IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-0918
Filed June 15, 2016
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
JOSHUA FRANK MCCOY,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Karen A. Romano,
Judge.
Defendant appeals his conviction for murder in the first degree and
robbery in the first degree. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Melinda J. Nye, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kevin Cmelik and Bridget A.
Chambers, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee.
Heard by Tabor, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ.
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MCDONALD, Judge.
Christopher Byers was shot and killed in his living room while selling
marijuana to Marquice Morris and Joshua McCoy. Tanner Harvey and Bobby
Page, Byers’ friends, were in the home at the time of the shooting. According to
Page, Morris and McCoy pulled out handguns during the transaction for the
purpose of robbing Byers; either Morris or McCoy fired a shot into the floor and
the other shot Byers in the chest; and Morris and McCoy fled the scene. Morris
and McCoy were arrested and charged with murder in the first degree, in
violation of Iowa Code sections 707.1 and 707.2 (2013), and robbery in the first
degree, in violation of Iowa Code sections 711.1 and 711.2. They were tried
separately and each was convicted as charged. McCoy challenges his
convictions and sentences.
I.
On the morning of June 26, 2013, Dakata Diggins, who was dating Morris
at the time, picked Morris up from the Fort Des Moines correctional facility,
purportedly to look for employment. Morris told one of his roommates that he
“was going to commit or do a lick in some fashion in the future,” which means to
make money quickly, usually through illegal activity. As Diggins was driving,
Morris saw Byers walking along the street and instructed Diggins to pull over.
Morris and Byers spoke, and Byers provided Morris with Byers’ telephone
number. During that conversation and subsequent telephone conversations,
Morris arranged to buy marijuana from Byers.
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Later in the morning, Diggins and Morris went to Joshua McCoy’s house.
While at McCoy’s house, Morris used Diggins’ phone to call Byers. Morris,
McCoy, and Diggins then left McCoy’s house to go to Nikki Taylor’s house. From
there, Morris and McCoy walked to an apartment complex a short distance away.
They asked Diggins to drive and meet them there. At the apartment complex,
Morris and McCoy spoke to Byers, who was in the parking lot in a red Jeep with
another man. After speaking with Byers, Morris and McCoy returned to Diggins’
vehicle and instructed her to follow the red Jeep.
Diggins followed the red Jeep to Byers’ house and parked her vehicle in
front of Byers’ neighbor’s house. McCoy and Morris exited Diggins’ vehicle and
went into the house while Diggins stayed in the van. Approximately twenty
minutes later, according to Diggins, she heard something that sounded like
fireworks. Immediately after, McCoy and Morris rushed back to the van and
instructed Diggins “to go” and “drive fast.” Morris told Diggins to drop them off at
McCoy’s house, which she did. Morris told Diggins to go to Taylor’s house and
wait.
Page testified he was good friends with Byers. On the day in question,
Byers went to Page’s house and asked for a ride somewhere. Page agreed. As
they went outside to get into Page’s truck, Harvey pulled up in his red Jeep.
Page and Harvey had been planning to go fishing later that day. Page told
Harvey to follow them to Byers’ house. However, Byers went with Harvey in the
red Jeep and Page left to gather his fishing gear with the understanding they
would meet at Byers’ house.
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When Page arrived at Byers’ house, Byers and Harvey were not yet there.
According to Page, when Harvey and Byers returned, they were being followed
by a van with a woman and two men, now known to be Morris and McCoy,
inside. Page went into the house, followed by Harvey and Byers with McCoy and
Morris behind them. Harvey went into the kitchen to light a cigarette, leaving
Page on the couch with Byers. Page testified he was looking down at his phone
and when he looked up he saw Byers had pulled out a bag of marijuana from a
backpack. Morris or McCoy said, “Oh, what now?” Page testified either McCoy
or Morris shot at the ground, and the other shot Byers in the chest. One held a
semi-automatic firearm and the other a revolver. Before leaving, either McCoy or
Morris asked for Page’s and Harvey’s car keys. After McCoy and Morris left,
according to Page, he and Harvey also left the house to give chase. After an
unsuccessful pursuit, Page and Harvey went to Page’s house. They talked to
some of Page’s family members, decided to delete their phone calls, and then
called 911. When they returned to Byers’ home, Byers was dead.
After Diggins had been at Taylor’s house for approximately thirty minutes,
McCoy and Morris arrived. Diggins overheard McCoy say he shot in the direction
of where the guy was standing. McCoy also said he was going to cut his hair.
