[Cite as Thyroff v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 2016-Ohio-4634.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
Louis E. Thyroff, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
No. 15AP-1043
v. : (C.P.C. No. 14CV-1723)
Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, : (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Defendant-Appellee. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on June 28, 2016
On brief: Leickly Law, and James R. Leickly, for appellant.
Argued: William P. Tedards, Jr.
On brief: Bricker & Eckler LLP, Quintin F. Lindsmith, and
Ali I. Haque, for appellee. Argued: Ali I. Haque.
APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
TYACK, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Louis E. Thyroff, appeals from the October 16, 2015
decision and entry granting defendant-appellee's, Nationwide Mutual Insurance
Company ("Nationwide"), motion for summary judgment and denying Thyroff's motion
for partial summary judgment. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the
court of common pleas.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
{¶ 2} Thyroff was an insurance agent for Nationwide in the State of New York
from 1979 until 2000. As part of his employment, Thyroff and Nationwide entered into
an Agent's Agreement ("AA"), which governed the relationship between the parties. In
addition to the AA, Nationwide also required that Thyroff lease an agency office-
automation system ("AOA"), including hardware and software from Nationwide. Thyroff
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signed a lease agreement ("AOA Agreement") and paid monthly lease payments for the
use of the system.
{¶ 3} Thyroff's office operations were dependent on the AOA. On a daily basis,
Thyroff and his office staff entered business data and information onto the hard drives of
the AOA computers. Nationwide then uploaded that information on a nightly basis from
Thyroff's computers onto Nationwide's computers.
{¶ 4} The AOA Agreement permitted Thyroff to install his own software programs
and to store personal information on the system including various files, his marketing and
contact database, email, documents, and assorted data.
{¶ 5} In September of 2000, Nationwide summoned Thyroff to a meeting in
Syracuse, New York where Nationwide terminated his employment. While Thyroff was en
route to Syracuse, Nationwide remotely disabled his personal Microsoft NT password that
enabled him and his staff to log into his office workstations and access his personal files.
Nationwide also disabled the separate Nationwide password that enabled Thyroff's staff to
log into the Nationwide server and access Nationwide's business files. After terminating
his employment, Nationwide repossessed the leased equipment, including the
workstations, with Thyroff's personal files in them.
{¶ 6} Thyroff filed suit against Nationwide in the United States District Court for
the Western District of New York alleging 13 causes of action for numerous violations of
federal and New York law. Relevant to this lawsuit in Ohio, one claim was for violation of
the covenant of good faith and fair dealing in the AA and related to the seizure of Thyroff's
business records. See Thyroff v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 460 F.3d 400, 403 (2d
Cir.2006) ("The seizure of the business records alone is the basis for Thyroff's breach-of-
contract claim."). Another claim was for conversion of Thyroff's records stored on the
AOA. Thyroff at 404. With respect to the conversion claim, the complaint alleged that
Nationwide denied Thyroff access to the AOA and continued to retain possession of
Thyroff's business and personal information. Id. The complaint also alleged that this was
property that Nationwide unlawfully took, and it could not be replaced. Id.
{¶ 7} The district court dismissed the claim for breach of contract upon a motion
for summary judgment, and it dismissed the conversion claim upon a motion to dismiss.
The district court found that Nationwide breached neither the AA nor the AOA by
No. 15AP-1043 3
preventing Thyroff from accessing policyholder information. See Thyroff at 407
(affirming dismissal of the breach of contract claim).
{¶ 8} Thyroff asked the district court to reconsider its October 2004 grant of
summary judgment. Thyroff executed an affidavit in support of that motion delineating
the personal information and data that was on his computers at the time of his
termination. Even though Thyroff was prohibited from accessing policyholder
information, on July 7, 2005, the district court judge issued an interlocutory order
directing Nationwide to return Thyroff's personal files. Nationwide did not cross-appeal
from the order directing the return of those files, but it also did not return the information
to Thyroff. Nor did Thyroff seek to enforce the July 7, 2005 order. Those personal files
are the subject of the present action in Ohio.
{¶ 9} In August 2006, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed dismissal of
the breach of contract claim and certified a question to the New York Court of Appeals
regarding the conversion claim. The issue was whether electronic data could be the
subject of a conversion claim under New York law. Thyroff at 408.
