IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FIFTH DISTRICT
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED
RAMON DAVID SENGER,
Appellant,
v. Case No. 5D13-1961
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
________________________________/
Opinion filed May 27, 2016
Appeal from the Circuit Court
for Orange County,
Margaret H. Schreiber, Judge.
Harry E. Geissinger, III, Palm Beach,
for Appellant.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Douglas T. Squire,
Assistant Attorney General, Daytona
Beach, for Appellee.
LAMBERT, J.
Ramon David Senger (“Senger”) appeals his dual convictions under sections
847.0135(3)(b) and 847.0135(4)(b), Florida Statutes (2011)—using a computer to solicit
a person believed to be a parent for sex with a minor (“solicitation”) and traveling after
using a computer to solicit a person believed to be a parent for sex with a minor (“traveling
after solicitation"). Following the denial of his dispositive motions to dismiss, Senger
tendered an open, nolo contendere plea to both charges, reserving his right to appeal the
denial of his motions. After a lengthy sentencing hearing, the trial court adjudicated
Senger guilty on both counts and imposed a downward departure sentence of two years
of community control on each count, followed by three years of sex offender probation for
the solicitation charge, and eight years of sex offender probation for the traveling after
solicitation charge, with the sentences running concurrently.1 Senger was also
designated as a sex offender pursuant to section 943.0435, Florida Statutes (2011).
Senger raises the following six issues on appeal: (1) the court erred in denying his
separate motions to dismiss based on entrapment; (2) the court erred in not withholding
an adjudication of guilt; (3) the court erred in designating him as a sex offender; (4) the
court erred when it imposed sex offender probation; (5) sections 847.0135(3)(b) and
(4)(b), Florida Statutes (2011), are unconstitutional; and (6) the convictions on both
counts violate double jeopardy. Based on the facts of this case and, as the State
commendably acknowledges, recent precedent from the Florida Supreme Court, double
jeopardy principles prohibit separate convictions for both counts. Accordingly, we reverse
Senger’s conviction and vacate his sentence on the solicitation count, as it is the lesser
offense. Thus, our analysis as to the issues raised by Senger will be limited to his
conviction and sentence for traveling after solicitation.
1A defendant may appeal a conviction based on a nolo contendere plea only if he
expressly reserves the right to appeal an order from the trial court denying a dispositive
motion. See Brown v. State, 376 So. 2d 382, 384 (Fla. 1979); see also Fla. R. App. P.
9.140(b)(2)(A)(i). In the instant case, Senger’s dispositive motions to dismiss were based
on subjective entrapment, objective entrapment, and the constitutionality of section
847.0135(3)(b) and (4)(b), Florida Statutes (2011).
2
advertisement were affirmative and arguably enthusiastic, as evidenced by his offers to
actively participate in providing sexual teaching and guidance to what Senger believed
was a fourteen-year-old girl.5
Sentencing
Additionally, Senger raises three claims of sentencing error. Senger argues that
he should not have been adjudicated guilty, should not be designated as a sexual
offender, and should not have been placed on sex offender probation. We conclude that
Senger has not preserved these alleged errors for appellate review.
“To preserve error for appellate review, the general rule is a contemporaneous,
specific objection must occur . . . at the time of the alleged error.” Gore v. State, 964 So.
2d 1257, 1265 (Fla. 2007) (citations omitted). Here, no objections were raised by Senger
at the sentencing hearing to any of the claimed errors. Nevertheless, a “sentencing error,”
which is an error in the sentence-related order, as opposed to an error in the sentencing
process, may also be preserved for review by the filing of a Florida Rule of Criminal
Procedure 3.800(b)(2) motion to correct sentencing error during the pendency of the
appeal. Jackson v. State, 983 So. 2d 562, 572–73 (Fla. 2008).
In the present case, the errors asserted by Senger are sentencing errors and he
did file a rule 3.800(b)(2) motion during this appeal. However, his motion was untimely.
Rule 3.800(b)(2) requires that the motion “must be served before the party’s first brief is
served.” Senger filed his motion after filing his initial brief, thereby failing to preserve the
sentencing errors for appellate review.
5 We reject Senger’s other arguments on entrapment without further discussion.
8
Caldwell, 247 So. 2d 1, 3 (Fla. 1971), and that we are obligated to interpret statutes in
such a manner as to uphold their constitutionality if it is reasonably possible to do so.
Capital City Country Club v. Tucker, 613 So. 2d 448, 452 (Fla. 1993) (citation omitted).