Following an investigation, in which Page identified Morris and McCoy in a
photo array, police arrested Morris at the correctional facility the night of the
shooting. Morris told the detectives he had been having sex with his girlfriend all
day and denied being with McCoy. McCoy was also arrested on the night of the
shooting. The police found him hiding in a closet at Taylor’s house. He had just
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shaved his head. McCoy called Taylor from the jail after his arrest while the
police were still searching Taylor’s residence. McCoy told Taylor he hid a gun
under the couch cushion where he had been laying down. The police obtained a
search warrant and discovered a Taurus 9mm handgun underneath the couch
cushion.
A criminalist testified the 9mm could have fired the fatal bullet. A bullet
was also found in the floor joist of the Byers’ living room, corroborating Page’s
testimony that either Morris or McCoy fired a shot into the ground and the other
shot Byers. The bullet in the floor joist was likely fired from a .357 caliber gun. It
could not have been fired from the 9mm Taurus discovered under the couch
cushions at Taylor’s residence. The police did not recover a second weapon.
A jailhouse informant testified at McCoy’s trial. The informant testified that
McCoy told him what happened that day. He testified Morris and McCoy
intended to rob Byers. Morris told McCoy, when they were outside Byers’ house,
that “when he upped his, you better up yours—basically when Mr. Morris pulls
out his gun, be sure to pull out yours.” He testified that McCoy told him that
Morris fired a shot into the floor to scare Byers to hand over the money and
drugs. McCoy was not expecting the shot, it startled him, and he pulled the
trigger in reaction. McCoy and Morris took a couple hundred dollars and a
quarter-pound of marijuana.
II.
McCoy contends the district court erred in excluding as hearsay certain
sworn statements of Tanner Harvey. Morris contends the statements should
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have been admitted as former testimony of an unavailable witness pursuant Rule
5.804(b)(1). We review the admissibility of hearsay evidence for corrections of
errors at law. See State v. Tangie, 616 N.W.2d 564, 568 (Iowa 2000).
To provide context, Morris and McCoy were charged as co-defendants
and scheduled to be tried together. The State identified Harvey as a witness.
Morris and McCoy noticed the deposition of Harvey to occur in February 2014,
but Harvey refused to participate in the deposition. At the time he was scheduled
to be deposed, Harvey was incarcerated on unrelated charges. McCoy moved to
exclude Harvey as a witness due to Harvey’s refusal to participate in the
deposition. The district court scheduled a hearing on the motion to exclude.
Harvey testified at the hearing. At the hearing, Harvey testified that, on the day
of the shooting, he was intoxicated and that he told the police a story that
matched Page’s rather than what he really remembered. He also informed the
court that he was invoking his right against self-incrimination, that he would
continue to refuse to be deposed, and that he would refuse to testify at trial.
Subsequent to the court’s ruling, the co-defendants’ trials were severed.
Prior to the time of trial, McCoy changed his position with respect to Harvey.
McCoy sought to use Harvey’s former testimony from the hearing on the motion
to exclude. Specifically, McCoy wanted to use Harvey’s statements that he was
intoxicated on the day of the shooting and that he changed his story to match
Page’s story. The district court denied McCoy’s motion. Harvey did not testify at
McCoy’s trial.
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The State argues McCoy has failed to preserve error because the court’s
ruling on the motion in limine was equivocal. We disagree. While the court
initially made a preliminary ruling denying the motion in limine subject to
reconsideration during trial, the district court ultimately concluded the evidence
was hearsay and inadmissible. There was an unequivocal ruling on the evidence
sufficient to preserve error. See State v. O’Connell, 275 N.W.2d 197, 202 (Iowa
1979) (stating “if the ruling reaches the ultimate issue and declares the evidence
admissible or inadmissible, it is ordinarily a final ruling and need not be
questioned again during trial”).
Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant
while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the
matter asserted.” Iowa R. Evid. 5.801(c). The general rule is that hearsay is
inadmissible. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.802. There are numerous exceptions to the
hearsay rule, including the exception related to the former testimony of an
unavailable witness. Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.804(b)(1) provides the “following
are not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as a witness”:
Testimony given as a witness at another trial or hearing of the
same or a different proceeding, or in a deposition taken in
compliance with law in the course of the same or another
proceeding, if the party against whom the testimony is now offered,
or, in a civil action or proceeding, a predecessor in interest, had an
opportunity and similar motive to develop the testimony by direct,
cross, or redirect examination.
