FILED
June 28, 2016
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division Ill
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 33420-1-111
)
Respondent, )
)
v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
STEPHEN GEORGE HYRNIAK, )
Aka: THEODORE ERNEST HYRNIAK, )
)
Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, J. - Stephen Hymiak appeals the calculation of his offender
score. He argues the trial court erred when it included a 1983 arson conviction from
Oregon. The State disagrees, and also asserts that the issue is moot because Mr. Hymiak
no longer is incarcerated. We determine the issue is not moot because Mr. Hymiak is still
serving his community custody. Also, we agree with Mr. Hymiak that the trial court
erred in calculating his offender score. We therefore remand this matter to the trial court
for resentencing.
No. 33420-1-111
State v. Hyrniak
FACTS
The Klickitat County prosecutor's office charged Stephen Hymiak with third
degree assault and resisting arrest. A jury subsequently convicted him of both charges.
During sentencing, an issue arose as to Mr. Hymiak's offender score. The State sought to
count a 1983 arson conviction from Oregon toward Mr. Hymiak's offender score. The
State provided the sentencing court with a certified copy of the sentencing order from
1983, and a copy of the indictment for the Oregon charges. Based on the 1983 Oregon
arson conviction, the State requested Mr. Hymiak be given an offender score of 1, and be
sentenced to eight months on the third degree assault charge. After hearing arguments,
the sentencing court accepted the State's position and assigned Mr. Hymiak an offender
score of 1. Mr. Hymiak was sentenced concurrently to eight months on the assault charge
and 90 days on the resisting arrest charge.
Mr. Hymiak_filed a timely notice of appeal. Prior to considering this case, we
requested Mr. Hymiak to advise us whether he is on community custody. He advised us
that he is on community custody and will not complete that aspect of his sentence until
November 24, 2016.
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State v. Hyrniak
ANALYSIS
A. MOOTNESS
"A case is moot if a court can no longer provide effective relief." Blackmon v.
Blackmon, 155 Wn. App. 715,719,230 P.3d 233 (2010). Generally, appellate courts
dismiss a case that involves only a moot question, unless that case presents issues that are
of substantial and continuing interest. In re Marriage of Horner, 151 Wn.2d 884, 891-92,
93 P.3d 124 (2004).
The issue of the validity of a trial court's offender score is rendered moot if the
offender has been released from confinement and is not in community custody. State v.
Harris, 148 Wn. App. 22, 26, 197 P.3d 1206 (2008). Here, Mr. Hymiak will not
complete his community custody until November 24, 2016. The issue before us therefore
is not moot.
B. OFFENDER SCORE CALCULATION
A sentencing court's calculation of an offender score is reviewed de novo. State v.
Cross, 156 Wn. App. 568, 587, 234 P.3d 288 (2010); State v. Wilson, 113 Wn. App. 122,
136, 52 P.3d 545 (2002). The State bears the burden of proving the existence of a prior
conviction by a preponderance of the evidence. State v. Bergstrom, 162 Wn.2d 87, 93,
169 P.3d 816 (2007).
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State v. Hyrniak
Under the Sentencing Reform Act, chapter 9.94A RCW, out-of-state convictions
are only included in the calculation of a defendant's offender score if comparable to a
Washington offense. RCW 9.94A.525(3); Wilson, 113 Wn. App. at 136. Washington
courts follow a two-part test to determine comparability. State v. Olsen, 180 Wn.2d 468,
472-73, 325 P.3d 187, cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 287 (2014); In re Pers. Restraint of Lavery,
154 Wn.2d 249, 255, 111 P.3d 837 (2005); State v. Morley, 134 Wn.2d 588, 605-06, 952
P .2d 167 (1998). This test first looks at whether the elements of the out-of-state
conviction are comparable to the elements of a similar Washington offense (legal
comparability). Olsen, 180 Wn.2d at 472-73. If the two offenses are not legally
comparable, the sentencing court may then look at the underlying facts of the out-of-state
conviction to determine if the out-of-state conduct would have violated a comparable
Washington statute (factual comparability). Id. If the prior foreign conviction is neither
legally nor factually comparable to a Washington offense, the foreign conviction is not
counted in the offender score. State v. Thiefault, 160 Wn.2d 409,415, 158 P.3d 580
(2007).
