FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
MAY 17 2016
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MYNON ROLANDO SOSA- No. 13-70336
SANTIAGO, aka Mynor Rolando Sosa-
Santiago, Agency No. A088-737-160
Petitioner,
MEMORANDUM*
v.
LORETTA E. LYNCH, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted May 2, 2016
Seattle, Washington
Before: GRABER and BERZON, Circuit Judges, and CURIEL,** District Judge.
After being charged with removability under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) as
an immigrant present in the United States without admission or inspection,
Petitioner Mynon Sosa-Santiago applied for relief under the Convention Against
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
**
The Honorable Gonzalo P. Curiel, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of California, sitting by designation.
Torture (“CAT”). On the advice of his counsel, he waived any claim to asylum or
withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). The immigration judge
(“IJ”) denied Sosa-Santiago’s CAT claim. The Board of Immigration Appeals
(“BIA”) affirmed the IJ’s ruling and denied Sosa-Santiago’s motion to remand
based on ineffective assistance of counsel. Sosa-Santiago challenges each of the
BIA’s rulings. We grant the petition in part and deny it in part.
1. The BIA erred in rejecting Sosa-Santiago’s ineffective assistance of
counsel claim for failure to comply with the procedural requirement of In re
Lozada that “former counsel must be informed of the allegations and allowed the
opportunity to respond.” 19 I. & N. Dec. 637, 639 (B.I.A. 1988). Sosa-Santiago’s
counsel before the BIA filed a declaration explaining her efforts to contact his
former counsel and noting that “[w]e have not yet received his response.” The
BIA discounted this declaration on the ground that, generally, “statements of
counsel are not evidence.” But statements of counsel filed under penalty of perjury
attesting to relevant facts of which he or she has first hand knowledge are evidence
of that which is attested to. As we have previously explained, “the BIA may not
ignore counsel's declaration, attached to the motion to reopen, describing his
diligent efforts to obtain the materials necessary for meeting the Lozada standard.”
Ontiveros-Lopez v. INS, 213 F.3d 1121, 1125 (9th Cir. 2000).
2
2. The BIA further erred in denying Sosa-Santiago’s motion to remand on
the ground that his waiver of a withholding of removal claim was “voluntary,
knowing, and intelligent.” Sosa-Santiago’s former counsel never explained what a
withholding of removal claim was, nor did he discuss Sosa-Santiago’s potential
eligibility for that relief. Instead, Sosa-Santiago’s counsel told him that he was
eligible for relief only under the CAT. While the IJ advised Sosa-Santiago of his
right to apply for withholding of removal and explained the basic elements of that
form of relief, he neglected to explain that a family can constitute a “particular
social group” for the purpose of a withholding of removal claim. See Rios v.
Lynch, 807 F.3d 1123, 1128 (9th Cir. 2015) (noting that “the family remains the
quintessential particular social group”). This fact was crucial for Sosa-Santiago’s
understanding of his potential eligibility for relief, as his fear of persecution is
founded entirely on his membership in his family. Without understanding that his
family group could form the basis of his withholding of removal claim, Sosa-
Santiago’s waiver of the claim could not have been “voluntary, knowing, and
intelligent.”
We therefore grant the petition with respect to the BIA’s denial on waiver
grounds. On remand, the BIA must consider Sosa-Santiago’s ineffective assistance
claim on its merits.
3
We note that as to any prejudice question, the BIA’s CAT conclusion may
not be controlling. The burdens of proof may vary, and the withholding and CAT
forms of relief vary as to nature of the injury (persecution vs. torture) and the
degree and nature of the governmental activity required. Compare Arteaga v.
Mukasey, 511 F.3d 940, 948 (9th Cir. 2007) (describing the elements of a CAT
claim), with Wang v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 1015, 1022 (9th Cir. 2003) (describing the
elements of a withholding of removal claim).
3. “The BIA's findings underlying its determination that an applicant is not
eligible for relief under the CAT are reviewed for substantial evidence.” Arteaga,
511 F.3d at 944. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of Sosa-
Santiago’s CAT claim.
“A petitioner seeking CAT relief must show that it is more likely than not
that he will be tortured upon removal, and that the torture will be inflicted at the
instigation of, or with the consent or acquiescence of, the government.” Id. at 948.
As the BIA noted, Sosa-Santiago presented no proof that the drug traffickers whom
he feared worked for the Guatemalan government. The evidence in the record does
not compel the conclusion that Sosa-Santiago would more likely than not be
tortured upon removal by, or with the acquiescence of, the Guatemalan
government. See Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1031 (9th Cir. 2014).
4
We therefore deny the petition with respect to the BIA’s denial of Sosa-Santiago’s
CAT claim.
4. Costs shall be awarded to the petitioner.
GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.
5