This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A15-1105
Marcia H. Thurmer,
Relator,
vs.
Attorney Edward R. Shaw, P.A.,
Respondent,
Department of Employment and
Economic Development,
Respondent.
Filed March 7, 2016
Reversed
Jesson, Judge
Department of Employment and
Economic Development
File No. 33345863-3
Shawn B. Reed, Maki & Overom, LTD., Duluth, Minnesota (for relator)
Edward R. Shaw, Edward R. Shaw, P.A., Brainerd, Minnesota (attorney pro se respondent)
Lee B. Nelson, Timothy C. Schepers, Anne Bloomberg Froelich, Department of
Employment and Economic Development, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent
department)
Considered and decided by Peterson, Presiding Judge; Kirk, Judge; and Jesson,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
JESSON, Judge
Relator challenges the determination of an unemployment-law judge (ULJ) denying
her claim for unemployment benefits, arguing that she did not commit employment
misconduct. Because the ULJ’s determination of employment misconduct was not
supported by substantial evidence, we reverse.
FACTS
Relator Marcia Thurmer was employed full-time as a paralegal with Edward R.
Shaw, P.A., from 2005 to January 29, 2015. Edward Shaw testified that Thurmer was a
good employee until her final year of employment. Shaw testified that, in that final year,
the biggest issue was Thurmer’s inability to control her anger, which led to outbursts at
coworkers and tension in the office. Firm employees testified that, when they attempted
to discuss routine issues with Thurmer, she would become hostile and throw “tantrum[s]”
in the office. Those witnesses also testified that at times Thurmer yelled and screamed on
the phone.
The witnesses pointed to two specific examples of inappropriate outbursts.
According to the firm’s office manager, the first incident occurred approximately four to
ten months prior to Thurmer’s discharge. Thurmer called the office manager a “f--king
a--hole” after the office manager transferred a phone call to Thurmer. Thurmer was upset
that the office manager did not identify the caller before the transfer.
The second incident occurred during her last month of employment. Thurmer was
having a difficult time dealing with a client and, according to another employee in the
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meeting, “got up … stormed out of the office, slammed the door, [and] went outside.” The
client’s wife then asked the other employee in the meeting why Thurmer acted “so rude
and condescending.”
Thurmer also had performance issues in her final year at the firm. She missed
appointments and deadlines. She misplaced client documents and was resistant to working
with new technology that the firm was attempting to implement. She also was reluctant to
work on cases other than the bankruptcy cases that she had traditionally handled.
Shaw testified that he spoke with Thurmer on several occasions about her outbursts
in her final year of employment. On January 9, 2015, Shaw sent Thurmer an email warning
her that her behavior could lead to dismissal:
I understand that you are under a lot of stress. But, the way
that you have acted at times is not appropriate and cannot
continue. You cannot yell at others in the office, storm into my
offices or others when you are upset, not attend or leave
scheduled meetings, or refuse to go along with office decisions.
….
I do not want you to leave, but if you yell at or insult
anyone here, refuse to follow office decisions or policies, or do
not follow my decisions about changes in bankruptcy or other
procedures you will be terminated for misconduct.
Shaw testified that after this warning Thurmer continued to act in a rude and unprofessional
manner, but he could not point to any specifics. He claimed that “right at the very end, the
last few days [Thurmer’s] behavior was tamped down around me but it continued outside
of my presence.” Thurmer’s employment was terminated on January 29, 2015. Shaw
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testified that his decision to discharge Thurmer was primarily due to Thurmer’s continued
rude and unprofessional behavior.
The Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED)
initially determined that Thurmer was not discharged for employment misconduct.
Accordingly, DEED determined that Thurmer was eligible for unemployment benefits.
Shaw appealed DEED’s determination, and a hearing was held before a ULJ. At the
hearing, Shaw, the office manager, and two other firm employees testified on behalf of the
firm. Thurmer testified on her own behalf, along with two of the firm’s former clients.
Thurmer denied calling the office manager a “f--king a--hole” but acknowledged that she
had called the office manager a made up word, when the office manager transferred a call
to her without communicating the caller’s name. Thurmer admitted walking out of a
meeting with a client, although she testified that she only left the meeting for a short time
to compose herself and that, when she returned, she worked with the client without
incident.
Thurmer also elicited testimony from one of the employer’s witnesses that he had
written her a letter of recommendation after her termination. The letter, which was read
into the record, said that the employee “would recommend [Thurmer] for most offices,”
that Thurmer “is passionate and works hard on client matters,” and that Thurmer “should
be an asset for legal work in a variety of office settings.”
