Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
May 24, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 47212-1-II
Respondent,
v.
MICHAEL ELI McBEE, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
SUTTON, J. – Michael Eli McBee appeals his jury trial conviction for the second degree
assault of Deborah Headland. 1 He argues that (1) his right to a unanimous jury verdict was
violated because the trial court failed to give a unanimity instruction and the State failed to elect
what act constituted the assault of Deborah,2 (2) his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance
of counsel by failing to request a unanimity instruction, and (3) the judgment and sentence does
not show that a second degree unlawful possession of a firearm charge (count VI) was dismissed.
Because the record shows that the State elected what act supported the assault charge involving
Deborah, McBee’s unanimity instruction and ineffective assistance of counsel arguments fail. The
State, however, concedes that the judgment and sentence fails to note that the second degree
unlawful possession of a firearm charge was dismissed. Accordingly, we affirm the convictions
1
The jury also convicted McBee of the second degree assault of Steve Norman, first degree
burglary, and second degree malicious mischief. McBee also pleaded guilty to the second degree
assault of Kevin Headland. McBee does not challenge these convictions.
2
Because this case involves both Deborah Headland and her husband Kevin Headland, we refer
to the Headlands by their first names to avoid confusion; we intend no disrespect.
No. 47212-1-II
and sentences but remand to the trial court to amend the judgment and sentence to reflect that count
VI was dismissed with prejudice.
FACTS
I. BACKGROUND
McBee and Kevin Headland were neighbors. On March 18, 2013, they were involved in
a physical altercation after McBee’s dog wrapped its leash around Kevin’s legs.
On March 26, Kevin was in his garage visiting and drinking beer with his friend Steve
Norman. Kevin’s wife Deborah arrived home and visited with the two men in the garage for a
while. A short time later, McBee entered the garage and, apparently mistaking Norman for Kevin,
started to shoot at Norman. McBee then looked at Norman and announced, “You are a dead mother
f[***]er.” 3 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 117-18.
Kevin ran out the side door of the garage, and fled to a neighbor’s house. As he ran, Kevin
saw a bullet tear up the grass at his feet. Kevin called 911 from the neighbor’s house. As he made
the call, he heard more gunfire from the direction of his house.
As Kevin fled, Norman attempted to run into the Headland’s house, but he was unable to
enter through the adjoining door because it was locked. When he turned around, McBee was about
six feet away pointing a gun at his (Norman’s) face. Norman plead for his life, and McBee told
him to get out. Norman fled to a neighbor’s house, and the neighbor called the police. Norman
then heard more gunfire.
According to Kevin, Deborah was just entering the house when the shooting started.
According to Norman, Deborah was still in the garage when the shooting started, and she fled into
the house. But, according to Deborah, she had already left the garage and was in the house doing
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No. 47212-1-II
dishes when the shooting started; she locked the door between the garage and the house when she
heard the gunfire and called 911.
While Deborah was calling 911, McBee come around the back of the house and fired a
single shot through the sliding glass door, shattering the door. Deborah later testified that when
McBee fired through the glass door, she “felt it was aimed right at [her].” 3 RP at 189. McBee
then walked into the house through the shattered glass door; attempted to open the bedroom doors,
apparently in search of Kevin; and told Deborah that he was “going to kill the son of a bitch.”
3 RP at 185. When he was unable to find Kevin, McBee left the house through the glass door,
walked to his house less than a quarter of a mile away, and refused to leave his house for several
hours before surrendering to law enforcement.
II. PROCEDURE
The State charged McBee with attempted first degree murder of Kevin (count I), first
degree assault of Deborah (count II), first degree assault of Norman (count III), first degree
burglary (count IV), second degree malicious mischief (count V), and second degree unlawful
possession of a firearm (count VI).3 The parties agreed to dismiss the second degree unlawful
possession of a firearm charge. The remaining charges were tried by a jury.
Deborah, Kevin, and Norman testified as described above. McBee presented voluntary
intoxication and diminished capacity defenses.
3
The State also alleged firearm sentencing enhancements on charges I through V.
