at 778.
The court rejected Wellogix’s contention that SAP waived the forum selection
clause by filing the Patent Case. Id. at 773–76.
Unhappy with this ruling, Wellogix filed a post-judgment motion urging,
for the first time, that diversity jurisdiction, on which it had relied in filing the
Trade Secrets Case, did not in fact exist because both parties are registered
Delaware corporations. SAP did not challenge the facts but urged the court to
uphold its dismissal order by (1) lifting its prior stay in the Patent Case,
(2) rescinding the order that severed the Trade Secrets and Patent Cases, and
(3) deeming the filings relating to the Trade Secrets Case to have been part of
the Patent case, as an exercise of the court’s supplemental jurisdiction.
The district court essentially adopted this solution. SAP Am., Inc. v.
Wellogix, Inc., Nos. H–10–1224 & H–14–741, 2015 WL 1033225 (S.D. Tex. Mar.
9, 2015). The court reasoned that its Patent Case severance order had
remained interlocutory and that—as Wellogix had requested severance
“without breathing any jurisdictional doubts,” and as equity disfavored giving
it another chance to file claims that had twice been dismissed under the forum
selection clause—Wellogix should be deemed to have consented to rescission of
that order to salvage jurisdiction. Id. at *2–3. The court concluded that it
could exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims because they
“share a common nucleus of operative facts with the patent claims.” Id. at *4.
On appeal, Wellogix argues only that the court lacked supplemental
jurisdiction over the Trade Secrets claims in the Patent Case and alternatively,
that SAP waived its rights under the forum selection clause by filing the Patent
Case in a U.S. federal court. Neither argument is persuasive.
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1. As to the lack of subject matter jurisdiction argument, Wellogix
ignores the Supreme Court’s decision that a federal court may dismiss a case
on the ground of forum non conveniens without first resolving a threshold issue
of jurisdiction. Sinochem Int’l Co., Ltd., v. Malay. Int’l Shipping Corp.,
549 U.S. 422, 425, 127 S. Ct. 1184, 1188 (2007). We review the district court’s
dismissal under forum non conveniens for an abuse of discretion. Ibarra v.
Orica U.S.A., Inc., 493 F. App’x 489, 492 (5th Cir. 2012) (per curiam).
Sinochem forecloses Wellogix’s argument, as the Supreme Court explicitly held
that “a court need not resolve whether it has authority to adjudicate the cause
(subject-matter jurisdiction) or personal jurisdiction over the defendant if it
determines that, in any event, a foreign tribunal is plainly the more suitable
arbiter of the merits of the case.” 549 U.S. at 425, 127 S. Ct. at 1188. And,
citing Sinochem, the Second Circuit has expressly held that enforcing a forum
selection clause-based dismissal is permissible before the court finally resolves
its subject matter jurisdiction. See Magi XXI, Inc. v. Stato della Citta del
Vaticano, 714 F.3d 714, 720 n.6 (2d Cir. 2013); see also United States ex rel.
Wickliffe v. EMC Corp., 473 F. App’x 849, 851–52 (10th Cir. 2012) (affirming
dismissal on one threshold ground without reaching district court’s alternative
holding based on the first-to-file jurisdictional bar in the False Claims Act).
That the dismissal here was permissible does not necessarily mean that a court
is always required to consider forum non conveniens prior to subject matter
jurisdiction. See Sinochem, 549 U.S. at 436, 127 S. Ct. at 1194. But we need
not explore Sinochem’s nuances to conclude that the court did not abuse its
discretion here. 1
1 By affirming the court’s approach to the threshold issues, we pretermit as
unnecessary any discussion about whether the court had subject matter jurisdiction.
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2. Wellogix’s waiver argument is, if anything, weaker. In filing the
Patent Case, SAP’s complaint included a section titled “Specific Relief Not
Requested,” which stated: “SAP does not request any additional relief with
respect to the claims adjudicated in this Court’s Order of December 8, 2008
beyond that which has already been granted to SAP, all such claims being
separate and distinct from the non-infringement and invalidity of the Wellogix
Patents.” 2 Wellogix does not deny that the forum selection clause requiring
suits to be litigated in Germany is valid and covers the disputes embodied in
the Trade Secrets Case, nor does it contest any other aspect of the court’s forum
non conveniens ruling.
There is a lack of authority determining whether federal or state law
principles control the standard for determining a party’s waiver of rights under
a forum selection clause. The district court reviewed the waiver issues under
both regimes, federal and Texas law. The court’s thorough analysis showed
that the result is the same under either regime and several different theories:
particularly in light of its reservation of rights quoted above, SAP did not waive
the forum selection clause by filing the Patent Case, a case necessitated by
Wellogix’s threat to pursue infringement litigation in the same U.S. court. 3
2The order referenced here was an order granting SAP’s motion to dismiss based on
the parties’ forum selection clause in the Accenture litigation cited above. Wellogix
abandoned its appeal of that order.
3 The district court noted confusion and a lack of briefing on “[w]hat law governs a
finding of waiver” of a foreign forum selection clause. Wellogix, 58 F. Supp. 3d at 773–76.
Reaching no clear resolution on that issue, the district court attempted to apply federal and
state law in the alternative. Finding little federal law on point, the district court first looked
to an unpublished Fifth Circuit case, GP Plastics Corp. v. Interboro Packaging Corp., 108 F.
