Filed 6/27/16 Christ v. Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Nevada)
----
GLENN CHRIST,
Plaintiff and Appellant, C076957
v. (Super. Ct. No. CU13080171)
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND FIRE
PROTECTION et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
The Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire) prepared a complaint
for administrative penalties against plaintiff Glenn Christ after he made improvements
on property without obtaining a Cal Fire exemption. An administrative law judge issued
a proposed decision and the Board of Forestry and Fire Protection (Board) adopted the
decision as its own, imposing a $12,000 administrative penalty on plaintiff.
Plaintiff filed a petition for writ of administrative mandate in the Nevada County
Superior Court, seeking to set aside the Board’s decision. The petition named Cal Fire
and Does 1 to 50 as respondents, but did not name the Board. After the statute of
limitations had run, however, plaintiff filed a second amended writ petition substituting
the Board in place of Doe 1.
1
The trial court sustained the Board’s demurrer to the second amended writ petition
without leave to amend. Based on the allegations in the original writ petition, the trial
court found that when plaintiff initiated the action he knew the Board had made the
challenged decision. Accordingly, the substitution of the Board as Doe 1 did not relate
back to the filing of the original writ petition under Code of Civil Procedure section 474,1
and the claim against the Board was barred by the statute of limitations.
Plaintiff now argues the following: (1) under section 474, the substitution of the
Board for Doe 1 related back because, at the time plaintiff filed the original writ petition,
he did not know the Board was legally distinct from Cal Fire; (2) his failure to name the
Board as a respondent in the original writ petition was an excusable mistake justifying
relation back under section 473, subdivision (a); (3) the Board is equitably estopped from
asserting the statute of limitations because it refused to provide requested information;
and (4) the Board made a general appearance in filing its demurrer and thus waived the
statute of limitations defense.
We conclude (1) the substitution of the Board did not relate back, because the
original writ petition confirms plaintiff knew the Board issued the challenged decision;
(2) even if plaintiff made a legal mistake in not understanding the distinction between
Cal Fire and the Board, the mistake is not excusable under section 473, subdivision (b);
(3) plaintiff may not assert equitable estoppel for the first time on appeal; and (4) the
Board did not forfeit its statute of limitations defense by demurring on that ground.
We will affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
We draw the following facts from the allegations of the second amended writ
petition and judicially noticed matters.
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
2
Plaintiff owned approximately 50 acres of land in Nevada County, and the County
agreed to purchase approximately 21 of those acres. The agreement required plaintiff to
remediate a sinkhole and complete an access road to the County’s adjoining land.
Cal Fire was the state department authorized to enforce the Z’berg-Nejedly Forest
Practice Act of 1973 (Pub. Resources Code, §§ 4511 et seq.) (Forest Practice Act). It
oversaw timber operations. Plaintiff informed Cal Fire of the work to be done under the
agreement with Nevada County before he began the work. Nevertheless, a Cal Fire
inspector informed plaintiff there were alleged violations of the Forest Practice Act. The
inspector found that plaintiff failed to obtain a “three acre subdivision exemption.”
Cal Fire served an administrative complaint against plaintiff on July 29, 2010,
alleging that plaintiff cut down 10 to 15 trees in the course of constructing the road
without first obtaining an exemption for subdivision development under Public Resources
Code section 4628, subdivision (b). The complaint sought a civil penalty of $8,000
against plaintiff. A hearing was not held on that first complaint.
Cal Fire served a second administrative complaint against plaintiff on
November 15, 2012, asserting the same allegations as the first complaint but this time
seeking $12,000 in penalties against plaintiff. A hearing on the second complaint was
held before an administrative law judge, who issued a proposed decision on August 5,
2013. The Board adopted the proposed decision on October 29, 2013, upholding the
complaint and the $12,000 administrative penalty against plaintiff.
On November 26, 2013, plaintiff filed a verified petition for writ of administrative
mandate (§ 1094.5) in Nevada County Superior Court, seeking to set aside the Board’s
decision. The petition named Cal Fire and Does 1 to 50 as respondents. Although the
petition mentioned the Board in the allegations and prayer, it did not name the Board as a
respondent. Shortly thereafter, on December 12, 2013, plaintiff filed a first amended writ
petition, again naming only Cal Fire and Does 1 to 50 as respondents. The original writ
3
petition, amended writ petition and summons for both petitions were personally served on
Cal Fire on December 13, 2013.