“[T]he doctrines of overbreadth and vagueness are separate and distinct.” Se.
Fisheries Ass’n v. Dep’t of Nat. Res., 453 So. 2d 1351, 1353 (Fla. 1984). A statute is void
for vagueness if it fails to provide “a person of ordinary intelligence fair notice of what
constitutes forbidden conduct.” Sieniarecki v. State, 756 So. 2d 68, 74 (Fla. 2000)
(quoting Brown v. State, 629 So. 2d 841, 842–43 (Fla. 1994)). “The overbreadth doctrine
applies only if the legislation ‘is susceptible of application to conduct protected by the First
Amendment.’” Se. Fisheries Ass’n, 453 So. 2d at 1353 (quoting Carricarte v. State, 384
So. 2d 1261, 1262 (Fla. 1980)).
Section 847.0135(4)(b), which is being challenged by Senger, provides:
(4) Traveling to meet a minor.--Any person who
travels any distance either within this state, to this state, or
from this state by any means, who attempts to do so, or who
causes another to do so or to attempt to do so for the purpose
of engaging in any illegal act described in chapter 794,
chapter 800, or chapter 827, or to otherwise engage in other
unlawful sexual conduct with a child or with another person
believed by the person to be a child after using a computer
online service, Internet service, local bulletin board service, or
any other device capable of electronic data storage or
transmission to:
....
(b) Solicit, lure, or entice or attempt to solicit, lure, or
entice a parent, legal guardian, or custodian of a child or a
person believed to be a parent, legal guardian, or custodian
of a child to consent to the participation of such child in any
act described in chapter 794, chapter 800, or chapter 827, or
to otherwise engage in any sexual conduct,
12
Statutes were unconstitutional for being overly broad, void for vagueness, and in violation
of Senger’s right to free speech. This motion was also denied after a hearing.
Senger thereafter tendered an open, nolo contendere plea to both charges.
Contemporaneous with his plea, Senger executed a document titled “Special Conditions
for Sex Offenders per F.S. 948.30” in which he agreed to specific conditions of sex
offender probation. Senger testified at the plea hearing that he had freely and voluntarily
executed this document with the understanding that, as a result of his plea, he would be
subject to these special conditions. At the later sentencing hearing, Senger successfully
argued for the imposition of what amounted to a significant downward departure
sentence, acknowledging however that the court would impose the special conditions of
sex offender probation and that he would have to register as a sex offender.4
Entrapment
Senger argued in his motions to dismiss below, and argues here, that he was
entrapped as a matter of law by the actions of law enforcement under both the subjective
and objective standards. In considering a trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss
founded on entrapment, our standard of review is de novo. Bist v. State, 35 So. 3d 936,
939 (Fla. 5th DCA 2010) (citing State v. Perkins, 977 So. 2d 643, 644 (Fla. 5th DCA
2008)).
The defense of objective entrapment is evaluated under the due process provision
of article I, section 9, of the Florida Constitution. Munoz v. State, 629 So. 2d 90, 98 (Fla.
1993). The “‘[o]bjective entrapment analysis focuses on the conduct of law enforcement’
and ‘operates as a bar to prosecution in those instances where the government’s conduct
4 The State has not challenged the downward departure sentence.
5
so offends decency or a sense of justice that it amounts to a denial of due process.’”
State v. Henderson, 955 So. 2d 1193, 1194 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007) (quoting Davis v. State,
937 So. 2d 300, 302 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006)).
Senger essentially argues that, considering he has no prior arrests or criminal
history, was not the target of a criminal investigation, and had no prior improper sexual
contact with minor children, either in person or over the Internet, the previously described
actions of law enforcement were so egregious that due process principles should
“absolutely bar the government from invoking judicial processes to obtain a conviction.”
State v. Glosson, 462 So. 2d 1082, 1084 (Fla. 1985) (quoting United States v. Russell,
411 U.S. 423, 431–32 (1973)). We disagree. Here, law enforcement did not specifically
target Senger. Rather, it simply presented an opportunity and waited until Senger
contacted them. This activity is not prohibited. Bist, 35 So. 3d at 940 (citing State v.
Dickinson, 370 So. 2d 762, 763 (Fla. 1979)); see also State v. Murphy, 124 So. 3d 323,
330 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013) (finding “nothing egregious or outrageous” in online
advertisement for sex with minor used in targeting child-sex predators), disapproved on
other grounds, State v. Shelley, 176 So. 3d 914, 916 (Fla. 2015).