App’x 832 (5th Cir. 2004), that itself applied Texas law and focused on intent. The court then
noted that the parties’ license contains a German choice-of-law provision, but declined to
plumb German law without any request to do so or briefing from the parties. Finally, the
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Some of the confusion has been recently eliminated by this court’s decision,
anticipated by the district court’s reasoning, which held that federal law
governs the enforceability of a forum selection clause, but the forum state’s
choice of law rules control what law governs the interpretation of the clause.
Weber v. PACT XPP Techs., AG, 811 F.3d 758, 770 (5th Cir. 2016). For
purposes of this appeal, we need not decide whether the waiver determination
is a matter of enforceability or interpretation. Like the district court, and
based on the same authorities (because neither we nor the parties have located
others), we are confident that SAP did not waive the forum selection clause.
One line of pertinent authority would inquire whether SAP intentionally
or voluntarily relinquished its rights under the clause. Haber v. Biomet, Inc.,
578 F.3d 553, 558 (7th Cir. 2009); GP Plastics, 108 F. App’x at 833. Far from
manifesting such an intent, SAP successfully enforced the clause in the
Accenture litigation, expressly noted a preservation of its rights when it filed
the Patent case, and consistently asserted the clause’s application to the Trade
Secrets claims. Indeed, Wellogix makes no argument that SAP subjectively or
objectively waived the protection of the clause.
A second line of authority, articulating both federal and Texas law,
would apply essentially the test used by federal courts to assess waiver of
arbitration clauses, which are a species of forum selection clause. (In the
district court, unlike in this court, Wellogix also argued that “[c]ases involving
arbitration clauses are broadly applicable to disputes about forum selection
district court cited a Texas Supreme Court case, In re ADM Inv’r Servs., Inc., 304 S.W.3d 371,
374 (Tex. 2010), that articulates a prejudice-focused test different from that cited by the GP
Plastics court. The district court concluded “that SAP has not waived its rights under either
the GP Plastics approach or the In re ADM approach.” Wellogix, 58 F. Supp. 3d at 774–76.
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clauses.”). That test finds that the party to the clause waives its right if it
“(1) substantially invokes the judicial process [in derogation of the arbitration
clause] and (2) thereby causes detriment or prejudice to the other party.” Al
Rushaid v. Nat’l Oilwell Varco, Inc., 757 F.3d 416, 421–22 (5th Cir. 2014)
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted); see also In re ADM Inv’r
Servs., 304 S.W.3d at 374. 4 Wellogix has not argued that SAP’s conduct
satisfied this waiver standard, nor has it asserted prejudice. In Subway
Equipment Leasing Corp. v. Forte, for instance, this court explained “that a
party only invokes the judicial process to the extent it litigates a specific claim
it subsequently seeks to arbitrate.” 169 F.3d 324, 328 (5th Cir. 1999); accord.
Doctor’s Assocs., Inc. v. Distajo, 107 F.3d 126, 133 (2d Cir. 1997) (“Other
circuits seem to agree that waiver can only occur when a party has previously
litigated the same claims it now seeks to arbitrate”).
Wellogix’s only support for its argument—that SAP waived the forum
selection clause for the Trade Secrets Case by filing its Patent Case in a non-
German forum—derives from an eighty year old Supreme Court case dealing
with a patent venue statute that has been cited exactly once by a federal
district court to find waiver of a forum selection clause. Gen. Elec. Co. v. Marvel
Rare Metals Co., 287 U.S. 430, 53 S. Ct. 202 (1932); Jalin Realty Capital
Advisors, LLC v. A Better Wireless, NISP, LLC, No. 11-0165 (JRT/LIB),
2012 WL 838439, at *3–4 (D. Minn. Mar. 12, 2012). Like the district court, we
do not find these authorities pertinent. Jalin Realty’s analysis predates the
Supreme Court’s decision in Atlantic Marine, which held that “a forum-
4We may pretermit as unnecessary to the present discussion a strong presumption
against waiver of arbitration rights, see Al Rushaid, 757 F.3d at 421–22, although a similar
presumption also ordinarily applies to the enforceability of forum selection clauses.
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selection clause does not render venue in a court ‘wrong’ or ‘improper’ within
the meaning of [28 U.S.C.] § 1406(a) or Rule 12 (b)(3).” Atl. Marine Const. Co.,
Inc. v, U.S. Dist. Court for the W. Dist. of Tex., ____ U.S. ____, 134 S. Ct. 568,
579 (2013). Because the Court there clarified that “[w]hether the parties
entered into a contract containing a forum-selection clause has no bearing on”
federal venue, id. at 577, there is a strong argument that General Electric and
Jalin are inapposite to enforcing a forum selection clause. And in any event,
as the district court noted, these cases do not even consider the tests for waiver
of a forum selection clause.
From this discussion, it follows that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in enforcing the SAP-Wellogix forum selection clause, and SAP did
not waive that clause either intentionally or by litigating contrary to the clause
in such a manner as to prejudice Wellogix. Further, the court did not err in
denying Wellogix’s post-judgment motion to dismiss the Trade Secrets Case for
lack of jurisdiction. The judgment of the district court in both matters is
AFFIRMED.
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