Cal Fire demurred to the first amended writ petition on the ground that it failed to
state a cause of action against Cal Fire. Cal Fire argued plaintiff failed to name the entity
that issued the challenged decision -- the Board -- as a respondent, and plaintiff could not
amend the writ petition to cure the defect because the 30-day statute of limitations for
bringing an action against the Board had expired. Cal Fire asserted that the Board and
Cal Fire were separate entities and Cal Fire had no authority to overturn the Board’s
decision. Plaintiff opposed Cal Fire’s demurrer and asked for leave to amend the writ
petition. The trial court sustained the demurrer with leave to amend.
Plaintiff filed and served a second amended writ petition on March 3, 2014,
alleging, among other things, that he was originally ignorant of the Board’s true name
and designated the Board as Doe 1, but subsequently discovered the true name of the
Board and substituted the Board in place of Doe 1.
Cal Fire and the Board demurred to the second amended writ petition. Cal Fire
argued once again that the petition failed to state a claim for writ relief against Cal Fire
because Cal Fire did not make the challenged decision. The Board argued the petition
was barred by the applicable statute of limitations (Public Resources Code, § 4601.3,
subd. (a)) and did not relate back because when plaintiff filed the original writ petition he
was not genuinely ignorant of the Board’s identity or the facts allegedly entitling plaintiff
to writ relief against the Board.
In opposing the demurrer, plaintiff did not claim to be unaware of the Board’s
identity when he filed the original writ petition. Rather, he said he held a good faith
belief that Cal Fire was the overarching entity with jurisdiction over the matter.
The trial court granted respondents’ request for judicial notice of the proposed
decision by the administrative law judge and the Board’s adoption of the proposed
decision. The trial court ruled there was no basis for a writ of mandate against Cal Fire
4
because Cal Fire did not issue the challenged decision. It sustained Cal Fire’s demurrer
to the second amended writ petition without leave to amend.2
The trial court also sustained the Board’s demurrer without leave to amend, ruling
that the substitution of the Board in place of Doe 1 did not relate back to the filing of the
original writ petition. According to the trial court, the original writ petition showed that
plaintiff knew the Board made the final challenged decision. The trial court said even if
plaintiff mistakenly believed Cal Fire and the Board were the same entity, or that Cal Fire
oversaw the Board, those were mistakes of law. The trial court ruled a mistake of law is
not relevant to a section 474 determination regarding relation back of a Doe amendment.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of the challenged pleading. (Milligan v.
Golden Gate Bridge Highway & Transportation Dist. (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 1, 5.) The
standard of review of an order of dismissal following the sustaining of a demurrer is well
established. We independently evaluate the challenged pleading, construing it liberally,
giving it a reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole, and viewing its parts in
context. (Id. at pp. 5-6.) We assume the truth of all material facts properly pleaded or
implied and consider judicially noticed matter, but we do not assume the truth of
contentions, deductions, or conclusions of law. (Schifando v. City of Los Angeles (2003)
31 Cal.4th 1074, 1081; Aubry v. Tri-City Hospital Dist. (1992) 2 Cal.4th 962, 966-967.)
We determine de novo whether the factual allegations of the challenged pleading are
2 Plaintiff’s appellate opening brief does not challenge the order sustaining Cal Fire’s
demurrer. Plaintiff states in a footnote in his appellate reply brief that “the action should
have been allowed to continue against the Department.” To the extent plaintiff asserts
the demurrer order with regard to Cal Fire is erroneous, we do not consider arguments
made for the first time in a reply brief absent a showing of good cause for the failure to
present them earlier. (Garcia v. McCutchen (1997) 16 Cal.4th 469, 482, fn. 10; Allen v.
City of Sacramento (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 41, 52.) Good cause has not been
demonstrated.
