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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
DAVID A. JONES IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
ELAINE K. JONES, NOW KNOWN AS
ELAINE K. BUCHANAN
Appellant No. 1859 WDA 2014
Appeal from the Order Entered October 20, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Mercer County
Civil Division at No: 2011-3446
BEFORE: BOWES, OLSON, and STABILE, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J. FILED JUNE 20, 2016
Elaine K. Buchanan, Wife, appeals from the divorce decree filed in the
Court of Common Pleas of Mercer County dated October 20, 2014, which
made final its order of the same date dismissing her exceptions to the July
9, 2014 Report of the Family Law Master. Upon review, we affirm in part,
vacate in part, and remand for proceedings consistent with this
Memorandum.
Wife and Husband, David A. Jones, were married on June 29, 1974.
They separated on September 18, 2011 when Husband vacated the marital
residence. After the parties had been separated for approximately one
month, Husband filed a complaint for divorce on October 20, 2011 alleging
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“irretrievable breakdown of the marriage pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 3301(c).”1 Husband’s Complaint at 1. After nine months of separation,
Wife filed a counterclaim on July 18, 2012. On May 23, 2013, Wife filed a
petition for alimony pendente lite (APL). The parties convened with counsel
for a hearing on Wife’s APL petition on July 31, 2013. Wife and Husband,
however, reached a “private agreement” that APL would be paid at the rate
of $7,400 per month and the hearing was canceled.2
Hearings before a Family Law Master were held on January 20, 21 and
22, 2014, on the issues of divorce, equitable distribution, alimony, and
attorney fees and expenses. After conclusion of the hearings, the Master
issued a July 9, 2014 Report wherein he made detailed findings of fact and
conclusions of law. In his Report, the Master recommended the divorce be
granted upon mutual consent, that a distribution of marital property be
based upon the percentage of 55.9% to Wife and 44.1% to Husband, and
that Wife be awarded alimony and additional sums for attorney fees and
costs. Of concern to the present appeal, the Master, as a part of equitable
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1
Appellee’s complaint alleges “irretrievable breakdown” as grounds for
divorce, and cites 23 Pa. C.S.A. § 3301(c). The correct citation for divorce
due to irretrievable breakdown is found at section 3301(d), 23 Pa. C.S.A. §
3301(d).
2
Our review of the certified record reveals that this “private agreement” is
documented only in a July 31, 2013 order of the trial court that canceled the
July 31, 2013 hearing upon the basis that “the parties have reached a
private agreement regarding alimony pendente lite".
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distribution, awarded Husband real estate located in Ontario, Canada, which
the parties agreed had an appraised value of $180,000. With respect to the
award of alimony, the Master first awarded Wife COBRA health insurance
coverage for thirty-six months after divorce to be paid by Husband. The
Master next acknowledged that Wife was receiving voluntary APL payments
of $7,400 per month. Due to the long term of the marriage and other
factors, the Master awarded Wife graduated alimony payments as follows:
$7,400 per month for thirty-six months followed by thirty-six months of
alimony of $5,000 per month, thirty-six months at $4,000 per month, and
thirty-six months at $2,000 per month.
Both parties filed exceptions to the Master’s Report. Those exceptions
in pertinent part were as follows. Husband alleged error by the Master in
determining that the entire fair market value of the real estate in Ontario,
Canada, valued at $180,000, be included in his part of the equitable
distribution award, since Husband held only a one-half interest as a tenant in
common in the property. Husband also claimed the Master erred by not
crediting the voluntary APL he paid Wife towards the alimony award. Wife
assigned error on the Master for not requiring Husband to designate Wife an
irrevocable beneficiary on a life insurance policy to protect her alimony.
