In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
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NO. 09-15-00360-CV
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IN RE COMMITMENT OF CARL DOUGLAS LEWIS
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On Appeal from the 435th District Court
Montgomery County, Texas
Trial Cause No. 14-11-12820-CV
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OPINION
The State of Texas filed a petition to commit Carl Douglas Lewis as a
sexually violent predator. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §§ 841.001-.151
(West 2010 & Supp. 2015). A jury found that Lewis is a sexually violent predator,
and the trial court rendered a final judgment and an order of civil commitment. In
two appellate issues, Lewis challenges the denial of his motion to recuse the trial
judge and his motion for directed verdict. We affirm the trial court’s judgment and
order of civil commitment.
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Motion to Recuse
In issue one, Lewis contends that Judge Michael T. Seiler should have been
recused from presiding over Lewis’s trial. We review the denial of a motion to
recuse under an abuse of discretion standard. In re Commitment of Winkle, 434
S.W.3d 300, 310 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2014, pet. denied). A judge must be
recused when his “impartiality might reasonably be questioned[]” or he has a
“personal bias or prejudice concerning the subject matter or a party[.]” Tex. R. Civ.
P. 18b(b)(1), (2). The complaining party “must show that a reasonable person, with
knowledge of the circumstances, would harbor doubts as to the impartiality of the
trial judge, and that the bias is of such a nature and extent that allowing the judge
to serve would deny the movant’s right to receive due process of law.” Winkle, 434
S.W.3d at 311.
In his motion to recuse, Lewis argued that Judge Seiler’s conduct
demonstrated a lack of impartiality. Lewis complained of comments that Judge
Seiler made during speeches to the Texas Patriots PAC and the Montgomery
County Republican Women, along with comments and slogans that Judge Seiler
used during his re-election campaign. Lewis also pointed to Judge Seiler’s recusals
in other SVP cases. At the recusal hearing, Lewis argued that Judge Seiler had
been publicly reprimanded by the Texas Judicial Conduct Commission (“the
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Commission”). Lewis also argued that: (1) the Texas Legislature had before it an
amendment to the SVP statute that sought to eliminate Judge Seiler’s exclusive
jurisdiction over SVP cases; (2) both attorneys and non-lawyers had questioned
Judge Seiler’s behavior; and (3) Dr. John Tennison, an expert witness, gave a
deposition addressing the manner in which Judge Seiler treated him when he
testified in SVP cases. The assigned judge denied Lewis’s motion, stating that he
did not believe that Judge Seiler’s “attitude, the satire, the poor humor and,
truthfully, the misconduct that the Commission found, has come into this court to
deny individuals the right to a fair trial.”
This Court has previously addressed whether Judge Seiler’s campaign
materials and speeches required recusal, and we held that “the assigned judge
could reasonably conclude that Judge Seiler’s statements did not constitute such
bias or prejudice as to deny [the respondent] a fair trial.” In re Commitment of
Terry, No. 09-15-00053-CV, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 9570, **4-7 (Tex. App.—
Beaumont Sept. 10, 2015, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also Winkle, 434 S.W.3d at
310-13. Moreover, that Judge Seiler has been recused in other cases is not
dispositive regarding the issue of whether the assigned judge abused his discretion
by denying Lewis’s motion. See McCullough v. Kitzman, 50 S.W.3d 87, 89 (Tex.
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App.—Waco 2001, pet. denied) (“The determination of whether recusal is
necessary must be made on a case-by-case fact-intensive basis.”).
As for the public reprimand, on April 24, 2015, the Commission found that:
. . . Judge Seiler engaged in numerous instances in which he
treated attorneys from the State Counsel for Offenders office, as well
as one of their expert witnesses, in a manner that was less than patient,
dignified and courteous. While a judge has a duty to maintain order
and decorum in the courtroom, which may require that he take
appropriate measures to address situations in which an attorney or
witness may be acting inappropriately, Canon 3B(4) of the Texas
Code of Judicial Conduct prohibits that judge from belittling,
degrading and/or demeaning the attorney, witness, or anyone else with
whom the judge deals in an official capacity. Moreover, Judge Seiler’s
comments . . . were sufficiently impatient, discourteous and
undignified to cause a reasonable person to perceive that Judge Seiler
harbored such a bias against the SCFO attorneys, their expert witness,
and the offenders themselves, that a fair trial was not possible. Based
on the incidents described above, the Commission concludes that
Judge Seiler’s conduct constituted willful and persistent violations of
Canons 3B(4) and 3B(5) of the Texas Code of Judicial Conduct, and
Article V, §I-a(6)A of the Texas Constitution.
