Filed 6/27/16 In re A.L. CA2/4
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
In re A.L., B266348
(Los Angeles County
a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law. Super. Ct. No. DK07908)
LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF
CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
RACHEL S. and ROBERT L.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
D. Zeke Zeidler, Judge. Affirmed and Remanded.
Emery El Habiby, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant Rachel S.
Daniel G. Rooney, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant Robert L.
Mary C. Wickham, County Counsel, R. Keith Davis, Acting Assistant County
Counsel, and William D. Thetford, Principal Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
Mother Rachel S. and Father Robert L. appeal from the juvenile court’s
order terminating their parental rights to their son, A.L. (“A.”), under Welfare and
Institutions Code section 366.26.1 The sole issue is whether the court complied
with its duty of inquiry and notice under the Indian Child Welfare Act (“ICWA”).
We conclude that it did not. We affirm the order terminating parental rights, but
remand for ICWA compliance.
BACKGROUND
Jurisdiction/Disposition
The jurisdictional and dispositional evidence is not relevant to this appeal.
We note only that Mother had a history of drug abuse, and had abused A.’s older
brother. Father was a registered sex offender with convictions of, among other
crimes, lewd acts on a child. After six-week-old A. suffered second degree burns
to his thigh, the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services
(DCFS) filed a section 300 petition, which the court adjudicated on December 2,
2014. The court sustained allegations under section 300, subdivisions (b) [failure
to protect], (d) [substantial risk of sexual abuse], and (j) [abuse of a sibling]. On
August 11, 2015, the court terminated mother and father’s parental rights.
ICWA Evidence
As to the ICWA issue raised on appeal, the record is as follows.
1
All further section references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2
In the Detention Report filed on October 16, 2014, DCFS reported that the
caseworker had interviewed mother and father “regarding Indian [a]ncestry,” and
that both stated that they did “not have any Indian ancestry in [their] blood.”
However, a week later, on October 23, 2014, father filed a Parental Notification of
Indian Status (Judicial Council Form ICWA-020), in which he checked the box
stating he may have Indian ancestry. He listed three relatives: (1) “PGF [paternal
grandfather] now deceased,” (2) “PGGM [paternal great grandmother] deceased,”
and (3) “PGM [paternal grandmother].” He identified the paternal grandmother as
“Kay Lee Klylinksikie,” and provided a telephone number. He also listed the
name of “Raymond Andrew Lee (‘Reed’)”, but did not state his relationship. The
tribe he identified was “Cherokee.” The minute order of October 23, 2014 stated
that father claimed “American Indian Heritage: Cherokee.”
In the Jurisdiction/Disposition Report filed December 2, 2014, DCFS stated
that “[t]he parents report that they have no Native American ancestry.” But in a
Last Minute Information report filed the same date, DCFS reported: “This DI
[dependency investigator] interviewed the father in person on 11/14/14[.] [H]e
was asked about any possible Native American ancestry. This DI attempted to
contact the child’s paternal grandmother, Kay Cieszniski regarding the possible
Native American Ancestry at [the phone number listed in father’s ICWA-020
form, but] there was no answer[.] [T]his DI left a message and at the time of
writing this report she has not responded.”
Upon sustaining the section 300 petition on December 2, 2014, the court
ordered DCFS to give notice to all Cherokee tribes. On December 12, 2014, DCFS
sent notice (Judicial Council form ICWA-030) to the three tribes.
The notice listed “Father’s Biological Mother (Child’s Paternal
Grandmother)” as “Kay Cieszniski,” with no further information. It listed
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“Father’s Biological Father (Child’s Paternal Grandfather)” as “Robert Lee Sr.,”
with a birth date in May 1919 in Texas, and a date of death in January 1973, also in
Texas. This name was not listed in father’s ICWA-020 form. Further, the name
“Raymond Andrew Lee (‘Reed’)”, which was listed in father’s ICWA-020 form,
was not listed in the notice.
On January 15, 2015, DCFS provided the court with copies of the ICWA
notices. On February 18, 2015, the court received notices from the Cherokee
Tribes indicating that A. was not an Indian child. On that date, the parents were
present and represented by counsel. The court found the ICWA notices were
proper and complete, and found ICWA inapplicable. The parents made no
objection to the adequacy of the notice.
DISCUSSION
The parents contend that DCFS failed to investigate and clarify ambiguous
information concerning father’s possible Indian ancestry and to ensure proper
notice was given to the Cherokee Tribes. We agree.
“When a court ‘knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is
involved’ in a juvenile dependency proceeding, a duty arises under ICWA to give
the Indian child’s tribe notice of the pending proceedings and its right to
intervene.” (In re Shane G. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 1532, 1538, quoting 25 U.S.C.