5
adequate to state a cause of action under any legal theory. (Milligan, supra,
120 Cal.App.4th at p. 6.) We will affirm the judgment if proper on any grounds stated
in the demurrer, whether or not the trial court acted on that ground. (Carman v. Alvord
(1982) 31 Cal.3d 318, 324.) The appellant bears the burden of demonstrating the
demurrer was sustained erroneously. (Friends of Shingle Springs Interchange, Inc. v.
County of El Dorado (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1470, 1485.)
If the trial court sustained the demurrer, we consider whether the challenged
pleading might state a cause of action if the appellant were permitted to amend. (Blank v.
Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318.) If the complaint could be amended to state a cause
of action, the trial court abused its discretion in denying leave to amend and we will
reverse; if not, there has been no abuse of discretion and we will affirm. (Ibid.) The
appellant bears the burden of showing a reasonable possibility that a defect can be cured
by amendment. (Ibid.)
DISCUSSION
I
Plaintiff claims that under section 474, the substitution of the Board for Doe 1
related back because, at the time plaintiff filed the original writ petition, he did not know
the Board was legally distinct from Cal Fire.
A petition for administrative mandamus challenging a decision of the Board
must be filed within 30 days from the date of service of the decision on the party.
(Pub. Resources Code, § 4601.3; Cockshott v. Department of Forestry & Fire Protection
(2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 235, 237 (Cockshott).) Public Resources Code section 4601.3 is
a statute of limitations. (Cockshott, supra, 125 Cal.App.4th at pp. 237, 241.)
It is undisputed that plaintiff did not name the Board as a respondent within the
limitations period. However, section 474 provides that when a plaintiff is ignorant of the
name of a defendant, he or she must state that fact in the complaint. (§ 474.) The
plaintiff may designate the unknown defendant by any name and may subsequently
6
amend the complaint to add defendant’s true name once plaintiff discovers it. (§ 474.)
Under those circumstances, the fictitiously named defendant is considered a party to the
action from its commencement. (General Motors Corp. v. Superior Court (1996)
48 Cal.App.4th 580, 589 (General Motors Corp.).) The amended pleading relates back to
the filing of the original complaint and satisfies the statute of limitations if it involves the
same general set of facts. (Parker v. Robert E. McKee, Inc. (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 512,
516.)
“ ‘[T]he purpose of section 474 is to enable a plaintiff to avoid the bar of the
statute of limitations when he [or she] is ignorant of the identity of the defendant.
[Citations.] The statute must be liberally construed to that end. [Citations.]’ ” (General
Motors Corp., supra, 48 Cal.App.4th at p. 593, fn. 12.) “ ‘There is a strong policy in
favor of litigating cases on their merits, and the California courts have been very liberal
in permitting the amendment of pleadings to bring in a defendant previously sued by
fictitious name.’ ” (Streicher v. Tommy’s Electric Co. (1985) 164 Cal.App.3d 876, 882
(Streicher); see Dieckmann v. Superior Court (1985) 175 Cal.App.3d 345, 352, 355
(Dieckmann); Munoz v. Purdy (1979) 91 Cal.App.3d 942, 946 (Munoz).) Nevertheless,
section 474 does not apply unless the plaintiff’s claimed ignorance of the true name of a
fictitiously named defendant is real. (Dieckmann, supra, 175 Cal.App.3d at p. 355.)
A plaintiff is “ignorant of the name of a defendant” within the meaning of
section 474 if, at the time the original complaint is filed, the plaintiff is aware of the
identity and name of the defendant who is sued by a fictitious name, but lacks knowledge
of facts that would cause a reasonable person to believe that such defendant is probably
liable for the plaintiff’s injuries.3 (Fuller v. Tucker (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 1163, 1172;
3 Plaintiff’s reliance on Krupski v. Costa Crociere S. p. A. (2010) 560 U.S. 538
[177 L.Ed.2d 48] is misplaced. Krupski construed Rule 15(c) of the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure, which governs when an amended pleading relates back under the federal
7
Dieckmann, supra, 175 Cal.App.3d at p. 363; Miller v. Thomas (1981) 121 Cal.App.3d
440, 444-445 (Miller); Munoz, supra, 91 Cal.App.3d at p. 946.)