We conclude the district court did not err in excluding Harvey’s former
testimony. The State concedes Harvey is unavailable pursuant to Iowa Rule of
Evidence 5.804. However, the State did not have a “similar motive” to develop
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the testimony during the prior hearing. That hearing related only to Harvey’s
willingness to testify and not the events on the day of the shooting. The district
court specifically limited the questioning to “Mr. Harvey’s willingness to
participate in the deposition” and “not about the incident.” The few comments
Harvey made regarding the day of the shooting were non-responsive stray
remarks to questions regarding his refusal to be deposed. There was no reason
for the prosecutor to inquire further regarding the day of the shooting. The State
also did not have “an opportunity” to develop the testimony. The district court
specifically found that it did not give “both parties a full opportunity to cross-
examine Mr. Harvey on those statements.” The district court also specifically
found that it “cut off” further inquiry into the statements at issue because “the
questions for Mr. Harvey were are you going to testify or are you not going to
testify.” The district court’s findings are supported by substantial evidence and
are binding on appeal. See State v. Long, 628 N.W.2d 440, 445 (Iowa 2001) (“If
a court’s factual findings with respect to application of the hearsay rule are not
‘clearly erroneous’ or without substantial evidence to support them, they are
binding on appeal.”). Under these circumstances, the district court did not err in
excluding the statements as hearsay.
III.
McCoy argues his convictions and sentences are illegal because the jury
was not required to find there was an act constituting the assault element of the
robbery charge distinct from the shooting. The State contends the argument is in
reality a challenge to the jury instruction and not an illegal-sentencing issue. The
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State argues McCoy failed to preserve error by challenging the jury instructions.
We agree this is a challenge to the jury instructions, and we agree the defendant
failed to preserve error. See State v. Hepperle, 530 N.W.2d 735, 740 (Iowa
1995) (“Failure to properly object to an instruction not only waives the right to
assert error on appeal, but also allows the instruction, right or wrong, to become
the law of the case.”).
McCoy argues his counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the issue and
request the instruction. A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is reviewed
de novo. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.907; State v. Finney, 834 N.W.2d 46, 49 (Iowa
2013). To establish counsel was ineffective, a defendant must demonstrate “(1)
his trial counsel failed to perform an essential duty, and (2) this failure resulted in
prejudice.” State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa 2006). Failure to prove
either element is fatal to an ineffective-assistance claim. State v. Graves, 668
N.W.2d 860, 869 (Iowa 2003).
The State charged McCoy with murder in the first degree under two
alternatives: (1) premeditated murder; and (2) felony-murder. The marshaling
instruction provided:
The State must prove all of the following elements of Murder
in the First Degree as charged in Count I:
1. On or about the 26th day of June, 2013, the defendant, or
someone he aided and abetted, shot Christopher Byers.
2. Christopher Byers died as a result of being shot.
3. The defendant, or someone he aided and abetted, acted with
malice aforethought.
4. (a) The defendant, or someone he aided or abetted, acted
willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly and with a specific intent to kill
Christopher Byers And/or
(b) The defendant, or someone he aided and abetted, was
participating in the offense of Robbery in the First Degree.
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The marshaling instruction provided to the jury for the robbery charge was as
follows:
The State must prove all of the following elements of
Robbery in the First Degree as charged in Count II:
1. On or about the 26th day of June, 2013, the defendant, or
someone he aided and abetted, had the specific intent to commit a
theft.
2. To carry out his intention or to assist him in escaping from the
scene, with or without the stolen property, the defendant, or
someone he aided and abetted:
a. Committed an assault on Christopher Byers; And/or
b. Threatened Christopher Byers with, or purposely put Christopher
Byers in fear of immediate serious injury.
3. The defendant, or someone he aided and abetted:
a. Purposely inflicted or attempted to inflict a serious injury on
Christopher Byers; And/or
b. Was armed with a dangerous weapon.
Relying on State v. Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d 549, 557-58 (Iowa 2006); State v.
Millbrook, 788 N.W.2d 647, 650 (Iowa 2010); and State v. Tribble, 790 N.W.2d
121, 128–29 (Iowa 2010), McCoy argues the convictions should merge because
one cannot commit robbery without committing assault and the jury did not make
a finding that the assault element of the robbery was independent of the
shooting.
Our court recently decided the same issue. We quote at length from our
prior opinion:
In Heemstra, our supreme court held the felonious assault of willful
injury could serve as the predicate offense for felony murder only in
certain circumstances, for instance, ‘if the defendant assaulted the
victim twice, first without killing him and second with fatal results.’
Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d at 556. In Millbrook, the court considered a
felony murder conviction predicated on the defendant’s participation
in the felonious assault of intimidation with a dangerous weapon,
concluding ‘the fact that intimidation with a dangerous weapon is
not a lesser-included offense of first-degree murder does not
preclude application of the merger doctrine enunciated in
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Heemstra.’ Millbrook, 788 N.W.2d at 652. The Millbrook court
ultimately upheld the murder conviction, finding the defendant
committed an assaultive act sufficiently independent of the firing of
the gun that resulted in the victim’s death. Id. at 653–54. In
Tribble, the court again considered a felony murder conviction
based on the felonious assault of willful injury, and upheld the
conviction because substantial evidence supported a jury finding
that head trauma and asphyxia were caused by separate acts,
either of which could have been the factual cause of the victim's
death. Tribble, 790 N.W.2d at 129. Notably, Heemstra, Millbrook,
and Tribble all address murder cases predicated on the forcible
felony of felonious assault.
None of the cases relied upon by Pollard discusses the possibility
of merger when robbery serves as the predicate felony for felony
murder. In fact, the Heemstra court twice quoted authorities which
identified robbery as an independent felony, not subject to merger.
See Heemstra, 721 N.W.2d at 556, 558 (citing Commw. v. Quigley,
462 N.E.2d 92, 95 (Mass. 1984) (quoting Wayne R. LaFave &
Austin W. Scott, Jr., Criminal Law § 71, at 559 (1972) (“although
rape, arson, robbery and burglary are sufficiently independent of
the homicide, . . . aggravated battery toward the deceased will not
do for felony murder”) and citing People v. Moran, 158 N.E. 35, 36
(N.Y. 1927) (“The felony that eliminates the quality of the intent
must be one that is independent of the homicide and of the assault
merged therein, as, e.g., robbery or larceny or burglary or rape.”)).
Millbrook likewise quoted the Moran case from the New York Court
of Appeals. Millbrook, 788 N.W.2d at 651.
A key question when considering the adequacy of Pollard's
representation is whether competent defense counsel needed to
urge an extension of those cases involving felonious assaults to
felony murder prosecutions predicated on other forcible felonies
listed in section 702.11(1). Counsel contemplating such an
argument may have been deterred by our court's recent decision in
State v. Tucker, 810 N.W.2d 519, 522 (Iowa Ct. App. 2012). In that
case, we declined to extend the Heemstra merger rule to the
predicate felony of arson, reasoning as follows:
Unlike assault, using arson as the predicate felony
does not frustrate the legislature’s intent to establish
gradations for assaultive conduct that results in death.
Rather, application of the felony-murder rule in the
case of arson is consistent with the traditional
purpose of the felony-murder rule: deterring people
from committing those felonies that present a
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heightened risk of death to others by transforming the
felony offense sought to be deterred into first-degree
murder if a person is killed in the course of the felony,
even though the felon had no specific intent or
premeditation otherwise necessary to elevate the
killing of another into first-degree murder. Heemstra,
721 N.W.2d at 554 (“The rationale of the felony-
murder rule is that certain crimes are so inherently
dangerous that proof of participating in these crimes
may obviate the need for showing all of the elements
normally required for first-degree murder.”).
Tucker, 810 N.W.2d at 522.
Against this backdrop of case law on the merger rule, we decline to
find counsel was ineffective for not challenging the felony murder
instruction. We cannot rule out the possibility our supreme court
might ultimately extend the merger rule for felony murder to the
predicate felony of robbery. But it has not done so yet.
Accordingly, we reject Pollard’s argument that his attorney provided
subpar representation by not objecting to robbery as the underlying
felony. We do not require defense counsel to be a “‘crystal
gazer”—channeling the ability to predict future developments in the
law. See State v. Liddell, 672 N.W.2d 805, 814 (Iowa 2003).
Counsel did not breach an essential duty by failing to object to the
marshalling instruction. See State v. Williams, 695 N.W.2d 23, 30
(Iowa 2005).
State v. Pollard, No. 13-1255, 2015 WL 405835, at *3-4 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 28,
2015). We see no reason to deviate from our prior conclusion in Pollard.
In addition, McCoy misapprehends the relevant question. The relevant
question, for the purposes of merger in this context, is not whether the jury was
required to make a finding that the assault element of the robbery was
independent of the shooting. The relevant question is whether the act resulting
in death was the same act constituting the predicate felony. See Tribble, 790
N.W.2d at 128 (“The first act must relate to an element of the predicate felony,
while the second independent act must kill another person.”). There is
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substantial evidence of independent acts in this case. Here, McCoy and Morris
drew firearms during the robbery. That was sufficient to establish robbery in the
first degree independent of any act resulting in death. See Iowa Code § 711.2.
Morris and McCoy also demanded the car keys from Page and Harvey while
brandishing guns. That act was also sufficient to establish the predicate felony
independent of the act resulting in Byers’ death. McCoy has thus not established
Strickland prejudice. We reject McCoy’s claim for this additional reason.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the defendant’s convictions and
sentences.
AFFIRMED.