{¶ 10} The Second Circuit characterized Thyroff's conversion claim in this manner:
According to Thyroff's complaint, Nationwide was not entitled
to take his personal or business information from the
computers. Thyroff maintains that neither the AOA lease
agreement nor the AA granted Nationwide this right.
Nationwide's seizure of this electronic information--both
Thyroff's business records and personal information--forms
the basis of Thyroff's conversion claim.
Id. at 403.
{¶ 11} During oral argument before the Second Circuit, one of the judges asked
counsel for Nationwide whether Nationwide had turned over the personal data and
programs that Thyroff purchased and installed on the computers. Counsel for Nationwide
admitted that the property was "long gone" by the time the district court judge issued his
July 7, 2005 order, and Nationwide had not preserved the property even though it knew it
formed the basis of a conversion action. (Thyroff Aff. at ¶ 14.)
{¶ 12} The New York Court of Appeals answered the certified question in the
affirmative, and the case resumed in federal district court. The conversion claim was
eventually dismissed on summary judgment after the district court determined that
No. 15AP-1043 4
Nationwide's initial possession of the personal files was deemed to be lawful; a
prerequisite for filing an action for conversion was a legally sufficient demand for the
return of the property; and, Thyroff had not made a sufficient demand for the return of
his property prior to filing the conversion action. Thyroff v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co.,
W.D.N.Y. No. 00-CV-6481T (Feb. 10, 2009).
{¶ 13} The New York litigation finally terminated in 2010, when the Second Circuit
Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the district court finding that Thyroff did not
produce sufficient evidence of a demand for the return of the property to survive
summary judgment. Thyroff v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 360 Fed.Appx. 179 (2d
Cir.2010).
{¶ 14} Four years later, Thyroff then filed the present action in February 2014 in
the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas alleging a breach of the AOA Agreement,
including a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Thyroff claims that
Nationwide breached the AOA by secretly destroying his valuable personal files that
belonged to him that he had stored in the computer system during his agency. The Ohio
action concerns the exact same files that Thyroff spent approximately ten years litigating
in the New York action in federal court.
{¶ 15} Nationwide filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings which the trial
court denied. Then in May 2015, Nationwide moved for summary judgment on the basis
that Thyroff's breach of contract claim: (1) was barred by res judicata; (2) was time-
barred under Ohio's borrowing statute; (3) was barred by laches; and (4) the claim failed
on the merits. On the same day Thyroff filed a motion for partial summary judgment
arguing res judicata and laches should not apply.
{¶ 16} On October 16, 2015, the trial court granted Nationwide's motion for
summary judgment on the basis of res judicata and declined to address the other grounds
for summary judgment. The trial court denied Thyroff's motion for summary judgment.
II. Assignments of Error
{¶ 17} On appeal, Thyroff raises two assignments of error as follows:
[I.] The trial court erred as a matter of law in granting
Defendant/Appellee Nationwide's Motion for Summary
Judgment on Plaintiff/Appellant Thyroff's claim for Breach of
Contract, on the basis of Nationwide's affirmative defense of
res judicata.
No. 15AP-1043 5
[II.] The trial court erred as a matter of law in denying
Plaintiff/Appellant Thyroff's Motion For A Partial Summary
Adjudication With Respect To Nationwide's Affirmative
Defense Of Res Judicata.
{¶ 18} The assignments of error are related and will be discussed together.
III. Standard of Review
{¶ 19} An appellate court reviews summary judgment under a de novo standard.
Coventry Twp. v. Ecker, 101 Ohio App.3d 38, 41 (9th Dist.1995); Koos v. Cent. Ohio
Cellular, Inc., 94 Ohio App.3d 579, 588 (8th Dist.1994). Summary judgment is
appropriate only when the moving party demonstrates (1) no genuine issue of material
fact exists, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and
(3) reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to
the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that party being
entitled to have the evidence most strongly construed in its favor. Civ.R. 56(C); State ex
rel. Grady v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 78 Ohio St.3d 181, 183 (1997).
{¶ 20} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), the moving party bears the initial burden of
informing the trial court of the basis for the motion and identifying those portions of the
record demonstrating the absence of a material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,
293 (1996). However, the moving party cannot discharge its initial burden under this rule
with a conclusory assertion that the nonmoving party has no evidence to prove its case;
the moving party must specifically point to evidence of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C)
affirmatively demonstrating that the nonmoving party has no evidence to support the
nonmoving party's claims. Id.; Vahila v. Hall, 77 Ohio St.3d 421, 429 (1997). Once the
moving party discharges its initial burden, summary judgment is appropriate if the
nonmoving party does not respond, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Civ.R. 56,
with specific facts showing that a genuine issue exists for trial. Dresher at 293; Vahila at
430; Civ.R. 56(E).