The lack of knowledge requirement in section 474 is restricted to the actual
knowledge of the plaintiff at the time the original complaint was filed. (Streicher, supra,
164 Cal.App.3d at pp. 882-883; Munoz, supra, 91 Cal.App.3d at p. 947.) The inquiry
whether a plaintiff may substitute a defendant for one named as a Doe under section 474
is, therefore, different from whether a plaintiff timely filed a cause of action under the
applicable statute of limitations. (McOwen v. Grossman (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 937,
943; General Motors Corp., supra, 48 Cal.App.4th at pp. 587-588.) “When a lawsuit is
first initiated after the applicable period of limitations has expired and the plaintiff is
entitled to claim the benefit of a delayed discovery rule (that is, when for one reason or
another the plaintiff is granted an extended period within which to file suit), the relevant
inquiry is what the plaintiff knew or, through the exercise of due diligence, reasonably
could have discovered at an earlier date. . . . [¶] But where . . . a lawsuit is initiated
within the applicable period of limitations against someone (that is, almost anyone at all)
and the plaintiff has complied with section 474 by alleging the existence of unknown
additional defendants, the relevant inquiry when the plaintiff seeks to substitute a real
defendant for one sued fictitiously is what facts the plaintiff actually knew at the time the
original complaint was filed.” (General Motors Corp., supra, 48 Cal.App.4th at pp. 587-
588, italics omitted.)
Plaintiff claims the trial court erred in not accepting as true, for the purpose of the
demurrer, the allegation in his second amended writ petition that he was ignorant of the
rules. (Id. at p. 541 [177 L.Ed.2d at p. 53].) Unlike section 474, the inquiry under Rule
15(c) is not on what the plaintiff knew. (Id. at p. 548 [177 L.Ed.2d at p. 57].) In Krupski
the Supreme Court rejected the appellate court’s reliance on the plaintiff’s knowledge.
(Id. at p. 552 [177 L.Ed.2d at p. 60].)
8
true name of the Board. Plaintiff says the trial court made a credibility determination
when it ruled that plaintiff was aware of the existence of the Board.
But when a party pleads facts inconsistent with the allegations of prior pleadings
and there is no explanation for the inconsistency, the court reviewing a demurrer may
disregard the inconsistent allegations in the challenged pleading and read into that
pleading the allegations of the superseded pleading. (Lockton v. O’Rourke (2010)
184 Cal.App.4th 1051, 1061; Berg & Berg Enterprises, LLC v. Boyle (2009)
178 Cal.App.4th 1020, 1043, fn. 25; Owens v. Kings Supermarket (1988) 198 Cal.App.3d
379, 383-384 (Owens).) Here, the original writ petition alleged that “the Board of
Forestry . . . issued a final decision,” and plaintiff “is an aggrieved person with the right
to judicial review of the Board of Forestry’s Final Decision.” The original writ petition
asked for “a writ of administrative mandate vacating and setting aside entirely the Final
Order of the Board of the Department of Forestry and Fire Protection and compelling the
Department of Forestry and Fire Protection to dismiss this proceeding in its entirety.”
Plaintiff also referred to the Board’s final decision in other parts of the original writ
petition and alleged that the decision was an abuse of discretion for various reasons. The
first amended writ petition likewise referred to the Board and its final decision and
alleged various defects in that decision.
Thus, the trial court properly took judicial notice of the original writ petition.
(Owens, supra, 198 Cal.App.3d at pp. 383-384.) And it did not err in disregarding
inconsistent allegations in the second amended writ petition because the original writ
petition shows that, at the time plaintiff initiated the writ proceeding, he knew not only
the name of the Board but also that the Board issued the challenged decision. (Ibid.)
Plaintiff was not ignorant of the facts giving rise to his petition for writ of administrative
mandate against the Board.
Nevertheless, there were other allegations in plaintiff’s second amended writ
petition that were not inconsistent with the original petition. Plaintiff acknowledged that
9
he received the Board’s final decision. The trial court took judicial notice of the
proposed decision by the administrative law judge and the Board’s adoption of the
proposed decision as its final decision. The caption of the proposed decision states that
the complaint and proposed order for administrative penalties against plaintiff was before
the Board. The final decision dated October 29, 2013, states that the Board adopted the
administrative law judge’s proposed decision in the matter.