The defense of subjective entrapment is codified at section 777.201, Florida
Statutes (2011), which provides:
(1) A law enforcement officer, a person engaged in
cooperation with a law enforcement officer, or a person acting
as an agent of a law enforcement officer perpetrates an
entrapment if, for the purpose of obtaining evidence of the
commission of a crime, he or she induces or encourages and,
as a direct result, causes another person to engage in conduct
constituting such crime by employing methods of persuasion
or inducement which create a substantial risk that such crime
will be committed by a person other than one who is ready to
commit it.
6
(2) A person prosecuted for a crime shall be acquitted
if the person proves by a preponderance of the evidence that
his or her criminal conduct occurred as a result of an
entrapment. The issue of entrapment shall be tried by the trier
of fact.
Subjective entrapment “focuses on inducement of the accused based on an apparent lack
of predisposition to commit the offense.” Henderson, 955 So. 2d at 1194 (quoting Davis,
937 So. 2d at 302). The analysis for subjective entrapment under section 777.201
involves a three-step inquiry. First, “whether an agent of the government induced the
accused to commit the offense charged”; second, “whether the accused was predisposed
to commit the offense charged”; and third, “whether the entrapment evaluation should be
submitted to a jury.” Munoz, 629 So. 2d at 99–100.
We find that the trial court did not err in denying Senger’s motion to dismiss based
on subjective entrapment. Senger basically argues that the undisputed evidence of his
lack of a prior criminal history and no inappropriate involvement with minor children
conclusively establishes his lack of predisposition to commit this crime. However, the
issue of the lack of predisposition is not reached if the first step—inducement—is not
established. Munoz, 629 So. 2d at 99. Here, we need not reach Senger’s claim of lack
of predisposition, as there was no inducement because “[n]either mere solicitation nor the
creation of opportunities to commit an offense comprises inducement.” Marreel v. State,
841 So. 2d 600, 603 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003). “Inducement can be found only when the
government has ventured beyond a simple offer, say, by pleading with a defendant . . . .”
United States v. Gifford, 17 F.3d 462, 468 (1st Cir. 1994) (citations omitted). The
evidence before the trial court sufficiently demonstrated that the government was not
“pleading” with Senger, rather, Senger’s responses to law enforcement’s Craigslist
7
advertisement were affirmative and arguably enthusiastic, as evidenced by his offers to
actively participate in providing sexual teaching and guidance to what Senger believed
was a fourteen-year-old girl.5
Sentencing
Additionally, Senger raises three claims of sentencing error. Senger argues that
he should not have been adjudicated guilty, should not be designated as a sexual
offender, and should not have been placed on sex offender probation. We conclude that
Senger has not preserved these alleged errors for appellate review.
“To preserve error for appellate review, the general rule is a contemporaneous,
specific objection must occur . . . at the time of the alleged error.” Gore v. State, 964 So.
2d 1257, 1265 (Fla. 2007) (citations omitted). Here, no objections were raised by Senger
at the sentencing hearing to any of the claimed errors. Nevertheless, a “sentencing error,”
which is an error in the sentence-related order, as opposed to an error in the sentencing
process, may also be preserved for review by the filing of a Florida Rule of Criminal
Procedure 3.800(b)(2) motion to correct sentencing error during the pendency of the
appeal. Jackson v. State, 983 So. 2d 562, 572–73 (Fla. 2008).
In the present case, the errors asserted by Senger are sentencing errors and he
did file a rule 3.800(b)(2) motion during this appeal. However, his motion was untimely.
Rule 3.800(b)(2) requires that the motion “must be served before the party’s first brief is
served.” Senger filed his motion after filing his initial brief, thereby failing to preserve the
sentencing errors for appellate review.
5 We reject Senger’s other arguments on entrapment without further discussion.
8
We further conclude that even if the claimed sentencing errors had been
reviewable, Senger’s arguments are meritless. First, the decision by a trial court to
impose or withhold an adjudication of guilt is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See
Sanchez v. State, 541 So. 2d 1140, 1141 (Fla. 1989) (quoting § 948.01(3), Fla. Stat.
(1985)). Senger acknowledges that because the charge of traveling after solicitation is a
second-degree felony, section 775.08435, Florida Statutes (2011), provides that a court
may not withhold an adjudication of guilt unless either the State requests it or the court
makes written findings reasonably justifying the withholding of an adjudication of guilt
based on circumstances or factors in accordance with those set forth in section 921.0026,
Florida Statutes (2011), which outlines mitigating factors that a court may consider in
determining whether to impose a downward departure sentence.