. . . Judge Seiler’s presentation before the Texas Patriots PAC
could cause a reasonable person to perceive that Judge Seiler would
not be fair and impartial while presiding over civil commitment
proceedings, in violation of Canon 4A(1) of the Texas Code of
Judicial Conduct. Moreover, Judge Seiler’s public comments about
specific offenders whose cases were subject to his court’s continuing
jurisdiction, did suggest to a reasonable person how he would rule
when those individuals come before the court in future proceedings, in
violation of Canon 3B(10) of the Texas Code of Judicial Conduct.
Because Judge Seiler was recused from several civil commitment
cases as a direct result of his presentation before the Texas Patriots
PAC, the Commission concludes that his extrajudicial conduct
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interfered with the proper performance of his duties, in violation of
Canon 4A(2) of the Texas Code of Judicial Conduct.
Public Reprimand and Order of Additional Education of Michael Thomas Seiler,
435th District Court Judge, Nos. CJC 12-0737-DI; 12-1143-DI; 13-0027-DI; 13-
0235-DI; 13-0373-DI; 15-0129-DI;15-0374 (Comm’n Jud. Conduct Apr. 24,
2015). The Commission ordered Judge Seiler to obtain four hours of instruction
with a mentor judge in the following areas: “(1) the appropriate treatment of
attorneys, witnesses, and others with whom the judge deals in an official capacity;
(2) avoiding bias and appearance of bias; and (3) avoiding extrajudicial conduct
that casts doubt on a judge’s capacity to act impartially and/or interferes with the
proper performance of the judge’s duties.”
Additionally, the Texas Legislature originally vested exclusive authority
over SVP cases in the 435th Judicial District Court in Montgomery County. See
Act of May 30, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 1188, § 4.01, sec. 841.041(a), 1999 Tex.
Gen. Laws 4122, 4146; see also Act of May 28, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 1342, §
5, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 4563, 4564. The Texas Legislature has since repealed this
provision and amended the SVP statute to remove this exclusive jurisdiction. See
Act of May 21, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 845, §§ 7, 39, 2015 Tex. Gen. Laws
2700, 2703, 2711. According to the amendment’s Bill Analysis:
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[T]he court that conducts the civil commitment trial is a specialty
court, the 435th [D]istrict Court of Montgomery County, with state
employees serving as Special Prosecutors and the Texas Board of
Criminal Justice, Office of State Counsel for Offenders as defense
attorneys. The court is currently in complete disarray. Public
statements by the elected judge from Montgomery County have
rendered him ineffective and led to his recusal from hearing cases he
is designated by statute to hear. This is having a negative impact on
the entire Second Administrative Judicial District impacting 35 other
counties.
Senate Comm. on Criminal Justice, Bill Analysis, Tex. S.B. 746, 84th Leg., R.S.
(2015). The amendment does not preclude Judge Seiler from presiding over SVP
cases, but rather provides that a petition alleging predator status may be filed “in
the court of conviction for the person’s most recent sexually violent offense[.]”
Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 841.04(a) (West Supp. 2015).
The misconduct of which Lewis complains occurred before the
Commission’s public reprimand. On May 7, 2015, when the assigned judge ruled
on Lewis’s motion, the Commission had already issued its public reprimand of
Judge Seiler. Thus, the assigned judge was entitled to presume that, since being
publicly reprimanded and the amending of the SVP statute, Judge Seiler would
“divest himself of any previous conceptions, and . . . base his judgment, not on
what he originally supposed but rather upon the facts as they are developed at the
trial.” See Lombardino v. Firemen’s & Policemen’s Civil Serv. Comm’n, 310
S.W.2d 651, 654 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1958, writ ref’d n.r.e.); see Terry,
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2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 9570 at *7. The assigned judge could reasonably conclude
that Judge Seiler’s statements did not constitute such bias or prejudice as to deny
Lewis a fair trial. See Winkle, 434 S.W.3d at 311. Because the assigned judge did
not abuse his discretion by denying Lewis’s motion to recuse, we overrule issue
one.
Motion for Directed Verdict
In issue two, Lewis challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion for
directed verdict. Lewis moved for a directed verdict on grounds that the State
“proffered no psychiatric or medical testimony in order to support a finding of
involuntary civil commitment as a sexually violent predator.” Lewis argued that
the Texas Constitution requires competent medical or psychiatric testimony before
committing a person of unsound mind. The trial court denied the motion.
