MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED
May 19 2016, 9:04 am
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
CLERK
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
regarded as precedent or cited before any and Tax Court
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Oliver S. Younge Pamela Buchanan
Younge Law Office Buchanan & Bruggenschmidt, P.C.
Indianapolis, Indiana Zionsville, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Courtney Allen, May 19, 2016
Appellant-Respondent, Court of Appeals Case No.
06A05-1509-DR-1399
v. Appeal from the Boone Superior
Court
Jeffrey Shelburne, The Honorable J. Jeffrey Edens,
Appellee-Petitioner Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
06D02-1106-DR-96
Bailey, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] C.A. (“Mother”) appeals a custody modification order granting the physical
and legal custody of K.S. to J.S. (“Father”). Mother presents the issue of
whether the modification order is clearly erroneous.1 We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] K.S. was born in 2010. After their 2012 divorce, Mother and Father shared the
physical and legal custody of K.S. However, disputes arose with regard to
K.S.’s medical care. Mother made allegations of child abuse against Father and
Father filed petitions seeking to have Mother held in contempt of court. In
2014, Mother filed a petition for custody modification. 2
[3] The trial court appointed a Guardian Ad Litem (“GAL”) for K.S. and ordered
Mother to complete a psychological test. The trial court conducted three
hearings, on November 5, 2014, April 22, 2015, and May 6, 2015. During the
second hearing, the trial court heard evidence on Father’s emergency custody
petition. He was granted sole medical decision-making authority with regard to
K.S. After the final hearing, the trial court modified the existing custody order
such that Father has the sole physical and legal custody of K.S. and Mother has
1
Mother also purportedly raises an issue of whether the trial court complied with Indiana Code Section 31-
17-4-1, which concerns restriction of a non-custodial parent’s parenting time. Mother was granted parenting
time pursuant to the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines, without restrictions. Thus, it is readily apparent
that the statute is not implicated by the trial court’s order.
2
Father subsequently filed his own petition for custody modification.
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parenting time pursuant to the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines. The trial
court’s decision stated that the most significant weight had been given to the
reports of the GAL and the psychologist who conducted testing of Mother.
[4] Mother filed a motion to correct error, which was denied without a hearing.
Mother now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
Standard of Review
[5] We review the grant or denial of a motion to correct error for an abuse of
discretion. Williamson v. Williamson, 825 N.E.2d 33, 44 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005).
Also, a custody modification order is reviewed for an abuse of discretion, with a
preference for granting deference to the trial judge in a family matter. Wilson v.
Myers, 997 N.E.2d 338, 340 (Ind. 2013). When the trial court enters findings
sua sponte, the findings control only as to the issues they cover, while a general
judgment standard applies to any issue upon which the court has not found.
Julie C. v. Andrew C., 924 N.E.2d 1249, 1255 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). We will
affirm the general judgment on any legal theory supported by the evidence,
considering only the evidence and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom that
support the findings. Id. at 1255-56. We neither reweigh the evidence nor
judge the credibility of the witnesses. Id. at 1256.
[6] The trial court may modify a child custody order when “(1) the modification is
in the best interests of the child; and (2) there is a substantial change in one or
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more of the factors that the court may consider under section 8 and, if
applicable, section 8.5 of this chapter.” Ind. Code § 31-17-2-21(a). The trial
court is required to consider the factors of section 8, which include: the child’s
age and sex; the wishes of the parent(s); the child’s wishes; the relationship the
child has with his or her parent(s), sibling(s), and others; the child’s adjustment
to home, school, and community; the mental and physical health of all
involved; any evidence of domestic or family violence; and any evidence that
the child has been cared for by a de facto custodian. I.C. § 31-17-2-8(1)-(8).
Analysis
[7] The trial court entered extensive findings articulating its reasons for the custody
modification decision. In relevant part, the court found that both parties were
in agreement that the joint custody arrangement should be modified; the
parents had refused to communicate regarding K.S.’s health care needs; K.S.
could suffer harm in the future as a result of such dysfunctional
communication; one parent needed to be responsible for K.S.’s care; Father was
better suited to do so; Mother had shown a pattern of being disconnected and
perhaps delusional about K.S.’s physical health; Mother overstated the severity
of K.S.’s physical symptoms and believed K.S. to be a special needs child;
despite being held in contempt of court, Mother had continued to withhold
pertinent medical information from Father; Mother had not enrolled in a
parental advocacy program although she had agreed to do so; Father’s home
provided a safer environment for K.S.; and Mother had not followed through
with therapy recommendations.
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[8] Mother’s challenge to the decision is two-fold. She argues that the trial court
ignored favorable evidence of her parenting skills and failed to address the
majority of the factors of Indiana Code Section 31-17-2-8. Mother describes
herself as “proactive in facilitating the child’s progress and health.” Appellant’s
Br. at 25-26. Indeed, there was testimony that Mother had sought appropriate
medical care for K.S. and that he has benefitted from physical therapy and
behavioral therapy.
[9] However, the record is replete with evidence that the parents have not
historically communicated well in implementing medical advice. Mother has
been found in contempt of court for refusal to include Father in medical
decision-making. Also, she was described as being uncooperative with court-
appointed professionals. A recent episode concerning duplication of a
prescription was perceived by the trial court to be indicative of future possible
harm to K.S. After the appointment of successive GALs, multiple contempt of
court citations, a psychological evaluation, many DCS and police investigations
without substantiation of abuse, and an emergency hearing, the trial court
determined that K.S.’s best interests would be served by one parent’s
designation as the primary decision-maker and custodian. The trial court
concluded that Father was the parent better suited to fulfill that role.
[10] Mother’s claim that the trial court wrongly emphasized the opinion of a non-
physician psychologist while ignoring testimony from K.S.’s therapist as to
Mother’s excellent parental participation is an invitation to reweigh the
evidence. We decline to do so. An appellate court may not substitute its own
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judgment for that of the trial court if evidence or legitimate inferences support
the decision. Best v. Best, 941 N.E.2d 499, 503 (Ind. 2011). In short, there is
evidence that both parents are caring and attentive to K.S.’s needs. The
testimony of the expert and court-appointed witnesses is not without conflict.
In light of the trial court’s unique position to personally hear and adjudge the
credibility of each witness, “we continue to give substantial deference to the
trial court’s determination of family law matters.” In re Visitation of L-A.D.W.,
38 N.E.3d 993, 998 (Ind. 2015).
[11] As for Mother’s insistence that the trial court erred in failing to “examine or
address” each of the designated statutory factors, we are unpersuaded.
Appellant’s Br. at 15. Although the trial court is to consider the relevant
statutory factors, there is no corresponding requirement that the trial court
articulate a specific finding with regard to each. The “crucial supporting
findings” upon which a custody modification order will be upheld consist of a
finding that there has been a substantial change in at least one of the statutory
factors, and that modification is in the child’s best interests. Best, 941 N.E.2d at
502-03.3 Such findings were made in this case, supported by the evidence and
reasonable inferences.
Conclusion
3
We observe that Mother did not make a timely request for findings and conclusions pursuant to Indiana
Trial Rule 52.
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[12] Mother has not demonstrated that the trial court abused its discretion.
[13] Affirmed.
Bradford, J., and Altice, J., concur.
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