§ 1912(a).) Once there is “reason to know that an Indian child is involved,” the
required notices “shall be sent . . . unless it is determined that [ICWA] does not
apply.” (§ 224.2, subd. (b).) As explained in In re H.B. (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th
115, “ICWA itself does not expressly impose any duty to inquire as to American
Indian ancestry; nor do the controlling federal regulations.” (Id. at p. 120.) “But
ICWA provides that states may provide ‘a higher standard of protection to the
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rights of the parent . . . of an Indian child than the rights provided under [ICWA].’”
(Ibid., quoting 25 U.S.C. § 1921.) The governing California statute specifically
provides that the juvenile court and DCFS have “an affirmative and continuing
duty to inquire whether a child for whom a petition under Section 300 . . . has been
filed is or may be an Indian child in all dependency proceedings.” (§ 224.3, subd.
(a).) This duty includes a requirement that the caseworker “make further inquiry
regarding the possible Indian status of the child . . . as soon as practicable” after the
issue arises, “by interviewing the parents, Indian custodian, and extended family
members . . . and contacting the tribes and any other person that reasonably can be
expected to have information regarding the child’s membership status or
eligibility.” (§ 224.3, subd. (c).) The continuing duty of inquiry also includes the
duty to clarify ambiguous or contradictory information regarding Indian Ancestry
so as to determine whether ICWA applies and whether, if so, notice is properly
given. (See In re L.S. (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 1183, 1198 [“In order for the court
to make a determination whether the notice requirements of the ICWA have been
satisfied, it must have sufficient facts, as established by the Agency, about the
claims of the parents, the extent of the inquiry, the results of the inquiry, the notice
provided any tribes and the responses of the tribes to the notices given. Without
these facts, the juvenile court is unable to find, explicitly or implicitly, whether the
ICWA applies”].)
Finally, we review the juvenile court’s finding that ICWA notice was
accurate under the substantial evidence standard. (In re J.T. (2007) 154
Cal.App.4th 986, 991.) Under that standard, we view the entire record in the light
most favorable to the juvenile court’s finding, and draw all reasonable inferences
in support. (See In re Marina S. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 158, 165.)
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Here, the salient parts of the record show the following. Among the three
relatives listed in his ICWA-020 filed on October 23, 2014, father listed “PGM
[paternal grandmother],” identified her as “Kay Lee Klylinksikie,” and provided a
telephone number. The form is unclear whether father meant Kay was A.’s
paternal grandmother (father’s biological mother) or father’s paternal grandmother.
In the December 2, 2014 Last Minute Information report, the dependency
investigator stated that he interviewed the father in person on November 14, 2014,
about his possible Native American ancestry. However, the report gave no details
regarding what information the investigator learned.
The investigator wrote that he attempted to contact “the child’s paternal
grandmother,” identified in the report as “Kay Cieszniski,” and listed the phone
number used. A comparison shows it was the same phone number listed in father’s
ICWA-020 form for the person identified as “PGM . . . Kay Lee Klylinksikie.”
According to the investigator, there was no answer and he left a message. As of
the date of the report, he had received no return call. The notice sent to the tribes
on December 12, 2014, listed “Father’s Biological Mother (Child’s Paternal
Grandmother)” as “Kay Cieszniski,” with no further information.
Applying the substantial evidence standard to this showing (although the
report fails to provide any detail), we may infer that in the interview with father,
the investigator clarified the correct spelling of Kay’s last name (Cieszniski rather
than Klylinksikie) and her relationship to A. (his paternal grandmother rather than
father’s paternal grandmother). But even if that clarification was achieved, making
a single phone call and leaving a message for the paternal grandmother, without
any further follow-up and no explanation for why no further inquiry was made, is
not sufficient to meet the continuing duty of inquiry. (In re Gabriel G. (2012) 206
Cal.App.4th 1160, 1167-1168 [given conflict in the evidence, “the social worker
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had a duty of further inquiry . . . [b]ut there is nothing in the record to indicate the
social worker interviewed anyone besides father, such as the paternal
grandmother”].)
Besides this inadequacy, there were other ambiguities as to father’s possible
Indian ancestry that DCFS did not explain. Father’s ICWA-020 listed “PGF
[paternal grandfather] now deceased,” and “PGGM [paternal great grandmother]
deceased.” He also listed the name of “Raymond Andrew Lee (‘Reed’)”, but did
not state that person’s relationship to father or to A. In the notice sent to the tribes,
the name “Raymond Andrew Lee (‘Reed’)” is not listed. Instead, “Father’s
Biological Father (Child’s Paternal Grandfather)” is listed as “Robert Lee Sr.”, a
name that does not appear in father’s ICWA-020 form, with a birth date in May
1919 in Texas, and a date of death in January 1973, also in Texas.
