In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 15‐3692
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
SALLY IRIRI,
Defendant‐Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Western District of Wisconsin.
No. 3:15‐cr‐00038‐jdp‐1 — James D. Peterson, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED MAY 27, 2016 — DECIDED JUNE 9, 2016
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Before POSNER and FLAUM, Circuit Judges, and ALONSO,
District Judge.*
POSNER, Circuit Judge. The defendant pleaded guilty to
federal wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1343, was sentenced to 120
months in prison (the statutory maximum is twice that—20
years), and appeals.
* Of the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
2 No. 15‐3692
Over a period of approximately 20 months from 2013 to
2015 she and her accomplices defrauded a number of per‐
sons in the United States and Canada whom they had met
on dating websites. The schemers had created fake profiles
on legitimate Internet dating services and posing as their
fake profiles had developed close relationships with and ex‐
pressed strong romantic emotions for persons whom they
proceeded to defraud in a variety of ways, as by persuading
them to wire money to bank accounts controlled by the
schemers to help their fictitious selves deal with equally fic‐
titious personal tragedies or take advantage of fictitious
money‐making opportunities. As in United States v. Jackson,
95 F.3d 500, 507 (7th Cir. 1996), the schemers, including the
defendant, “repeatedly victimiz[ed] some of the same peo‐
ple” by hitting them up for money again and again.
At sentencing the district judge focused on 21 of the de‐
fendant’s victims who had either dealt personally with her
or transferred money to her accounts, and who had lost a
total of some $2.2 million. At the time of sentencing these
victims ranged in age from 47 to 71. Fourteen submitted vic‐
tim‐impact statements, where we read, for example, in four
of them: (1) “the emotional and mental anguish they have
caused me was so profound that I attempted to kill myself to
make everything go away.” (2) “I had invested a large
amount of money into retirement accounts and was able to
live a comfortable life. As of today—I have No retirement.
No savings. No money.” (3) “Besides the monetary implica‐
tions for my planned retirement I think the worst issue is the
[e]ffect on my emotional health. It has been a terrible blow to
my self‐esteem and I suffer bouts of depression and general‐
ized anxiety. I have been unable to share the burden of this
No. 15‐3692 3
mistake I’ve made with any of my family.” (4) “There is not
a day that goes by that I don’t think about this.”
At sentencing a federal judge is required to compute the
defendant’s guidelines range though not required to give a
sentence within that range, as distinct from having to give a
sentence within the statutory sentencing range. After various
adjustments the defendant’s guidelines range was deter‐
mined to be 78 to 97 months. One of the adjustments was the
judge’s decision to add a two‐level vulnerable‐victim en‐
hancement. U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(1). Had it not been for that
enhancement the guidelines range would have been only 63
to 78 months. Section 3A1.1(b) of the guidelines requires a
vulnerable‐victim enhancement if, as explained in the Sen‐
tencing Commission’s commentary on the rule, the victim of
a defendant’s crime is “unusually vulnerable due to age,
physical or mental condition, or … is otherwise particularly
susceptible to the criminal conduct,” and the defendant
“knows or should have known of the victim’s unusual vul‐
nerability.” U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1 Application Note 2.
“Elderly victims satisfy the requirements of § 3A1.1(b)(1),
especially when their financial investments and financial se‐
curity are at issue.” United States v. Sims, 329 F.3d 937, 944
(7th Cir. 2003). The elderly are a frequent target of scammers
and frequently qualify as vulnerable victims. See, e.g., United
States v. Sullivan, 765 F.3d 712, 717 (7th Cir. 2014); United
States v. Rumsavich, 313 F.3d 407, 411–14 (7th Cir. 2002).
The judge didn’t stop with the guidelines enhancement,
however; deeming it inadequate given the gravity of the de‐
fendant’s defrauding of her 21 victims, he sentenced her to
10 years in prison—23 months above the top of her guide‐
4 No. 15‐3692
lines range, which was, as noted above, 97 months including
the vulnerable‐victim enhancement.