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No. 47212-1-II
A. JURY INSTRUCTIONS
In discussing the proposed jury instructions, the parties discussed the propriety of the
State’s proposed transferred intent instruction.4 During the course of this discussion, the trial court
asked defense counsel whether it should give a Petrich5 unanimity instruction on count II, the first
degree assault charge of Deborah. Defense counsel initially stated that he did not “think so,” but
he later stated that if the trial court gave the transferred intent instruction that the court “could give
the Petrich instruction,” but counsel was “not necessarily sure it is necessary.” 6 RP at 519.
The court’s instructions to the jury included the transferred intent instruction immediately
after instructing the jury on count III, the assault of Norman. The court’s instructions did not,
however, contain any language limiting the application of the transferred intent instruction to count
III or a Petrich instruction.
During its closing argument, when discussing count I (the attempted murder of Kevin) and
count III (the assault of Norman), the State acknowledged that the testimony differed on where
Deborah was when McBee fired the initial shots:
Now, again, there is some discrepancy between the witnesses, which was
Deborah Headland in the garage or had she already gone in the house? I believe it
was Stephen Norman believes she was in the garage, perhaps it was Kevin. At any
rate, there is a discrepancy as to whether she was in the garage or not. She testified
she had gone inside the house. She testified that she had done that before any
shooting had happened whatsoever.
4
Defense counsel argued that the State intended to argue transferred intent as to both assault
charges, counts II and III. The State, however, asserted that it was only planning to argue
transferred intent as to count III, which pertained to the assault of Norman.
5
State v. Petrich, 101 Wn.2d 566, 572, 683 P.2d 173 (1984).
4
No. 47212-1-II
8 RP at 726. After acknowledging this discrepancy in the testimony, the State then returned to
discussing counts I and III, focusing in large part on the fact McBee had shot at Norman when he
(McBee) fired into the garage.
When the State presented its argument about count II, however, its argument focused
entirely on the shots McBee fired when Deborah was inside the house.
These two photos show the immediate aftermath of the shooting in the
garage. This is taken from approximately the back door into the house where
Deborah Headland was. Remember, she was on the phone with 911 in the kitchen
at the time the defendant came to the back door. She had seen Kevin Headland go
by. She did not see the defendant until he blasted out the back door. She’s standing
in the kitchen in the line of fire. She described the bullet as ricochetting around her
house. If you recall the testimony of the forensic officer, he found the bullet laying
on the couch, lo and behold.
8 RP at 742-43.
B. VERDICTS AND JUDGMENT AND SENTENCE
The jury found McBee guilty of the lesser included offenses of second degree assault on
counts II and III, first degree burglary, and second degree malicious mischief. The jury was unable
to reach a unanimous verdict on the attempted first degree murder charge, and the trial court
declared a mistrial on that charge. McBee later pled guilty to a lesser charge of second degree
assault against Kevin. The judgment and sentence does not mention that count VI had been
dismissed.
McBee appeals his conviction for the second degree assault of Deborah and argues that the
judgment and sentence failed to state that count VI had been dismissed.
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No. 47212-1-II
ANALYSIS
I. UNANIMITY ISSUES
McBee argues that his right to a unanimous verdict on count II, the assault charge related
to Deborah, was violated because the State failed to elect what act constituted the assault and the
trial court did not give a unanimity instruction. He contends that because there was conflicting
evidence regarding whether Deborah was in the garage when McBee fired the first shots, the jury
could have found that the assault occurred when he fired the shots in the garage or when he shot
into the house through the sliding glass door.6 He further argues that defense counsel’s failure to
request a unanimity instruction was ineffective assistance of counsel. The State argues that no
unanimity instruction was required because the State elected the assaultive act in its closing
argument.7 We agree with the State.
A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
Criminal defendants have a right to a unanimous jury verdict. Wash. Const. art. I, § 21;
State v. Sandholm, 184 Wn.2d 726, 732, 364 P.3d 87 (2015). If the State presents evidence of
multiple acts that could constitute the crime charged, the State “must tell the jury which act to rely
on in its deliberations or the court must instruct the jury to agree on a specific criminal act.” State
6
McBee also argues that (1) the two possible assaults against Deborah were not a continuing
course of conduct and (2) the lack of a unanimity instruction was not invited error. Because we
hold that the State elected the specific act, we do not address these arguments.