We review the denial of a motion for directed verdict under a legal
sufficiency standard. In re Commitment of Hatchell, 343 S.W.3d 560, 564 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont 2011, no pet.). We view the evidence in the light most favorable
to the verdict to determine if a rational jury could have found, beyond a reasonable
doubt, the elements required for commitment under the SVP statute. In re
Commitment of Nicholson, No. 09-13-00498-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 10179, at
**9-10 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Sept. 11, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.). “It is the
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factfinder’s responsibility to fairly resolve conflicts in the testimony, weigh the
evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Id.
Under the Texas Constitution, “[n]o person shall be committed as a person
of unsound mind except on competent medical or psychiatric testimony.” Tex.
Const. Art. I, § 15-a. In Beasley v. Molett, 95 S.W.3d 590 (Tex. App.—Beaumont
2002, pet. denied), we held that the SVP statute’s provisions, “when read together
with the constitutional requirement that an involuntary commitment not occur in
the absence of competent medical or psychiatric testimony, indicate the legislature
intended there be competent medical or psychiatric testimony to support an
involuntary commitment under the Act, and provided for it therein.” Beasley, 95
S.W.3d at 598. The current version of the SVP statute, however, provides that “[a]
person who suffers from a behavioral abnormality as determined under this chapter
is not because of that abnormality a person of unsound mind for purposes of
Section 15-a, Article I, Texas Constitution.” Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §
841.1461 (West 2010) (emphasis added).
On appeal, Lewis argues that the Texas Legislature cannot “legislate around
the requirement of the Texas Constitution, and on its own declare that alleged
sexually violent predators are not of ‘unsound mind.’” In our view, the Texas
Constitution’s phrase “committed as a person of unsound mind” does not include a
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person committed under the SVP statute. “The intended result of the [SVP] statute
is to prevent repeated predatory behavior by providing sex offender treatment to
persons afflicted with a difficulty controlling their behavior that predisposes them
to sexual violence to the extent they become a menace to the health and safety of
others.” In re Commitment of Rushing, No. 09-11-00268-CV, 2012 Tex. App.
LEXIS 8140, at *6 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Sept. 27, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.). As
the Texas Supreme Court has explained, although the medical diagnosis of a
person’s mental health may inform an assessment of whether he has a behavioral
abnormality under the SVP statute, “the principal issue in a commitment
proceeding is not a person’s mental health but whether he is predisposed to
sexually violent conduct.” In re Commitment of Bohannan, 388 S.W.3d 296, 306
(Tex. 2012).1 Accordingly, “[t]he usefulness of the expert’s opinion in assisting the
trier-of-fact rests not on the type of license the expert holds but on the expert’s
knowledge, training, and experience in dealing with sexual offenders.” Id. Because
a mental disorder is not a prerequisite to commitment under the SVP statute, we
conclude that civil commitment proceedings of an SVP do not constitute
commitment of a person of unsound mind. See id.; see also In re Commitment of
1
The Texas Supreme Court assumed, without deciding, that “the constitution
is no impediment to the admission of non-medical expert testimony in an SVP
commitment proceeding.” In re Commitment of Bohannan, 388 S.W.3d 296, 304
(Tex. 2012).
9
Richard, No. 09-13-00539-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 6974, at *6 (Tex. App.—
Beaumont June 26, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 1747,
191 L. Ed. 2d 712 (2015).
In this case, Dr. Jason Dunham, a forensic psychologist, testified that Lewis
suffers from a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely to engage in a
predatory act of sexual violence. Dunham identified Lewis’s risk factors, and he
explained that Lewis is sexually deviant, has not received sex offender treatment,
and has indicated that he will likely not seek treatment, and has had sexual
misconduct cases in prison. Dunham testified that Lewis’s score on the Static-99R
actuarial test demonstrated a moderate to high risk of being reconvicted for a
sexual offense. Dunham also diagnosed Lewis with unspecified paraphilic disorder
and personality disorder not otherwise specified with antisocial and narcissistic
features. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational
jury could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, the elements required for
commitment under the SVP statute. See Nicholson, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 10179,
at **9-10. Because no other medical or psychiatric testimony was required, the
trial court properly denied Lewis’s motion for directed verdict. See Hatchell, 343
S.W.3d at 564. We overrule issue two and affirm the trial court’s judgment and
order of civil commitment.
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AFFIRMED.
______________________________
STEVE McKEITHEN
Chief Justice
Submitted on May 2, 2016
Opinion Delivered May 12, 2016
Before McKeithen, C.J., Horton and Johnson, JJ.
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