Plaintiff also claims that he believed the Board and Cal Fire were the same entity.
But the original writ petition, which recognizes a distinction between the two entities,
belies plaintiff’s appellate claim. In any event, as we will explain, Cal Fire and the Board
are separate entities as a matter of law, and any such mistake of law does not satisfy the
ignorance requirement under section 474.
Cal Fire exists within the California Natural Resources Agency and is under the
control of the Director of Cal Fire, who is appointed by the Governor. (Pub. Resources
Code § 701, subd. (a); Gov. Code, §§ 12802, 12805.) The responsibilities of Cal Fire
include the enforcement of the Forest Practice Act. (Pub. Resources Code, §§ 700, 714.)
The director of Cal Fire may issue an administrative complaint against any person who
violates the Forest Practice Act or a rule or regulation adopted under the Forest Practice
Act, and propose a civil penalty be imposed against such person. (Pub. Resources Code,
§§ 4601.1, subd. (b), 4601.2, subd. (a).)
The Board exists within Cal Fire and consists of nine members appointed by the
Governor. (Pub. Resources Code, § 730, subd. (a).) The Board promulgates rules and
regulations under the Forest Practice Act. (Pub. Resources Code, § 4551, subd. (a);
Public Resources Protection Assn. v. Department of Forestry & Fire Protection (1994)
7 Cal.4th 111, 120.) The Board also decides whether to sustain alleged violations cited
by Cal Fire and whether to affirm, modify, or set aside, in whole or in part, a civil penalty
issued by Cal Fire, following a hearing during which Cal Fire and the person charged
with a violation may present evidence. (Pub. Resources Code, § 4601.2, subds. (c)-(e);
10
Cal. Code Regs., tit 14, §§ 1057-1058.5.) The director of Cal Fire does not have the
authority to amend or repeal any order, regulation, ruling, or directive of the Board.
(Pub. Resources Code, § 710.) Public Resources Code section 4601.3 provides for
judicial review of a final order issued by the Board or the administrative law judge, if an
administrative law judge conducted the administrative hearing at the election of the
chairman of the Board.4 (Pub. Resources Code, § 4601.3, subd. (a).)
In Elk County Water Dist. v. Department of Forestry & Fire Protection (1997)
53 Cal.App.4th 1, the plaintiff filed a petition for writ of mandate challenging the validity
of certain Forest Practice Act rules. (Id. at pp. 7-8.) The petition named Cal Fire as a
respondent but not the Board. (Id. at p. 7.) The trial court held that the Board was an
indispensable party whose absence precluded reaching the validity of the Forest Practice
Act rules. (Id. at p. 8.) The appellate court agreed, explaining that the Board had
rulemaking authority while Cal Fire only had enforcement authority. (Ibid.) The
appellate court rejected the plaintiff’s argument that the Board need not be separately
served even though it exists within Cal Fire pursuant to Public Resources Code
section 730. (Id. at p. 9.)
The second amended writ petition alleges that plaintiff was ignorant “regarding
the need to name the Board of Forestry as a party.” Plaintiff initially determined that Cal
Fire was the proper respondent in a petition for administrative mandate to set aside a
decision by the Board. Although he knew the Board issued the challenged decision, he
elected not to name the Board as a respondent in the original writ petition. His asserted
mistake, even if committed in good faith, does not satisfy the ignorance required under
section 474. (Miller, supra, 121 Cal.App.3d at pp. 443, 445-446 [no ignorance where
4 The original writ petition, first amended writ petition, and second amended writ
petition allege that plaintiff’s action is brought pursuant to Public Resources Code
section 4601.3.
11
plaintiff knew the defendant was driver in accident but plaintiff’s counsel chose only
to proceed against driver’s employer]; Von Gibson v. Estate of Lynch (1988)
197 Cal.App.3d 725, 730 [no ignorance of fact where the plaintiff did not know how to
proceed against a deceased tortfeasor]; Stephens v. Berry (1967) 249 Cal.App.2d 474,
475-477 [no ignorance where plaintiffs knew James Berry was the driver in accident but
plaintiffs’ counsel mistakenly failed to name Berry as a defendant].) Thus, the
substitution does not relate back and does not survive the limitations period in Public
Resources Code section 4601.3.