7
The State also argues that (1) McBee invited any potential error by refusing the trial court’s
invitation to provide a unanimity instruction, and (2) no unanimity instruction was required
because the assault was based on a continuing course of conduct. Because we hold that the State
elected the specific act during its closing argument, we do not address these arguments.
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No. 47212-1-II
v. Kitchen, 110 Wn.2d 403, 409, 756 P.2d 105 (1988) (citing State v. Petrich, 101 Wn.2d 566, 572,
683 P.2d 173 (1984); State v Workman, 66 Wash. 292, 294-95, 119 P. 751 (1911)), abrogated on
other grounds by In re Pers. Restraint of Stockwell, 179 Wn.2d 588, 316 P.3d 1007 (2014). Failure
to do so is constitutional error because of “the possibility that some jurors may have relied on one
act or incident and some another, resulting in a lack of unanimity on all of the elements necessary
for a valid conviction.” Kitchen, 110 Wn.2d at 411.
But the multiple acts instruction applies only when the State fails to elect the act upon
which it will rely for conviction. State v. Carson, 184 Wn.2d 207, 227-28, 357 P.3d 1064 (2015).
Our Supreme Court recently clarified what constitutes a successful election by the State:
We have never held that the State’s election of an act must be ratified by
the court or incorporated into the charging document or jury instructions in order
to be effective. On the contrary, and as our use of the phrase “tell the jury” in
Kitchen suggests, [110 Wn.2d at 409] (emphasis added), an election can be made
by the prosecuting attorney in a verbal statement to the jury as long as the
prosecution “clearly identifie[s] the act upon which” the charge in question is based.
State v. Thompson, 169 Wn. App. 436, 474-75, 290 P.3d 996 (2012) (“[b]ecause
the State clearly identified the act upon which the sexual motivation allegation was
based” in its closing argument, “no unanimity instruction was necessary”);
compare, e.g., id., and In re Pers. Restraint of Delgado, 160 Wn. App. 898, 902,
251 P.3d 899 (2011) (prosecutor “‘clearly elected . . . the criminal acts associated
with the two counts during its closing arguments’”. . . , with State v. Williams, 136
Wn. App. 486, 497, 150 P.3d 111 (2007) (no clear election in closing argument
where prosecutor “emphasized” one act over others but did not “expressly elect to
rely on” one act “in seeking the conviction”).
Carson, 184 Wn.2d at 227-28 (some alterations in original)(footnote omitted).
B. STATE’S ELECTION
As noted above, although the State mentioned that there was conflicting evidence as to
whether Deborah was in the garage when McBee started firing his gun into the garage, the State’s
argument about count II clearly directed the jury to consider McBee’s shooting into the house
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No. 47212-1-II
through the sliding glass door in relation to this charge. Although the State discussed its transferred
intent theory, nothing in the State’s argument suggested that it was basing count II on the shooting
in the garage. Thus, the State elected the act that was the basis of count II and no unanimity
instruction was required.
McBee also argues that defense counsel’s failure to request a unanimity instruction was
ineffective assistance of counsel. To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, McBee must show
both deficient performance and resulting prejudice. State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 334-35,
899 P.2d 1251 (1995). Because no unanimity instruction was required, McBee does not show that
defense counsel’s failure to request such an instruction was deficient performance. Accordingly,
these arguments fail.
II. FAILURE TO NOTE COUNT VI’S DISMISSAL
Finally, McBee argues that the judgment and sentence does not state that count VI, the
second degree unlawful possession of a firearm charge, was dismissed. The State concedes that
the judgment and sentence does not reflect that count VI was dismissed and asks that we remand
the case for entry of “an order amending the judgment to reflect the dismissed count or an
independent order doing the same.” Br. of Resp’t at 13. The judgment and sentence does not state
that count VI was dismissed. We accept the State’s concession.
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No. 47212-1-II
Accordingly, we affirm the convictions and sentences but remand to the trial court to
amend the judgment and sentence to reflect that count VI was dismissed with prejudice.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
SUTTON, J.
We concur:
JOHANSON, P.J.
MELNICK, J.
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