In her closing statement and a prior written statement submitted to DEED, Thurmer
said that she believes she was terminated because she filed a workers’ compensation claim.
Shaw testified that Thurmer’s discharge had nothing to do with the workers’ compensation
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claim and that he was not aware of the workers’ compensation claim until early to mid-
January of 2015.
The ULJ issued a decision concluding that “Thurmer was discharged for
employment misconduct” and therefore “ineligible for unemployment benefits.” The ULJ
found that “Thurmer had acted in a rude and unprofessional manner towards her co-
workers,” and “in at least one case . . . was rude towards clients.” The ULJ also found that
her conduct was either intentional or indifferent and “display[ed] clearly a serious violation
of the firm’s reasonable expectations.” With regard to the letter of recommendation, the
ULJ found that “[w]hile the letter was favorable, the language was tempered” and was “not
inconsistent with [the author’s] testimony given during the hearing.” The ULJ later denied
Thurmer’s request for reconsideration and affirmed the original order as modified. This
certiorari appeal follows.
DECISION
An employee who is discharged by her employer for employment misconduct is not
eligible for unemployment benefits. Minn. Stat. § 268.095, subd. 4(1) (2014).
Employment misconduct is defined as “conduct . . . that displays clearly: (1) a serious
violation of the standards of behavior the employer has the right to reasonably expect of
the employee; or (2) a substantial lack of concern for the employment.” Id., subd. 6(a)
(2014).
When reviewing an unemployment-insurance-benefits decision, we may affirm,
remand the case for further proceedings, or reverse and modify the decision if the
substantial rights of the relator have been prejudiced because the conclusion, decision,
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findings, or inferences are affected by errors of law, unsupported by substantial evidence
in view of the entire record, or are arbitrary or capricious. Minn. Stat. § 268.105, subd. 7(d)
(Supp. 2015). We review the ULJ’s factual findings in the light most favorable to the
decision and defer to the ULJ’s credibility determinations. Peterson v. Nw. Airlines Inc.,
753 N.W.2d 771, 774 (Minn. App. 2008), review denied (Minn. Oct. 1, 2008). Whether
an employee engaged in conduct that disqualifies the employee from unemployment
benefits is a mixed question of fact and law. Id. But we review de novo the legal question
of whether the particular act committed by the employee constitutes employment
misconduct. Id. In so doing, we keep in mind that chapter 268 is “remedial in nature and
must be applied in favor of awarding . . . benefits,” and any provision precluding benefits
must be narrowly construed. Minn. Stat. § 268.031, subd. 2 (2014).
Thurmer first argues that her performance issues cannot form the basis of an
employment-misconduct determination. Thurmer correctly points out that an employee is
not discharged for employment misconduct within the definition of Minn. Stat. § 268.095,
subd. 6(a), if termination is the result of “conduct that was a consequence of the applicant’s
inefficiency or inadvertence,” “simple unsatisfactory conduct,” or “good faith errors in
judgment if judgment was required.” Minn. Stat. § 268.095, subd. 6(b)(2)-(3), (6) (2014).
We agree that the testimony of Shaw and his witnesses that Thurmer misplaced documents,
occasionally missed meetings and deadlines, was reluctant to work with new technology,
and generally mismanaged her time does not amount to employment misconduct. This
conduct was the result of inefficiency, inadvertence, and simple unsatisfactory conduct and
does not rise to the level of “a serious violation of the standards of behavior the employer
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has the right to reasonably expect of the employee” or show “a substantial lack of concern
for the employment.” Minn. Stat. § 268.095, subd. 6 (2014). We further note that these
performance issues played only a small part in Shaw’s decision to terminate Thurmer’s
employment and were not a major consideration in the ULJ’s determination of employment
misconduct.
Thurmer next argues that the ULJ’s decision that she was dismissed for misconduct
based on her unprofessional behaviors is not supported by substantial evidence. We agree.
While Shaw and his witnesses testified in general about yelling, rude behavior, and hostile
tones, they cited only two specific instances where Thurmer acted in a rude and
unprofessional manner.
While Thurmer disputes the employer’s characterization of the two incidents, the
question of whether an employee committed a particular act is a question of fact, and we
defer to the ULJ’s credibility determinations. See Peterson, 753 N.W.2d at 774. In this
case, the record contains sufficient evidence to sustain the factual findings that, indeed,
“[i]n one case, Thurmer was upset with [the office manager] and called her a ‘f[--]king
a[--]hole’” and that “[i]n at least one case, she exhibited a rude tone towards clients in a
meeting leading to the clients questioning the firm’s ability to handle their case properly.”