a. Legal comparability
When examining whether an out-of-state conviction is legally comparable to a
Washington offense, courts compare the elements of the two statutes at issue. Morley,
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State v. Hyrniak
134 Wn.2d at 606; Lavery, 154 Wn.2d at 255. If the elements of the two statutes are
substantially similar, then the two offenses are legally comparable. Morley, 134 Wn.2d at
606; Lavery, 154 Wn.2d at 255. But, if the elements of the out-of-state conviction are
broader than the comparable Washington offense, then the two crimes are not legally
comparable and the court moves on to the factual analysis. Olsen, 180 Wn.2d at 4 72-73;
Thiefault, 160 Wn.2d at 415.
Mr. Hymiak was charged in Oregon with arson in the first degree, and the relevant
Oregon statute provides:
( 1) A person commits the crime of arson in the first degree if:
(a) By starting a fire or causing an explosion, the person
intentionally damages:
(A) Protected property of another;
(B) Any property, whether the property of the person or the
property of another person, and such act recklessly places another person in
danger of physical injury or protected property of another in danger of
damage; or
(C) Any property, whether the property of the person or the
property of another person, and recklessly causes serious physical injury to
a firefighter or peace officer acting in the line of duty relating to the fire; or
(b) By knowingly engaging in the manufacture of
methamphetamine, the person causes fire or causes an explosion that
damages property described in paragraph (a) of this subsection.
Or. Rev. Stat. § 164.325. 1 "Protected property" is defined as "any structure, place or
1
Since 1983, this statute has been amended twice by the Oregon legislature. The
first amendment added subsection (l)(a)(C), and the second amendment added subsection
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No. 33420-1-III
State v. Hyrniak
thing customarily occupied by people, including 'public buildings' ... and 'forestland.'"
Or. Rev. Stat.§ 164.305(1). 2 Under the Oregon criminal code, "intentionally" means that
"a person acts with a conscious objective to cause the result or to engage in the conduct
so described." Or. Rev. Stat. § 161.085(7).
In Washington, the first degree arson statute provides:
( 1) A person is guilty of arson in the first degree if he or she knowingly and
maliciously:
(a) Causes a fire or explosion which is manifestly dangerous to any
human life, including firefighters; or
(b) Causes a fire or explosion which damages a dwelling; or
(c) Causes a fire or explosion in any building in which there shall be
at the time a human being who is not a participant in the crime; or
( d) Causes a fire or explosion on property valued at ten thousand
dollars or more with intent to collect insurance proceeds.
RCW 9A.48.020. A "dwelling" is defined as "any building or structure ... which is used
or ordinarily used by a person for lodging." RCW 9A.04.110(7). In Washington,
"malice" imports to the accused "an evil intent, wish, or design to vex, annoy, or injure
another person." RCW 9A.04.110(12). Also, a person acts knowingly when "aware of a
fact, facts, or circumstances or result described by a statute defining an offense" or
(l)(b). 1991 Or. Laws, ch. 946, § l; 2005 Or. Laws, ch. 706, § 4. Otherwise, the
elements of the Oregon statute have not changed since 1983.
2
The definition of "protected property" has not changed since Or. Rev. Stat.
§ 164.305(1) was first adopted in 1971. 2003 Or. Laws, ch. 543, § 1.
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State v. Hyrniak
"information which would lead a reasonable person in the same situation to
believe that facts exist which facts are described by a statute defining an offense."
RCW 9A.08.010(l)(b)(i), (ii).
Here, Mr. Hymiak argues the first degree arson statutes from Oregon and
Washington do not have similar elements. His argument relies on two points. First, the
Oregon statute refers to protected property, which Mr. Hymiak argues is broader than the
Washington statute's reference to a dwelling. Second, the Oregon statute requires an
offender act intentionally, but the Washington statute requires a more specific finding of
malice.