In this case, the State did not request that the court withhold an adjudication of
guilt. On the record before us, we do not find that the court either abused its discretion
or had some misconception of the controlling principle of law in adjudicating Senger guilty.
The trial court heard extensive argument during these entire proceedings, held a lengthy
sentencing hearing, and was clearly aware of its ability to withhold an adjudication of guilt
if so warranted. To the extent Senger is arguing that because the court separately found
sufficient grounds under section 921.0026 to impose the downward departure sentence,
the court was required to withhold an adjudication of guilt, we disagree.
Second, we conclude that the trial court correctly designated Senger as a sex
offender. The designation of a defendant as a sex offender is governed by section
943.0435, Florida Statutes (2011). A trial court’s decision to designate a defendant as a
sexual offender is an issue of statutory interpretation and is reviewed de novo. See K.J.F.
9
v. State, 44 So. 3d 1204, 1206 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010) (citing E.A.R. v. State, 4 So. 3d 614,
629 (Fla. 2009)).
Section 943.0435(1)(a)1. defines a “sexual offender” as, inter alia, a person who:
Has been convicted of committing, or attempting,
soliciting, or conspiring to commit, any of the criminal offenses
proscribed in the following statutes in this state or similar
offenses in another jurisdiction: s. 787.01, s. 787.02, or s.
787.025(2)(c), where the victim is a minor and the defendant
is not the victim’s parent or guardian; s. 794.011, excluding s.
794.011(10); s. 794.05; s. 796.03; s. 796.035; s. 800.04; s.
825.1025; s. 827.071; s. 847.0133; s. 847.0135, excluding s.
847.0135(6); s. 847.0137; s. 847.0138; s. 847.0145; or s.
985.701(1) . . . .
§ 943.0435(1)(a)1.a.(I), Fla. Stat. (2011) (emphasis added).
Senger was adjudicated guilty of violating section 847.0135(4)(b). The plain
language of section 943.0435 requires that the court designate a defendant as a sexual
offender if convicted of committing a criminal offense under section 847.0135, unless it is
a conviction for violating section 847.0135(6), which, in this case, it is not. Thus, Senger
was properly designated as a sex offender.
Third, Senger argues that the court should not have placed him on sex offender
probation. He contends that the imposition of sex offender probation pursuant to section
948.30, Florida Statutes, is improper because his conviction is not for one of the
enumerated offenses to which sex offender probation applies.
Senger is accurate that his conviction for traveling after solicitation is not one of
the enumerated crimes under section 948.30. In Arias v. State, 65 So. 3d 104, 105 (Fla.
5th DCA 2011), this court reversed the imposition of sex offender conditions of probation
pursuant to section 948.30 because the crime committed by Mr. Arias was not one of the
specified crimes. Nevertheless, Arias is distinguishable from the present case in two
10
significant ways. First, unlike the present case, the trial court did not find Arias to be a
sexual offender. Second, Arias did not agree to sexual offender probation. We find that
the present case is more analogous to Ackermann v. State, 962 So. 2d 407, 408 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2007), in which our sister court held that a defendant may not be sentenced to drug
offender probation unless he has been convicted of a specifically enumerated drug
offense or has specifically agreed to such probation in a plea agreement.
Admittedly, Senger did not have a plea agreement with the State. However, in his
open plea to the court, Senger specifically agreed to be bound by the special conditions
of sex offender probation as part of his effort to convince the trial court to impose a
downward departure sentence. Having been successful in that endeavor, and due to the
nature of the conviction, we believe it entirely appropriate that the trial court imposed sex
offender probation.
Constitutionality of Section 847.0135(4)(b)
Senger next argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss based
upon the unconstitutionality of section 847.0135(4)(b). He argues that the statute is
overbroad, void for vagueness, and that because his conversation was with an adult, and
not a child, this statute is criminalizing “adult communications between adults,” which
violates his right to freedom of speech under the First Amendment of the United States
Constitution. We find no error.
A trial court’s decision regarding the constitutionality of a statute is reviewed de
novo because it presents a pure question of law. Dep’t of Ins. v. Keys Title & Abstract
Co., 741 So. 2d 599, 601 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999). In our analysis, we are reminded that
there is a strong presumption that statutes are constitutionally valid, In re Estate of
11
Caldwell, 247 So. 2d 1, 3 (Fla. 1971), and that we are obligated to interpret statutes in
such a manner as to uphold their constitutionality if it is reasonably possible to do so.
Capital City Country Club v. Tucker, 613 So. 2d 448, 452 (Fla. 1993) (citation omitted).