On October 20, 2014, the trial court issued its Memorandum Opinion
granting in part and denying in part Husband’s exceptions and denying
Wife’s exception. The trial court found Husband owned the Ontario, Canada
cottage as a tenant in common with his aunt and, based on its hypothetical
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that Husband would be entitled to only half of the property in a partition
action, the trial court reduced the marital value of the cottage to
$90,000.00. Trial Court Opinion (T.C.O.), 10/20/14, at 4. The trial court
agreed with the Master’s determination that Wife was entitled to long-term
alimony, but deemed Wife’s alimony to have begun on the day Husband
began making voluntary APL payments on July 31, 2103, to incentivize Wife
to conclude the divorce quickly.3 T.C.O., 10/20/14, at 8. The trial court
denied Wife’s exception that Husband be required to name her as an
irrevocable beneficiary on a life insurance policy to ensure her long-term
alimony payments. Id. at 3-4. Wife timely appealed to this Court. Wife
filed a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement and the trial court filed a Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a) opinion.
Wife raises three issues on appeal.
1. When a wife with a limited education and minimal earning
capacity is awarded 12 years of alimony following a divorce
from her husband of 37 years, did the court violate
established law and abuse its discretion by crediting
Husband for 16 months of voluntary alimony pendent lite
payments based on an unidentified “policy” and thereby
punish Wife by reducing her alimony by $118,400?
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3
The trial court deemed Wife’s alimony to have begun on July 1, 2013. See
T.C.O., 10/20/14, at 4; Rule 1925(a) opinion, 12/19/14, at 1. However, the
trial court also stated that it deemed Wife’s alimony to have begun on the
day Husband began paying Wife voluntary APL. Id. Pursuant to the parties’
private APL agreement, this was July 31, 2013 and not July 1, 2013. We will
refer to July 31, 2013 as the date the trial court intended.
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2. If the parties stipulate to the $180,000 fair market value of
marital real estate and Husband’s credible testimony
indicates that he considered the cottage owned by joint
tenants with right of survivorship to be his alone and then
conducted himself as the sole owner by paying all
demolition, reconstruction and maintenance expenses with
marital funds, did the court abuse its discretion by
reducing the marital value of the property to $90,000?
3. When a Wife is awarded alimony for twelve years based, in
part, on the significant disparity between her earning
capacity and that of her husband[] and the court denies
her request to require her husband to protect the alimony
payments with life insurance, has the court abused its
discretion.
Wife’s Brief at 6.
We review a trial court’s order for APL, alimony, and property
distribution for abuse of discretion. Jayne v. Jayne, 663 A.2d 169, 176
(Pa. Super. 1995); Braderman v. Braderman, 488 A.2d 613, 615-16 (Pa.
Super. 1985). Absent an abuse of that discretion by clear and convincing
evidence, this Court will not reverse, nor interfere with, the determinations
of the trial court. Id. “However, an abuse of discretion will be found by this
court if the trial court failed to follow proper legal procedures or misapplied
the law.” Id.
In her first issue, Wife contends the trial court abused its discretion by
crediting APL payments made by Husband against Wife’s long-term alimony
award. Wife’s Brief at 11. Wife asserts that by deeming Husband’s alimony
payments to have begun on July 31, 2013, the trial court reduced her
alimony by sixteen months, amounting to $118,400.00. Wife alleges the
trial court did so to punish her, as it believed she had not proceeded with the
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divorce with due diligence, and argues she was not required to file a
counterclaim by law. Wife’s Brief at 17. Wife argues the trial court based its
ruling on a misinterpretation of the Divorce Code and a policy, which the trial
court admitted, is not found in any appellate case law. Wife’s Brief at 9, 15.
APL and alimony are not one and the same under the Divorce Code.
There are important differences between them. As explained by this Court
in Spink v. Spink, 619 A.2d 277, 279 (Pa. Super. 1992),
Alimony pendente lite is based on the need of one party
to have equal financial resources to pursue a divorce
proceeding when, in theory, the other party has major assets
“which are the financial sinews of domestic warfare.” DeMasi
v. DeMasi, 408 Pa. Super. 414, 420, 597 A.2d 101, 104
(1991). Under the Divorce Code, however, the trial court
may allow alimony to either party only if it finds alimony is
necessary. 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(a). Accordingly, alimony is
not available until after the divorce decree has been entered.