IV. Analysis
{¶ 21} The doctrine of res judicata precludes the relitigation of a point of law or
fact that was at issue in a former action between the same parties and was passed upon by
a court of competent jurisdiction. Meyer v. Chieffo, 193 Ohio App.3d 51, 59, 2011-Ohio-
No. 15AP-1043 6
1670, ¶ 13 (10th Dist.) A valid final judgment rendered on the merits bars all subsequent
actions based upon any claim arising out of the transaction or occurrence that was the
subject matter of the previous action. Grava v. Parkman Twp., 73 Ohio St.3d 379, 382
(1995).
{¶ 22} The party asserting res judicata must show the following four elements: (1)
there was a prior valid judgment on the merits; (2) the second action involved the same
parties as the first action; (3) the present action raises claims that were or could have been
litigated in the prior action; and (4) both actions arise out of the same transaction or
occurrence. Meyer at ¶ 13.
{¶ 23} Res judicata encompasses two related concepts: (1) claim preclusion, which
prevents a subsequent action by the same parties based upon any claim arising out of the
transaction that was the subject of a previous action; and (2) issue preclusion, or collateral
estoppel, which bars relitigation in a second action, of an issue that has been actually and
necessarily litigated and determined in a prior action that was based on a different cause
of action. O'Nesti v. DeBartolo Realty Corp., 113 Ohio St.3d 59, 61, 2007-Ohio-1102;
State ex rel Schachter v. Ohio Pub. Emps. Retirement Bd., 121 Ohio St.3d 313, 2009-
Ohio-1704, ¶ 27. In other words, "issue preclusion applies even if the causes of action
differ." O'Nesti at 61.
{¶ 24} Additionally, the Supreme Court of Ohio has declared that "res judicata is
not a shield to protect the blameworthy." Davis v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 93 Ohio St.3d
488, 491 (2001). The doctrine " 'is not to be applied so rigidly as to defeat the ends of
justice or so as to work an injustice.' "(Citations omitted.) Id., quoting Grava, Douglas, J.,
dissenting.
{¶ 25} In the New York action, Thyroff sought the return of his personal files that
Nationwide allegedly converted. In the present Ohio action, Thyroff seeks money
damages for the value of the personal files that Nationwide destroyed. In his deposition,
Thyroff made it clear what he was seeking in the New York action and in the Ohio action:
Q. I want to take a step back. In this action you're seeking the
value of this property that you just described for being
destroyed; is that correct?
A. Correct.
No. 15AP-1043 7
Q. In the New York action you sought the return of that
property; is that correct?
A. Return it to me.
Q. Okay. So we're talking about the same property. You just
want money damages here in the Ohio action, but you wanted
Nationwide to return those files in the New York action; is
that correct?
A. Correct.
(Nationwide's Mot. for Summ. Jgmt., Ex. B, Dep. of Louis Thyroff at 34.)
{¶ 26} In the New York action, Thyroff maintained that neither the AOA nor the
AA granted Nationwide the right to take his personal or business information from the
computers. These allegations formed the basis for Thyroff's conversion claim. Thyroff,
460 F.3d 400 at 403. In the Ohio action, Thyroff maintains that under the AOA,
Nationwide did not have the right to seize and destroy his personal information from the
computers. (Complaint at ¶ 22). This allegation forms the basis for Thyroff's present
breach of contract claim.
{¶ 27} The fact that Thyroff is seeking a different remedy for the alleged taking
and/or destruction of his personal files is not sufficient to raise a new and different claim
that is not subject to res judicata. Whether Nationwide simply took the files and refused
to return them or whether Nationwide took the files and then destroyed them, under New
York law, Thyroff's claim is one for conversion.
{¶ 28} Under New York law "if 'the conduct the plaintiff seeks to recover for
amounts to the destruction or taking of the property, then the action is properly deemed
one for conversion.' " (Emphasis added.) Thyroff, 460 F.3d 400 at 404, quoting Sporn v.
