Filed 6/24/16 P. v. Barrios CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Appellant, E063405
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1407010)
MOISES LEE BARRIOS, OPINION
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Helios (Joe) Hernandez,
Judge. Reversed.
Michael A. Hestrin, District Attorney, and Natalie M. Lough, Deputy District
Attorney, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Steven L. Harmon, Public Defender, and Laura Arnold, Deputy Public Defender,
for Defendant and Respondent.
1
INTRODUCTION
The People appeal from an order granting the petition of defendant Moises Lee
Barrios for resentencing of his felony conviction of receiving stolen property (Pen. Code,
§ 496, subd. (a)) as a misdemeanor. The People contend that defendant failed to establish
that the value of the property was less than $950, and the trial court therefore erred in
granting the petition. We reverse.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
During a probation search following a traffic stop on May 25, 2014, officers found
six credit cards and an identification card on defendant’s person; the cards did not belong
to defendant, and he admitted he did not know who they belonged to. The police
determined that several of the cards had been in a vehicle that was reported stolen.
Defendant was charged with receiving stolen property (§ 496, subd. (a); count 1);
unlawfully acquiring and retaining access to card account information of another person
with the intent to use it fraudulently (§ 484e, subd. (d); count 2); and identity theft
(§ 530.5, subd. (a); count 3).1
On July 10, 2014, defendant entered a plea of guilty to count 1, and the other
counts were dismissed. Defendant was sentenced to 16 months in state prison concurrent
to his sentence in other cases. The trial court found that the factual basis for defendant’s
plea was his statement on the record that he had in his possession some stolen credit
cards.
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2
On November 21, 2014, defendant filed a petition for resentencing under
Proposition 47 and section 1170.18. The People opposed the petition on the ground that
the value of the property exceeded $950 because the credit cards had credit limits above
that amount. In their opposition, the People stated that they “have spoken with the
Victim in this matter who stated each of the three (3) credit cards in [defendant’s]
possession all had a credit limit of over $950.00.”
The trial court granted the petition on the ground that the value of the credit cards
was not specific, but only potential, and their intrinsic value was less than $950.
DISCUSSION
Overview of Proposition 47 and Section 1170.18
On November 4, 2014, voters approved Proposition 47, the Safe Neighborhoods
and Schools Act, which went into effect the next day. (People v. Rivera (2015) 233
Cal.App.4th 1085, 1089.) Proposition 47 reduced certain drug- and theft-related crimes
from felonies or wobblers to misdemeanors for qualified defendants and added, among
other statutory provisions, section 1170.18. Section 1170.18 creates a process through
which persons previously convicted of crimes as felonies, which would be misdemeanors
under the new definitions in Proposition 47, may petition for resentencing. (See
generally People v. Lynall (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 1102, 1108-1109.) Specifically,
section 1170.18, subdivision (a), provides: “A person currently serving a sentence for a
conviction, whether by trial or plea, of a felony or felonies who would have been guilty
of a misdemeanor under [Proposition 47] . . . had [Proposition 47] been in effect at the
time of the offense may petition for a recall of sentence before the trial court that entered
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the judgment of conviction in his or her case to request resentencing in accordance with
Sections 11350, 11357, or 11377 of the Health and Safety Code, or Section 459.5, 473,
476a, 490.2, 496, or 666 of the Penal Code, as those sections have been amended or
added by [Proposition 47].”
Standard of Review
When interpreting a voter initiative, “we apply the same principles that govern
statutory construction.” (People v. Rizo (2000) 22 Cal.4th 681, 685.) We first look “‘to
the language of the statute, giving the words their ordinary meaning.’” (Ibid.) We
construe the statutory language “in the context of the statute as a whole and the overall
statutory scheme.” (Ibid.) If the language is ambiguous, we look to “‘other indicia of the
voters’ intent, particularly the analyses and arguments contained in the official ballot
pamphlet.’” (Ibid.)
Analysis
Following the passage of Proposition 47, the crime of receiving stolen property
(§ 496, subd. (a)) was reduced to a misdemeanor for qualified defendants if the value of
the property did not exceed $950. “[A] petitioner for resentencing under Proposition 47
must establish his or her eligibility for such resentencing.” (People v. Sherow (2015) 239
Cal.App.4th 875, 878 (Sherow).) Defendant’s petition indicated that he qualified for
resentencing when the value of the property did not exceed $950, and he argues that he
made a prima facie showing of eligibility, after which the burden shifted to the People.
Defendant offered no evidence at the resentencing hearing.
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We reject defendant’s contention that the mere assertion of belief that the value of
the property was less than $950, without supporting evidence, satisfied his burden of
proof. Valuation of property for purposes of resentencing is necessarily a fact-based
determination. (See Sherow, supra, 239 Cal.App.4th at pp. 877-878.)