Id. “[Alimony] is based on need and may be reduced or
terminated upon remarriage or change in economic
circumstances of the party receiving it.” Id. (citing 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(e), 3706, and 3707).
Alimony pendente lite is not dependent upon the status
of the parties, but upon the status of the litigation. Id.
Theoretically, alimony pendente lite terminates at the time of
divorce. Id. However, “a divorce is not final for the purposes
of [alimony pendente lite] until appeals have been exhausted
and a final decree has been entered.” Id. at 420-21, 597
A.2d at 104. If an appeal is pending on the equitable
distribution of the marital assets, alimony pendente lite will
continue throughout the appeal process and any remand until
a final order is entered. Id. at 421, 597 A.2d at 104.
“[Alimony pendente lite] focuses on the ability of the
individual who receives the [alimony pendente lite] during the
course of the litigation to defend her/himself, and the only
issue is whether the amount is reasonable for that purpose,
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which turns on the economic resources available to the
spouse.” Id. at 421-22, 597 A.2d at 105.
Id. at 279. Further, unlike APL, a list of statutory factors under the
Divorce Code must be considered when awarding alimony. See 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(b). When a court awards APL, however, applicable
rules require the amount awarded to be in accord with established
support guidelines. See Pa.R.C.P. No. 1910.16-1(b). Additionally,
“the purpose of alimony is not to reward one party and punish
another, but rather to ensure that the reasonable needs of the person
who is unable to support himself/herself through appropriate
employment are met.” Jayne, 663 A.2d at 174. “Entry of a divorce
decree does not alter the right of a former spouse to alimony pendente
lite or counsel fees or to a support or alimony award.” Taylor v.
Taylor, 503 A.2d 439, 442 (Pa. Super. 1986). Moreover, when there
is an agreement between the parties, the Divorce Code provides:
(c) Certain provisions not subject to modification.--In the
absence of a specific provision to the contrary appearing in the
agreement, a provision regarding the disposition of existing
property rights and interests between the parties, alimony,
alimony pendente lite, counsel fees or expenses shall not be
subject to modification by the court.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3105(c). Agreements subject to 3105(c) may not be
modified by a court.
In addressing Wife’s and Husband’s exceptions to the Master’s alimony
recommendation, the trial court held “the twelve year period of alimony is
hereby deemed to have commenced on July [3]1, 2013, the date Husband
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began making voluntary alimony pendente lite payments to Wife in the
amount of $7,[4]00.00 per month” because, “as a policy matter, to do
otherwise would provide no incentive to Defendant/Wife to conclude this
divorce.” T.C.O., 10/20/14, at 8. The trial court clarified that, while this
policy “does not appear in any appellate cases,” it is derived from a long
established principal that “the spouse receiving alimony pendente lite should
not be permitted to prolong the action unreasonably in order to continue to
receive alimony pendente lite . . . . [H]ence, alimony pendente lite is
intended to cover only the period in which the divorce proceeding may, with
due diligence, be prosecuted to a conclusion.”4 Rule 1925(a) Opinion,
12/19/14, at 1-2 (citation omitted). The trial court concluded Wife had not
proceeded with due diligence, since Husband filed for divorce on October 20,
2011, and Wife only filed her counterclaim on July 18, 2012. Id. at 2. The
trial court explained that its alimony order was intended to “provide [Wife]
an incentive to conclude this divorce in a timely manner.” Id.
We conclude the trial court erred in crediting Wife’s receipt of APL
against her award of alimony for several reasons. First, as the trial court
noted, no authority exists that permits the fashioning of an APL award with
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4
Neither Section 3702 of the Divorce Code, providing for allocation of
alimony pendente lite, nor Rule 1910.16-4, providing the guidelines for
calculation of APL, mention proceeding with due diligence as a requirement.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3702; Pa.R.C.P. No. 1910.16-4
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incentives to either encourage or discourage litigation of a matter. In doing
so, the trial court violated established law that court-ordered APL is awarded
based on need alone and not to punish the other spouse. See Schenk, 880
A.2d at 644-45; Jayne, 663 A.2d at 176; Pa.R.C.P. No. 1910.16-1(b),(c).