Plaintiff further argues that the trial court erred in not granting him leave to
amend. It is an abuse of discretion to sustain a demurrer without leave to amend if the
plaintiff shows there is a reasonable possibility a defect can be cured by amendment.
(Blank v. Kirwan, supra, 39 Cal.3d at p. 318.) A plaintiff can demonstrate the manner in
which the complaint can be amended to cure a defect for the first time on appeal. (Ross
v. Creel Printing & Publishing Co. (2002) 100 Cal.App.4th 736, 748; Dudley v.
Department of Transportation (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 255, 260.) But plaintiff fails to
explain on appeal how he can plead a claim against the Board that is not barred under
Public Resources Code section 4601.3. As we have explained, plaintiff’s asserted good
faith belief does not satisfy the ignorance requirement of section 474.
II
Plaintiff next contends his failure to name the Board in the original writ petition
was an excusable mistake justifying relation back under section 473, subdivision (a).
The record does not indicate that plaintiff sought relief under section 473 in the
trial court. That would normally bar our consideration of the issue. (In re Marriage of
Eben-King & King (2000) 80 Cal.App.4th 92, 110-111; Tustin Plaza Partnership v.
Wehage (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 1557, 1566; Williams v. Los Angeles Unified School Dist.
(1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 84, 105) But there is an exception where the facts are undisputed
and the party raises a new question of law. (UFITEC, S.A. v. Carter (1977) 20 Cal.3d
12
238, 249, fn. 2; Petropoulos v. Department of Real Estate (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 554,
561.) Here, the allegations cannot be disputed on demurrer unless they are contrary to
facts judicially noticed. (Hoffman v. Smithwoods RV Park, LLC (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th
390, 400 (Hoffman).) We will consider whether plaintiff is entitled to relief under
section 473, subdivision (a) based on the allegations in the second amended writ petition
and matters of which the trial court took judicial notice.
Section 473, subdivision (a) permits amendment to correct a misnomer or a defect
in the description or characterization of a party. (Hawkins v. Pacific Coast Bldg.
Products, Inc. (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 1497, 1504-1505 (Hawkins).) “Whether an
amendment of a pleading will be allowed to change the description or characterization
from an individual, a partnership or other association, after the statute of limitations has
run depends on whether the misdescription or mischaracterization is merely a misnomer
or defect in the description or characterization, or whether it is a substitution or entire
change of parties. In the former case an amendment will be allowed; in the latter, it will
not be allowed.” (Thompson v. Palmer Corp. (1956) 138 Cal.App.2d 387, 390.)
Relation back applies when an amended complaint simply corrects a misnomer.
(Hawkins, supra, 124 Cal.App.4th at p. 1503.) But section 473, subdivision (a) does not
authorize the addition of a new party, one whom the plaintiff failed to name as a
defendant, after the statute of limitations has run. (Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp. v.
Superior Court (1984) 160 Cal.App.3d 594, 598-599 & fn. 3; Stephens v. Berry, supra,
249 Cal.App.2d at p. 478-479; Thompson, supra, 138 Cal.App.2d at p. 396.) An
amended complaint that adds a new defendant does not relate back to the date of filing of
the original complaint. (Ibid.) Section 473, subdivision (a) does not permit amendment
to add a new party to an action after the statute of limitations has run. (Stephens v. Berry,
supra, 249 Cal.App.2d at p. 478-479; Chitwood v. County of Los Angeles (1971)
14 Cal.App.3d 522, 525 (Chitwood) [the plaintiff cannot amend her complaint to replace
Los Angeles County Flood Control District for the County of Los Angeles after the
13
statute of limitations had run, even if she made an honest mistake in the naming of the
defendant, because the Flood District and the County are distinct entities]; Milam v.
Dickman Construction Co. (1964) 229 Cal.App.2d 208, 212-213.)
Although plaintiff now claims this case involves “an accidental misnomer,” the
record shows plaintiff intended to sue Cal Fire and to omit the Board as a respondent.