But our inquiry does not end there. We must ascertain whether these two incidents, in
addition to very general testimony about unprofessional behavior, substantially support the
ULJ’s determination that Thurmer was discharged for employment misconduct. See Minn.
Stat. § 268.105, subd. 7(d).
We find the record lacking.
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The first incident, when Thurmer called the office manager a “f--king a--hole,”
occurred many months before Thurmer’s termination.1 While this conduct was clearly
inappropriate, the lapse of time between an incident and the discharge may negate the
causal relation between the misconduct and the discharge where there is no reason given
for the delay. See Redalen v. Farm Bureau Life Ins. Co., 504 N.W.2d 237, 239 (Minn.
App. 1993) (stating this rule). We acknowledge that the reason for discharge is a fact
question for the ULJ, but there are no facts in the record explaining the long delay between
this incident and the termination of Thurmer’s employment.
The second incident occurred in the final month of Thurmer’s employment. The
office manager testified that Thurmer got frustrated during a meeting with clients and “got
up . . . stormed out of the office, slammed the door, [and] went outside.” Thurmer testified
that she was just taking a break. She further testified that, when she returned, she and the
clients continued to work on the file and made good progress. Although we defer to the
credibility determinations of the ULJ regarding what occurred during the initial meeting,
Thurmer’s testimony that she and the clients worked well together when she returned to
the meeting was uncontested. We recognize that Thurmer did not handle this situation in
a professional manner, but, standing alone, Thurmer’s decision to temporarily leave the
1
The ULJ did not make a specific finding as to when this incident occurred. His findings,
however, indicate that he believed this incident occurred sometime within the final year of
Thurmer’s employment. The office manager testified that this incident occurred six
months to a year prior to the March 23, 2015 hearing before the ULJ. Thurmer claimed in
a written document submitted to DEED that it occurred in “early 2014.” In any event, it is
clear that the incident occurred several months prior to Thurmer’s January 29, 2015
discharge.
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meeting does not rise to the level of employment misconduct. See Minn. Stat. § 268.095,
subd. 6(d) (“If the conduct for which the applicant was discharged involved only a single
incident, that is an important fact that must be considered in deciding whether the conduct
rises to the level of employment misconduct . . . .”).
We also note that Shaw issued Thurmer a written warning on January 9, 2015.
Though it is not entirely clear from the record, it appears that this warning was issued
shortly after the above client meeting incident. At least as of January 9, 2015, Shaw
determined that Thurmer’s conduct merited a stern written warning, but not employment
termination. DEED takes another approach to the written warning. It argues that
Thurmer’s failure to comply with this warning shows that she committed employment
misconduct by “refusing to abide by [her] employer’s reasonable policies and requests.”
See Schmidgall v. FilmTec Corp., 644 N.W.2d 801, 804 (Minn. 2002) (stating this
standard). But Shaw and his witnesses were unable to point to any specific incident after
this warning was issued that precipitated Thurmer’s discharge. Shaw simply provided
general testimony that Thurmer did not follow the warning and that the angry outbursts
continued. He also stated that in the final days of Thurmer’s employment, “her behavior
was tamped down around [him] but it continued outside of [his] presence.” But Shaw’s
employees were not able to point to a specific incident of inappropriate behavior in the
final days of Thurmer’s employment.
Thurmer was employed by Edward R. Shaw P.A. for approximately ten years. Shaw
testified that Thurmer’s discharge was primarily the result of her inappropriate behavior in
the final year of her employment, yet he and his witnesses were only able to point to two
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specific instances of this misbehavior. The first incident occurred several months prior to
Thurmer’s termination, and the second does not rise to the level of employment
misconduct. The vast majority of the testimony supporting the ULJ’s determination that
Thurmer was fired for “rude” and “unprofessional” behavior consists of vague and general
statements without any specifics. We also note that, after she was discharged, one of
Shaw’s witnesses wrote Thurmer a favorable letter of recommendation for future
employment. Given Thurmer’s longtime employment with the firm, the lack of specific
evidence in the record, and the remedial nature of chapter 268, we conclude that the ULJ’s
determination that Thurmer was fired for misconduct is not supported by substantial
evidence. We recognize that Shaw may have made a wise business decision by discharging
Thurmer, but the record does not support a finding that Thurmer committed “a serious
violation of the standards of behavior the employer ha[d] the right to reasonably expect”
or showed a “substantial lack of concern for the employment.” Minn. Stat. § 268.095,
subd. 6(a).
Reversed.
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