By reducing Wife’s alimony award based on its perception that Wife had not
proceeded with the divorce with due diligence, the trial court allocated
alimony in order to sanction, or punish, Wife, instead of awarding alimony
out of necessity and in accord with the alimony factors under section
3701(b) of the Divorce Code, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(b). See also Jayne, 663
A.2d at 174. Second, the finding by the trial court that Wife was not
proceeding with due diligence in order to continue to receive APL is not
supported by the record. The trial court concluded Wife had not proceeded
with due diligence because she had not filed her counterclaim to Husband’s
October 20, 2011 complaint until July 18, 2012. The record, however,
reveals that Wife was not receiving APL during this time. Further, Wife was
not required even to file an answer to Husband’s divorce complaint.
Pa.R.C.P. No. 1920.15. Third, by crediting APL against Wife’s alimony
award, the trial court conflated the purpose each of these awards is to serve.
As stated, APL is awarded during divorce proceedings without fault and is
based upon the need of one party for support and to have equal financial
resources to pursue the divorce litigation. Alimony is intended to commence
after a final decree is entered and is based upon need and may be reduced
or terminated upon remarriage or change in economic circumstances of the
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party receiving it. DeMasi v. DeMasi, 597 A.2d 101 (Pa. Super. 1991)
(citing 23 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3701(e), 3706, and 3707). By crediting APL against
alimony, the trial court improperly modified APL and reduced the amount of
alimony determined to be awarded to Wife without regard for the differences
between these two awards. Additionally, while the trial court agreed with
the Master’s recommendation of twelve years of alimony based on the
Master’s “comprehensive analysis” of the section 3701(b) factors, the trial
court entered an order differing from the Master’s recommendation by over
one year and $118,400.00 without consideration of the 3701(b) factors.
T.C.O., 11/20/14, at 5-6. Finally, to the extent the “private agreement”
between the parties established the amount of APL to be paid to Wife, the
trial court was without authority to modify that agreement under section
3105(c) of the Divorce Code, which expressly prohibits a court from
modifying agreements pertaining to, inter alia, APL. We therefore find that
the trial court abused its discretion and misapplied the law in crediting Wife’s
APL against the alimony award.
In her second issue, Wife asserts that the trial court erred in
calculating the marital value of the cottage in Ontario, Canada. Wife claims
the trial court should have assessed the marital value of the cottage as equal
to its fair market value of $180,000.00, arguing Husband considered and
treated the property as his alone by demolishing the existing cottage,
rebuilding a new one with marital funds, and paying all taxes and expenses.
Wife’s Brief at 19-20. Wife also makes the bare assertion that the trial court
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erred in treating Husband as a tenant in common instead of as a joint tenant
with a right of survivorship.
In determining the value of marital property,
the court is free to accept all, part or none of the evidence as to
the true and correct value of the property. Where the evidence
offered by one party is uncontradicted, the court may adopt this
value even [though] the resulting valuation would have been
different if more accurate and complete evidence had been
presented.
Schenk, 880 A.2d at 642 (quoting Baker v. Baker, 861 A.2d 298, 302 (Pa.
Super. 2004)). Instantly, the trial court concluded Husband’s interest in the
Ontario, Canada cottage was as a tenant in common with his aunt, and,
therefore, Husband owned a one-half interest in the cottage. Rule 1925(a)
Opinion, 12/19/14, at 3. The trial court made this finding principally upon
the record fact that Husband’s interest in the property was deeded as a
“joint tenant.” The trial court further reasoned that Husband’s
improvements were irrelevant, since improvements done by a joint tenant to
property are done at risk. Whether Husband would be entitled to more than
a one-half interest in a partition action is speculative. Here, the trial court
established Husband’s interest based upon record title.