We next examine whether the trial court nonetheless properly ruled that the value
of the stolen credit cards was not over $950. In so ruling, the trial court found that the
credit cards had minimal intrinsic value. This approach is currently under review by the
California Supreme Court. (See People v. Thompson (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 413,
review granted Mar. 9, 2016, S232212.) In that case, the defendant appealed the denial
of resentencing under section 1170.18 of his conviction of grand theft (§ 484e, subd. (d))
based on his unauthorized use of another person’s debit card to make three purchases
totaling $210.28. As to whether the defendant had met his burden of establishing that the
value of the property was $950 or less as required for resentencing, the court held that the
value of the access card itself was slight, only the intrinsic value of the plastic. The court
in Thompson relied on earlier California cases that had addressed the value of various
forms of property. For example, in People v. Caridis (1915) 29 Cal.App. 166, 167-169,
the court held that the winning ticket in an illegal lottery, as a piece of paper, had slight
intrinsic value to support a charge of petit larceny for its wrongful taking. And in People
v. Cuellar (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 833, 838-839, the court held that a fictitious check
“had slight intrinsic value by virtue of the paper it was printed on”].)
However, the issue before the court in those cases was not to assign a specific
value to such property, but to establish whether the property had at least some intrinsic
5
value so as to support a charge of larceny. (People v. Caridis, supra, 29 Cal.App. at
p. 169; People v. Cuellar, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at p. 839.) Thus, those cases are of
limited value in making a determination of value as required for resentencing under
section 1170.18.
The People and defendant propose alternative approaches to valuation of a stolen
debit card.
The People contend that “the value of a stolen credit card should be calculated by
the intended loss and potential use by the defendant, not the monetary value of the
physical card or the amount charged by the defendant.” In so arguing, the People rely on
federal appellate decisions interpreting federal sentencing guidelines under which a
defendant can be sentenced to a longer term by using the credit card limit as the value of
the “intended loss.” (See, e.g., U.S. v. Sowels (5th Cir. 1993) 998 F.2d 249, 251-252
[holding that the defendant could be sentenced to a longer term under sentencing
guidelines by using the credit limit of stolen credit cards to determine the “intended
loss”]; see also U.S. v. Harris (5th Cir. 2010) 597 F.3d 242, 256 [holding that the full
credit limit of a card could be used to calculate intended loss when “a defendant
recklessly jeopardizes the full credit limit of a card by transferring it to a third party
whom he does not control”]; U.S. v. Nosrati-Shamloo (11th Cir. 2001) 255 F.3d 1290,
1292.) Those cases are inapposite; the federal sentencing guidelines at issue expressly
permit consideration of the “intended loss that the defendant was attempting to inflict”
when that amount can be determined. (See U.S. v. Egemonye (1st Cir. 1995) 62 F.3d
425, 428.) The People concede that such concept of “intended loss” has no counterpart in
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California law as a measure of the value of stolen property for purposes of section 496,
subdivision (a). We therefore reject that test as the appropriate measure of the value of a
stolen credit card.
Defendant has proposed a third approach, consistent with “California’s settled
legal standard for determining the ‘value’ of stolen property.” That standard is “‘the fair
market value of the property and not the value of the property to any particular
individual.’” (People v. Lizarraga (1954) 122 Cal.App.2d 436, 438, quoting People v.
Latham (1941) 43 Cal.App.2d 35, 39; see also § 484, subd. (a) [“In determining the value
of the property obtained, for the purposes of this section, the reasonable and fair market
value shall be the test.”].)
Defendant further notes that when there is no legal market price for a stolen item,
courts in other jurisdictions have looked to “the illegal market price” and other objective
evidence in determining the value of a stolen item, including a credit or debit card and
similar instruments. (See, e.g., Miller v. People (1977) 193 Colo. 415, 418 [“Evidence of
the dollar amount which may be purchased by using the credit card without card
company approval provides an objective means of evaluating the illegitimate market
value of credit cards.”]; U.S. v. Tyers (2d Cir. 1973) 487 F.2d 828, 831 [jury could
properly consider street value of stolen blank money orders]; U.S. v. Bullock (5th Cir.
1971) 451 F.2d 884, 890 [trier of fact could consider the value of stolen money orders
based on the value the defendants obtained through “legitimate channels, or at what they
might bring on the thieves’ market”]; Churder v. U.S. (8th Cir. 1968) 387 F.2d 825, 833
[the measure of value of stolen money orders was “the amount the goods may bring to the
7
thief”]; State v. McCabe (N.D. 1982) 315 N.W.2d 672, 676 [reasonable to believe that a
stolen credit card “had a ‘street value’ or ‘thieves’ market’ value in excess of $100].)
In our view, the market value approach is most consistent with existing California
law. Because defendant failed to introduce any evidence on that issue, reversal is
required.
DISPOSITION
The order appealed from is reversed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
McKINSTER
J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST
Acting P. J.
MILLER
J.
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People v. Barrios CA4/2
Combined Opinion