The defendant objects to that enhancement but to noth‐
ing else in the sentence, such as the conditions of supervised
release that the judge imposed, the restitution that he or‐
dered, or even the 23 months that the judge added to the top
of the defendant’s guidelines range. Although the victim of a
scheme to defraud is likely to be vulnerable—that is, defi‐
cient in the experience, common sense, or support group
that prevents most people from falling victim to scam art‐
ists—the guideline enhancement is limited to the “unusual‐
ly” vulnerable victim. But that is an accurate description of
the defendant’s victims, or at least of many of them. Age,
lack of sophistication, and personal loss (one was a widow
and another had lost his entire family) on the part of the vic‐
tims, coupled with the defendant’s skillful employment of
electronic media, rendered her targets helpless—proof they
were unusually vulnerable. Her own lawyer described her
conduct as brazen. As in United States v. Sullivan, supra, 765
F.3d at 717, the defendant targeted elderly and unsophisti‐
cated people—and admitted to the police that she’d been
advised to concentrate on people who were vulnerable and
wanted someone to listen to them. Her lawyer said at the
sentencing hearing that his client had targeted people “be‐
cause they were older and had money.” As in United States v.
Christiansen, 594 F.3d 571, 575 (7th Cir. 2010), “she became
intimately familiar with her marks before she let them con‐
tinue in her scheme because she wanted to ensure she only
preyed upon the most vulnerable.”
The district judge emphasized that the defendant had
“targeted people of a certain age and older, … some … as
No. 15‐3692 5
old as 71 or 66, and so … they were arguably vulnerable by
virtue of the[ir] age. But I think that the whole point of the
conduct here was to identify people who were vulnerable for
many reasons,” such as “because they were lonely or … per‐
haps unsophisticated about the use of Internet communica‐
tions as a means of perpetrating scams. So I think that in fact
all of the victims here in this case were chosen because they
were particularly vulnerable.”
The sentencing judge cannot be criticized for adding al‐
most two years to the top of the defendant’s guidelines sen‐
tence. Not only is a federal judge not bound to give a sen‐
tence within the applicable guidelines range; he is not per‐
mitted to do so without first considering the sentencing fac‐
tors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). See Gall v. United States, 552 U.S.
38, 49–50 (2007). One factor is the need for the sentence “to
afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct.”
§ 3553(a)(2)(B). The scheme in which the defendant partici‐
pated was extremely lucrative, and even if the slogan at‐
tributed (probably incorrectly) to P. T. Barnum that “There’s
a sucker born every minute” is an exaggeration, it is obvious
that in this nation of 324 million people a very large number
of persons are unusually vulnerable to scams, a fact that
magnifies the prospective profits of the scammers (unless
there are too many of them).
The richer the potential criminal haul, the greater the
need for long sentences even if one acknowledges as one
must that many criminals have very high discount rates,
which means they attach little importance to costs or benefits
likely to be realized only in what they consider the far fu‐
ture, such as during the second half of a 10‐year prison sen‐
tence. That’s likely to make them difficult to deter even by
6 No. 15‐3692
the threat or imposition of long sentences. But there will be
some deterrence; and anyway deterrence is only one of the
sentencing factors in section 3553(a); another is the need for
the sentence “to protect the public from further crimes of the
defendant” by incapacitating him or (in this case) her.
§ 3553(a)(2)(C). That is of particular importance in the case of
crimes of fraud, because perpetrators of fraud do not age out
of criminal activity the way violent criminals, such as mem‐
bers of drug gangs, are apt to do. Ten years from now the
defendant will be no less capable of fraudulent scheming
than she was when she committed the crimes for which she
has been sentenced.
Granted, she is likely to be deported upon her release
from prison, because she is not an American citizen (she is
Nigerian, and almost certain to be deported to Nigeria). Yet,
deportation may not prevent her from continuing to prey on
Americans. The district judge observed that “there might
now be some barriers to opening a United States bank ac‐
count from Nigeria or sending money to Nigeria, but why
do you [the defendant’s lawyer] say that no one will deal
with Ms. Iriri after this? She’s still very articulate, a talented
writer. She will have the skills that she put to such use so ef‐
fectively in this case, she’ll still have those skills. She can …
do the same thing from Nigeria. … And so I think that one
of the things that I have to do is protect the public for a par‐
ticularly long period of time, because I think that Ms. Iriri’s
skills will endure beyond whatever term of imprisonment I
impose. And I think that she will, even from Nigeria, repre‐
sent an ongoing risk to the [American] public that she could
perpetrate another similar fraud. And so I think that I have
to pay some attention to protecting the public, and I also
think that the crime that Ms. Iriri perpetrated was a particu‐
No. 15‐3692 7
larly serious one that I don’t think is really fully reflected in
the guidelines.” And regarding his upward departure from
the guidelines range he explained that “the impact on the
victims, although considered under the guidelines to the ex‐
tent that the guidelines contemplate vulnerable victims …
doesn’t actually fully appreciate or really contemplate the
specific emotional and financial impact on the victims, and
so that is the basis for my departure from the guideline
range.”
The judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.