Relying on Nicholson v. Johnston, 855 A.2d 97 (Pa. Super. 2004),
Wife claims that “[i]t is well settled in the law that in a partition action, a
joint tenant who makes a greater contribution to the property’s value may
assert an equitable claim for a greater share of the sales proceeds.” Wife’s
Brief at 21. Wife asserts that, in Nicholson, this Court affirmed the order of
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the trial court that “granted the defendant $60,000 more of the proceeds
based on his superior contribution to the property.” Wife’s Brief at 21. Wife
therefore concludes that if Husband’s aunt were to file a partition action,
Husband could recoup funds proportionate to his investment in the property.
Id. at 21-22. The defendant in Nicholson was able to recoup his greater
contribution to the property at issue because the Court determined the
defendant had made the contribution as a conditional gift contingent upon a
marriage that did not occur. Nicholson, 855 A.2d at 101. The Court
therefore held the defendant was entitled to the amount of his conditional
gift. Id. As such, Nicholson is factually and legally distinguishable from
the instant case. Moreover, we are not here dealing with a partition action.
We likewise reject Wife’s assertion that Husband’s interest as a joint
tenant should be treated as a joint tenant with a right of survivorship. “[I]n
order to engraft the right of survivorship on a co-tenancy which might
otherwise be a tenancy in common, the intent to do so must be expressed
with sufficient clarity to overcome the statutory presumption that
survivorship is not intended.” Edel v. Edel, 424 A.2d 946, 948 (Pa. Super.
1981). Wife has failed to produce evidence of any such clear intent. The
claim therefore is dismissed.
Absent clear evidence that Husband held an interest in the property
beyond that of a joint tenant, we cannot find that the trial court abused its
discretion in concluding Husband’s interest in the property was as a tenant in
common with a one-half interest valued at $90,000.
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In her third issue, Wife claims the trial court abused its discretion in
denying her request to have Husband protect her long-term alimony by
purchasing a life insurance plan and designating her as an irrevocable
beneficiary. Wife argues “the [trial court’s] conclusion that Husband’s
payment of Wife’s health insurance for 3 years will permit Wife to pay
Husband’s life insurance for 12 years without impairing her standard of living
is purely speculative and not supported by the record.” Wife’s Brief at 24.
Wife argues “the loss of Alimony at any point during that term results in
significant loss of income to a former spouse who is unlikely to find gainful
employment to assist her in maintaining the standard of living the parties
established during the marriage.” Wife’s Brief at 25.
Section 3502 of the Divorce code provides, in pertinent part, “Where it
is necessary to protect the interests of a party, the court may also direct the
purchase of, and beneficiary designations on, a policy insuring the life or
health of either party.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(d) (emphasis added). In
Balicki v. Balicki, 4 A.3d 654 (Pa. Super. 2010), this Court declined to find
error by the trial court in not ordering long-term life insurance to protect
alimony. In doing so, we noted that because alimony ceases at death under
Section 3707 of the Divorce Code, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3707, the trial court did
not abuse its discretion by refusing to require life insurance to secure an
alimony obligation that would not exist. Wife must establish that the refusal
to order life insurance to protect alimony is an abuse of discretion by clear
and convincing evidence. We do not find that Wife has done so here. In
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declining to order life insurance, the trial court reasoned that since Husband
was obligated to pay thirty-six months of health insurance, Wife would have
adequate resources to pay for 12 years of life insurance. While Wife claims
the trial court’s rationale was speculative, she offers no proof beyond
conclusory arguments that the overall economic scheme accomplished in the
equitable distribution award was unjust without the trial court ordering
payment of life insurance. Without demonstrating that the trial court abused
its discretion by clear and convincing evidence on this issue, we cannot
conclude that the trial court committed error.
In conclusion, we affirm the trial court’s determination that Husband
holds a one-half interest valued at $90,000 in the Ontario, Canada cottage,
as well as its determination that Husband was not required to purchase a life
insurance policy naming Wife as an irrevocable beneficiary. However, we
vacate the trial court’s alimony order. As our disposition of the alimony
issue may alter the trial court’s equitable distribution scheme, we remand for
additional proceedings and for entry of an order consistent with this
Memorandum.
Order affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for proceedings
consistent with this Memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/20/2016
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