Plaintiff knew the names for Cal Fire and the Board when he commenced this action, and
he knew the Board issued the challenged decision. Case authorities are inapposite to the
extent they involve plaintiffs who made mistakes because a defendant conducted business
under a fictitious name or used business names interchangeably. (See, e.g., Hawkins,
supra, 124 Cal.App.4th 1497; Mayberry v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. (1966)
244 Cal.App.2d 350 (Mayberry); Smith v. Pickwick Stages System (1931) 113 Cal.App.
118.)
Moreover, plaintiff did not serve the Board until he filed the second amended writ
petition. (Contra, Thompson v. Southern Pacific Co. (1919) 180 Cal. 730, 731-732, 734
[the plaintiff was permitted to replace Southern Pacific Railroad Company with Southern
Pacific Company in a case where the correct defendant was served with the summons and
original complaint]; Smith v. Pickwick Stages System, supra, 113 Cal.App. at pp. 121-
123.) The statute of limitations had long expired by that time. Additionally, neither Cal
Fire nor the Board “took steps to perpetuate plaintiff’s error beyond the point of repair.”
(Contra, Mayberry, supra, 244 Cal.App.2d at pp.351-352, 354 [erroneously named
defendant answered the complaint, took the plaintiff’s deposition, and did not disclose
that the plaintiff had sued the wrong entity until trial]; Cuadros v. Superior Court (1992)
6 Cal.App.4th 671, 676-678 [erroneously named entities answered the complaint and
participated in the action for over three years without revealing that the proper defendant
was a different entity]; Kleinecke v. Montecito Water Dist. (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 240,
242-244, 246-248.)
14
The second amended writ petition alleges that plaintiff was ignorant of the need
to name the Board as a respondent because (1) the administrative law judge said the
matter was before Cal Fire and the difference between Cal Fire and the Board was a mere
technicality; (2) counsel for Cal Fire said the Board delegated jurisdiction to Cal Fire and
the Board is an appointed board within Cal Fire; (3) Cal Fire cited to Cockshott, supra,
125 Cal.App.4th 235; (4) Cal Fire’s website lists the Board as a program within Cal Fire;
(5) Public Resources Code section 730, subdivision (a) refers to the Board as existing
within Cal Fire; and (6) Government Code section 11500, subdivision (b) refers to the
Board as a party to administrative complaints served on plaintiff. We address these
assertions in order.
Regarding the alleged statements by the administrative law judge and counsel for
Cal Fire, “[u]nder the doctrine of truthful pleading, the courts ‘will not close their eyes to
situations where a complaint contains . . . allegations contrary to facts that are judicially
noticed.’ [Citation.] ‘False allegations of fact, . . . contrary to facts judicially noticed
[citation], may be disregarded . . .’ [Citation.]” (Hoffman, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at
p. 400; accord Pich v. Lightbourne (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 480, 490; C.R. v. Tenet
Healthcare Corp. (2009) 169 Cal.App.4th 1094, 1102; Hancock v. Burns (1958)
158 Cal.App.2d 785, 790 (Hancock).) The record shows the following: After counsel
for Cal Fire stated his appearance for the record at the administrative hearing, the
administrative law judge asked whether counsel was appearing for Cal Fire or the Board.
Counsel replied that he was appearing for Cal Fire. The administrative law judge then
asked counsel to clarify why some of the documents presented for the hearing referred
to the Board. Cal Fire’s counsel explained that the Board is an appointed board within
Cal Fire and the Board has jurisdiction over these cases, but the Board delegated
authority to Cal Fire so that Cal Fire prosecutes the case, the Office of Administrative
Hearings hears the matter, and the Board is the “ultimate decider.” The administrative
law judge subsequently explained to plaintiff that she would make findings based on the
15
evidence, apply the law to the findings, and prepare a proposed decision; and the Board
would make the ultimate decision in the matter.
The administrative law judge did not say that the difference between Cal Fire and
the Board was a mere technicality. The administrative law judge and counsel for Cal Fire
did not say Cal Fire and the Board are the same entity, or indicate that an action seeking
judicial review of the Board’s decision need not name the Board as a party. Rather, the
proposed decision by the administrative law judge stated that the matter was before the
Board. And the final decision challenged by the writ petition said the Board adopted the
proposed decision of the administrative law judge as the Board’s decision. We are not
required to accept the contrary factual allegations in the second amended writ petition.