Again, although the Last Minute Information report is deficient, we may
infer that in his interview with father, the investigator learned that father’s
biological father was “Robert Lee Sr.,” and also learned the location and dates of
his birth and death. But father’s ICWA-020 form did not state the relationship of
“Raymond Andrew Lee (‘Reed’)” to father or A., and there is no explanation for
whether “Robert Lee Sr.” is the same person father was referring to when he listed
“Raymond Andrew Lee (‘Reed’)” in his ICWA-020 form.
Moreover, father’s ICWA-020 listed “PGGM [paternal great grandmother]
deceased” as a possible Indian relative. However, no such relative is listed in the
ICWA notice, and there is no explanation for what investigation, if any, was done
to learn the identity of that person and whether she was an Indian ancestor.
In light of these deficiencies, we conclude that DCFS failed to comply with
its continuing duty of inquiry: it failed to show that it did anything more than
attempt to call father’s apparent biological mother Kay Cieszniski on one occasion,
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it failed to adequately explain why “Raymond Andrew Lee (‘Reed’)” was listed as
a possible Indian ancestor on father’s ICWA-020 form, but was not listed in any
capacity in the notice sent to the Cherokee Tribes, and it failed to explain what
inquiry, if any, it made to determine the identity of the unnamed paternal great
grandmother mentioned in father’s ICWA-020 and to determine whether she was a
possible Indian ancestor. (See In re L.S., supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at p. 1198
[“Given the conflicting and inadequate information on mother’s claim of Indian
heritage, the court had a duty either to require the Agency to provide a report with
complete and accurate information regarding the results of its inquiry and notice or
to have the individual responsible for notice to testify in court regarding the inquiry
made, the results of the inquiry, and the results of the notices sent. Only then could
the court determine whether the ICWA applied”].)
On appeal, DCFS argues that the parents have failed to show that these gaps
in the record are prejudicial, and that the parents are “concealing the very
information they complain DCFS and the juvenile court failed to elicit from them.”
DCFS has it backwards. Father provided sufficient information to require inquiry
under the ICWA, and there is no basis in the record for accusing him or mother of
“withholding secret knowledge.” It is true that a failure to make the initial inquiry
about Indian ancestry in the juvenile court is not prejudicial on appeal absent a
showing that the parent would have been able to respond in a manner sufficient to
invoke the ICWA. (See In re Rebecca R. (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 1426, 1428-
1430.) But that is not the problem here. On this record, the deficiency is not that
father has somehow concealed relevant information from DCFS; it is that the
record fails to document that DCFS adequately investigated father’s information,
resolved the ambiguities and inconsistencies to the extent feasible, and provided
complete notice to the Cherokee Tribes. Such failures by DCFS are not
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immunized from oversight by accusing the parents (with no support in the record)
of concealing ICWA information, nor by apparently seeking to pass onto them the
duty of inquiry that section 224.3, subdivision (c) places squarely on DCFS.
The only remaining issue is the remedy. “‘[A] notice violation under ICWA
is not jurisdictional in the fundamental sense.’” (In re Christian P. (2012) 208
Cal.App.4th 437, 452.) Nevertheless, there has been some disagreement among
our sister courts regarding whether the appropriate remedy includes reversal or
merely a limited remand. (See, e.g., ibid. [limited remand]; In re Veronica G.
(2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 179, 188 [same]; Tina L. v. Superior Court (2008) 163
Cal.App.4th 262, 267 [same]; but see In re S.E. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 610, 616
[reversal and remand]; Nicole K. v. Superior Court (2007) 146 Cal.App.4th 779,
785 [“[e]ven assuming ICWA errors are not jurisdictional, we conclude the failure
to give ICWA notice means that the orders in this case cannot stand”].) This court
generally follows the rule that where, as here, there is a failure to comply with
ICWA procedures before disposition, all jurisdictional and dispositional orders
remain in effect while there is a limited remand to the juvenile court for DCFS to
give ICWA notice. (See In re Damian C. (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 192, 199-200; In
re Veronica G., supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at pp. 187-188; In re Brooke C. (2005) 127
Cal.App.4th 377, 385.) Accordingly, we remand for ICWA compliance.
DISPOSITION
We affirm the order terminating parental rights. The matter is
remanded to the juvenile court with directions to: (1) order DCFS to provide a
more detailed showing of its investigation, (2) determine on that showing whether
the inquiry and notice were sufficient to comply with ICWA, and (3) to order any
additional inquiry and notice that may be required. After proper notice, if it is
determined that A. is an Indian child and ICWA applies to these proceedings, a
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party or tribe may petition the juvenile court to invalidate the order terminating
parental rights.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
WILLHITE, Acting P. J.
We concur:
MANELLA, J.
COLLINS, J.
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