“[T]he doctrines of overbreadth and vagueness are separate and distinct.” Se.
Fisheries Ass’n v. Dep’t of Nat. Res., 453 So. 2d 1351, 1353 (Fla. 1984). A statute is void
for vagueness if it fails to provide “a person of ordinary intelligence fair notice of what
constitutes forbidden conduct.” Sieniarecki v. State, 756 So. 2d 68, 74 (Fla. 2000)
(quoting Brown v. State, 629 So. 2d 841, 842–43 (Fla. 1994)). “The overbreadth doctrine
applies only if the legislation ‘is susceptible of application to conduct protected by the First
Amendment.’” Se. Fisheries Ass’n, 453 So. 2d at 1353 (quoting Carricarte v. State, 384
So. 2d 1261, 1262 (Fla. 1980)).
Section 847.0135(4)(b), which is being challenged by Senger, provides:
(4) Traveling to meet a minor.--Any person who
travels any distance either within this state, to this state, or
from this state by any means, who attempts to do so, or who
causes another to do so or to attempt to do so for the purpose
of engaging in any illegal act described in chapter 794,
chapter 800, or chapter 827, or to otherwise engage in other
unlawful sexual conduct with a child or with another person
believed by the person to be a child after using a computer
online service, Internet service, local bulletin board service, or
any other device capable of electronic data storage or
transmission to:
....
(b) Solicit, lure, or entice or attempt to solicit, lure, or
entice a parent, legal guardian, or custodian of a child or a
person believed to be a parent, legal guardian, or custodian
of a child to consent to the participation of such child in any
act described in chapter 794, chapter 800, or chapter 827, or
to otherwise engage in any sexual conduct,
12
commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as
provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
Senger’s arguments are meritless. First, a person of ordinary intelligence would
readily understand that using a computer to communicate with a person who appears to
be the parent of a minor child to obtain consent to having anal and oral sex with the child
is a criminal act. Second, this statute cannot be construed to be applicable to protected
conduct. Third, Senger is not entitled to protection under the First Amendment. The State
clearly has a compelling interest in protecting minors from being lured to engage in illegal
sexual acts, Simmons v. State, 944 So. 2d 317, 334 (Fla. 2006), and speech that is used
to further the sexual exploitation of children most certainly does not enjoy constitutional
protection. Cashatt v. State, 873 So. 2d 430, 435 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004); see also United
States v. Hornaday, 392 F.3d 1306, 1311 (11th Cir. 2004) (rejecting defendant’s frivolous
First Amendment argument because “[s]peech attempting to arrange the sexual abuse of
children is no more constitutionally protected than speech attempting to arrange any other
type of crime”).
Double Jeopardy
Lastly, Senger argues that his separate convictions for solicitation and traveling
after solicitation violate the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy. We agree.
In State v. Shelley, 176 So. 3d 914, 919 (Fla. 2015), the court held, based on the
plain language of section 847.0135, that the Legislature had not explicitly stated its intent
to authorize separate convictions and punishments for conduct that constituted both
solicitation under section 847.0135(3)(b) and traveling after solicitation under section
847.0135(4)(b). The court also determined that the statutory elements of solicitation are
entirely subsumed by the statutory elements of traveling after solicitation, thus, double
13
jeopardy principles prohibited separate convictions based upon the same conduct.
Shelley, 176 So. 3d at 919. Under these circumstances, the court concluded that the
proper remedy is to vacate the solicitation conviction because it is the lesser offense. Id.
Because Shelley is directly applicable to the present case, we reverse Senger’s
conviction for the solicitation charge and vacate his sentence.6
In summary, we affirm Senger’s conviction and sentence for violating section
847.0135(4)(b), Florida Statutes (2011), and reverse his conviction and vacate his
sentence for violating section 847.0135(3)(b).7
AFFIRMED in part; REVERSED in part.
PALMER, and EDWARDS, JJ., concur.
6 Because Senger tendered an open, no contest plea, he did not waive his right to
assert his double jeopardy claim. See Wagner v. State, 177 So. 3d 695, 696–97 (Fla. 5th
DCA 2015).
7 Finally, we find no reason in this record to remand this case for resentencing on
the traveling after solicitation conviction. After deleting the sentencing points from
Senger’s criminal punishment code scoresheet for the now-vacated solicitation
conviction, Senger still has sufficient sentencing points to require a prison sentence,
absent a downward departure. Thus, his downward departure, non-prison sentence for
his conviction of traveling after solicitation remains unaffected.
14