(Hoffman, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at p. 400.)
Continuing with the items enumerated in plaintiff’s second amended writ petition
as justifying his mistake, the decision in Cockshott, supra, 125 Cal.App.4th 235, is not on
point. Cockshott involved a dispute over the applicable statute of limitations and whether
equity required tolling of the limitations period during preparation of the administrative
record. (Id. at p. 238.)
Plaintiff also points to Cal Fire’s website, but the trial court denied his request to
take judicial notice of the website and plaintiff does not challenge the trial court’s ruling
on appeal. In any event, as we have explained, Cal Fire and the Board are distinct entities
as a matter of law. For that same reason, plaintiff’s references to Public Resources Code
section 730, subdivision (a), and Government Code section 11500, subdivision (b), are
also unavailing.
Plaintiff’s contention based on section 473, subdivision (a) lacks merit.
III
Plaintiff next asks us to conclude that the Board is equitably estopped from
asserting the statute of limitations because it refused to provide plaintiff with requested
information.
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“ ‘[T]he doctrine of equitable estoppel is a rule of fundamental fairness whereby a
party is precluded from benefiting from his inconsistent conduct which has induced
reliance to the detriment of another [citations]. Under well settled California law four
elements must be present in order to apply the doctrine of equitable estoppel: (1) the
party to be estopped must be apprised of the facts; (2) he must intend that his conduct
shall be acted upon or must so act that the party asserting the estoppel had a right to
believe it was so intended; (3) the other party must be ignorant of the true state of facts;
and (4) he must rely upon the conduct to his injury . . . .’ [Citation.]” (In re Marriage of
Turkanis & Price (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 332, 352.) “Generally, the existence of . . .
estoppel . . . is a question of fact for the trial court, whose determination is conclusive on
appeal unless the opposite conclusion is the only one that we can reasonably draw from
the evidence.” (Id. at p. 353.) A party forfeits a claim of equitable estoppel when he or
she fails to assert it in the trial court. (Ibid. [generalized arguments regarding unfairness
do not put the trial court on notice that it should make essential factual findings regarding
estoppel]; Rogers v. County of Los Angeles (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 480, 490, fn. 6; P&D
Consultants, Inc. v. City of Carlsbad (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 1332, 1344.)
Plaintiff did not raise a claim of equitable estoppel in the trial court and he may
not raise such a claim for the first time on appeal. This is not a case where the facts
regarding the application of equitable estoppel are uncontroverted and the questions can
be decided as a matter of law.
Although plaintiff claims he raised an estoppel argument at pages 337 to 338 of
the superior court file, those pages relate to the motion for reconsideration plaintiff filed
after judgment of dismissal was entered. We do not consider matters that were not before
the trial court when it decided the demurrer. (Vons Companies, Inc. v. Seabest Foods,
Inc. (1996) 14 Cal.4th 434, 444, fn. 3; Shuts v. Covenant Holdco LLC (2012)
208 Cal.App.4th 609, 622, fn. 7.)
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IV
Plaintiff also claims the Board made a general appearance when it demurred to the
second amended writ petition, thereby waiving the statute of limitations defense.
The demurrer was the first document filed by the Board in this action. It properly
raised the statute of limitations defense. (Iverson, Yoakum, Papiano & Hatch v. Berwald
(1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 990, 995; Basin Construction Corp. v. Department of Water &
Power (1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 819, 823; O’Neil v. Spillane (1975) 45 Cal.App.3d 147,
156.) The Board did not forfeit the statute of limitations defense by interposing a
demurrer on that ground. (Chitwood, supra, 14 Cal.App.3d at pp. 525-526 [rejecting
argument that the defendant generally appeared by opposing the plaintiff’s motion to
amend the complaint; the defendant’s sole purpose in appearing was to object to the
assertion of jurisdiction over its person]; Hancock, supra, 158 Cal.App.2d at p. 791
[rejecting argument that demurrer was a general appearance which waived the
defendants’ defense].)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
/S/
MAURO, J.
We concur:
/S/
ROBIE, Acting P. J.
/S/
MURRAY, J.
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