MCA Records, Inc., 58 N.Y.2d 482, 488 (1983). Thus, the conduct for which Thyroff now
seeks recovery was fully litigated in the New York action and judgment entered against
him on his conversion claim. Thyroff is attempting to move to a new forum and relitigate
under a different legal theory the exact conduct that gave rise to his unsuccessful
conversion claim in New York.
{¶ 29} All of the elements of res judicata are met here. There was a prior valid
judgment on the merits. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit issued
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two decisions affirming dismissal of Thyroff's breach of contract and conversion claims in
the New York action. The Ohio action involves the same parties as the New York action.
The Ohio action raises claims that were or could have been litigated in the New York
action, namely breach of contract or conversion related to the seizure and retention or
disposal of electronic information. Both the Ohio action and the New York action arise
out of the same transaction or occurrence, namely the seizure and retention of Thyroff's
personal information housed on the computers. This is classic issue preclusion or
collateral estoppel.
{¶ 30} Thyroff further claims that Nationwide's failure to comply with a court
order forms the basis of the breach of contract action in Ohio. (Complaint at ¶ 19-22.)
However, Thyroff had a remedy available to him in the New York action for Nationwide's
failure to return the personal files to Thyroff. If an opposing party fails to comply with a
court order, the remedy is to file a motion to show cause with the court that issued the
order and initiate civil contempt proceedings. See, e.g., United States ex rel. Vuitton Et.
Fils S.A. v. Karen Bags, Inc., 592 F.Supp 734 (S.D.N.Y.1984) (After determining the
alleged criminal contemnors were continuing to sell counterfeit products in violation of
the injunction, Vuitton made an ex parte request for an order to show cause why they
should not be cited for civil and criminal contempt); Leser v. U.S. Bank Natl. Assn.,
E.D.N.Y. No. 09-CV-2362 (Mar. 18, 2011)(Bank moved to hold witness in civil contempt
for failure to comply with court order to comply with subpoena); AultCare Corp. v.
Roach, 5th Dist. No. 2008-CA-00051, 2009-Ohio-948, ¶ 7 (In order for a contempt
citation to issue, the court must find the defendant disobeyed an order of the court,
without just excuse); A.P. Lee & Co. v. R.R. Bowker, LLC, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-599, 2015-
Ohio-2535, ¶ 31 (For civil contempt the punishment is remedial and for the benefit of the
complainant.).
{¶ 31} Thyroff never sought enforcement of the July 7, 2005 court order, choosing
instead to stand on his breach of contract and conversion claims in federal district court.
His remedy at the time was to seek to enforce the New York district court order, not to
wait until four years after the litigation was concluded in New York and then bring a new
action in Ohio.
No. 15AP-1043 9
{¶ 32} Thyroff's major contention on appeal is that Nationwide behaved
reprehensibly by destroying his personal files and, therefore, it should not be permitted to
benefit from the doctrine of res judicata.
{¶ 33} The fact that Thyroff's files were "long gone" by the time the district court
issued its order directing the return of Thyroff's personal information has no bearing on
the claims he brought, the damages he sought, or whether he could pursue those claims.
As discussed above, whether Nationwide merely took and retained the property or it took
and destroyed the property, Thyroff had a claim for conversion of his electronic data.
After learning that Nationwide had presumably destroyed his personal data, Thyroff
continued to pursue his conversion claim in the New York action and lost on the merits
because he failed to produce evidence of a demand sufficient to survive summary
judgment. Thyroff, 360 Fed.Appx. 179 at 180.
{¶ 34} "Res judicata does not apply where fairness and justice would not support
it." State v. Harding, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-362, 2014-Ohio-1187, ¶ 30, citing Davis at 491.
Here, Thyroff had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the loss of his personal
information stored on the computers either through an action for conversion or an action
to enforce the district court's order to return the information. If the actual files were
destroyed, Thyroff had the opportunity to litigate for the monetary equivalent of the
property. Unfortunately for Thyroff, he failed in his attempt to recover his property in
New York. This did not give him the right to commence a new action in Ohio years after
the New York action was concluded. Fairness does not dictate that Thyroff can raise his
claims in New York and when he loses, move to Ohio to bring the same claims again. The
basic principle of res judicata requires a litigant to raise all of his claims in one action or
be forever barred from raising them anew in another forum.
V. Conclusion
{¶ 35} Based on the foregoing, Thyroff's first and second assignments of error are
overruled and the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
DORRIAN, P.J., and HORTON, J., concur.
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