Mr. Hymiak's first argument is not persuasive. "Protected property" is defined as
"any structure, place or thing customarily occupied by people .... " Or. Rev. Stat.
§ 164.305(1) (emphasis added). Similarly, a "dwelling" is defined as any building or
structure ordinarily used by people for lodging. RCW 9A.04.l 10(7). It is true the statutes
use different terms, but both statutes are essentially protecting the same type of property,
i.e., property where people are living. The test for legal comparability is whether the
elements of the two statutes in question are substantially similar, not whether the
elements are identical. Morley, 134 Wn.2d at 606; Lavery, 154 Wn.2d at 255. The
Oregon arson statute's reference to protected property is substantially similar to the
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Washington arson statute's reference to dwellings.
Mr. Hymiak's second argument is persuasive. In Oregon, a person acts
"intentionally" if acting "with a conscious objective to cause the result or to engage in the
conduct so described." Or. Rev. Stat. § 161.085(7). In Washington, "malice" requires
that the offender acted with "an evil intent, wish, or design to vex, annoy, or injure
another person." RCW 9A.04.l 10(12). A person acts knowingly when "aware of a fact,
facts, or circumstances or result described by a statute defining an offense" or
"information which would lead a reasonable person in the same situation to
·believe that facts exist which facts are described by a statute defining an offense."
RCW 9A.08.010(l)(b)(i), (ii). The Washington arson statute requires an offender to act
knowingly and with malice, but the Oregon arson statute only requires an offender to act
intentionally. RCW 9A.48.020(1); Or. Rev. Stat.§ 164.325(l)(a). The Oregon statute
has a broader mens rea requirement than the Washington statute and, thus, the two are not
legally comparable.
b. Factual comparability
If the elements of an out-of-state conviction are not legally comparable to a
Washington offense, a sentencing court may then look to factual comparability. Olsen,
180 Wn.2d at 472-73; Thiefault, 160 Wn.2d at 415. Factual comparability looks at
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State v. Hyrniak
whether the conduct underlying the out-of-state offense would have violated a
comparable Washington statute. Thiefault, 160 Wn.2d at 415. "In making its factual
comparison, the sentencing court may rely on facts in the foreign record that are admitted,
stipulated to, or proved beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. (citing Lavery, 154 Wn.2d at
258).
Here, the record contains a certified sentencing order from the Tillamook County
court sentencing Mr. Hymiak for two counts of arson in the first degree. The record also
contains a copy of the indictment against Mr. Hymiak for the charges in Oregon. 3 The
indictment indicates that Mr. Hymiak damaged a "dwelling house" by "causing an
explosion and starting a fire," and placed a second "dwelling house" in danger by
"causing an explosion and starting a fire." Clerk's Papers at 66. A person is guilty of
arson in Washington if he or she knowingly and maliciously causes a fire or explosion
that damages a dwelling. RCW 9A.48.020. Nothing in the record indicates Mr. Hymiak
acted with malice when he committed arson in 1983. Mr. Hymiak's 1983 Oregon arson
conviction is not factually comparable to a similar Washington offense.
Because an Oregon arson conviction is neither legally nor factually comparable to
a similar Washington offense, the trial court erred when it included the foreign conviction
3
We note the indictment and proof of loss are not certified copies.
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No. 33420-1-III
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in the offender score. We remand this matter for resentencing, and direct the trial court,
with appropriate input from the Department of Corrections (DOC), to provide a proper
credit for Mr. Hymiak's remaining community custody sentence. It is our intent that Mr.
Hymiak's community custody sentence be commuted so it ends on the date it would have
ended had he been sentenced with a O offender score. 4
Reversed and remanded for resentencing.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Lawrence-Berrey, J.
j
WE CONCUR:
4
For instance, if Mr. Hymiak received a high standard range sentence for an
offender score of 1, the trial court should give him a high standard range sentence for an
offender score of 0. In addition, the DOC will need to calculate what his release date
would have been under that sentence, including early release credit. From that
recalculated release date, one year would be added for community custody.
10