IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-0742
Filed June 29, 2016
JUDY KNOER, LINDA KOPPIE, CAROLYN LARSEN,
and KATHY HIATT, Executor of the Estate of GLEN MOSER,
Plaintiff-Appellants,
vs.
PALO ALTO COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Palo Alto County, Don E. Courtney,
Judge.
Landowners appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in their
mandamus action against the county board of supervisors. AFFIRMED.
Eric J. Eide of the Law Office of Eric J. Eide, P.L.C., Fort Dodge, and
Dennis L. Knoer of Briggs and Morgan, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota, for
appellant.
Robert W. Goodwin of Goodwin Law Office, P.C., Ames, for appellee.
Considered by Tabor, P.J., Bower, J., and Mahan, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2015).
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TABOR, Presiding Judge.
Owners of farmland south of 420th Street near Cylinder, Iowa, appeal the
district court’s dismissal of their petition for writ of mandamus seeking to compel
the Palo Alto County Board of Supervisors to follow the procedures in Iowa Code
chapter 468, subchapter V (2013). The landowners are upset about the board’s
decision to install culverts under the county road; the culverts will discharge
water onto their land. The district court decided the statutes cited by the
landowners did not impose any “explicit duties” on the county board and,
accordingly, granted the board’s motion for summary judgment. Because we
concur with the district court’s statutory interpretation, we affirm the dismissal of
the landowners’ mandamus action.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
After heavy rains in June 2014, landowner Jim Crawford contacted
members of the county board of supervisors to complain that 420th Street was
“damming up water” on his property north of the road. According to affidavits
from board members, records before 1914 show “two small bridges or wooden
culverts in place to allow the natural flow of water to pass through the county
road, now called 420th Street.” But at some point in time, “those two bridges or
wooden culverts were removed and the height of the road was increased.”
According to the supervisors’ affidavits, “The road thereafter has acted as a dam
or dike.”
On June 17, 2014, Crawford appeared before the board to discuss his
drainage complaint. The board’s drainage attorney, Jim Hudson, advised “roads
cannot be dams and surface water must be able to take its natural course.”
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Attorney Hudson recommended the board hire an engineer to review the matter.
On June 24, 2014, the board voted to hire Donald D. Etler, a senior project
manager with Bolton & Menk, Inc., to review Crawford’s drainage concerns.
In an August 11, 2014 letter to county engineer Joel Fantz, Etler offered
the following opinion:
[W]e do not think it is in the public interest for the county to
allow the road grade to function as a levee if that function harms
the lands located on the upstream side of the road. It is our opinion
that there is a material harm resulting from increased backwater
elevations during more frequent lower-stage flood flows. It is our
opinion that the damages can be materiality reduced by the
placement of culverts through the road grade so that excess
surface runoff from the local watershed, and some of the increased
channel overflow caused by the higher backwater can be allowed to
pass through the road grade in its natural course downstream over
the floodplain.
Etler recommended installing at least two culverts under 420th Street to allow the
natural flow of surface water. He cautioned that “the owners of the land south of
the road will need to make adjustments to manage the additional water that will
once again flow onto their property.”
The owners of the land south of the road are Judy Knoer, Linda Koppie,
Carolyn Larsen, and Glen Moser1—the petitioners in this mandamus action. The
petitioners2 jointly own 355 acres of land. On September 11, 2014, Koppie and
the attorney of the southside landowners met informally with several of the
supervisors, as well as landowner Crawford, drainage attorney Hudson, and
county engineer Fantz. The southside landowners objected to the proposal to
1
Due to Glen Moser’s death, the court’s March 2015 order substituted Kathy Hiatt,
executor of his estate, as the successor party.
2
For clarity, we will refer to the petitioners as the southside landowners throughout this
opinion.
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install culverts under 420th Street. At the meeting, Hudson and Fantz disagreed
about the statutes governing the situation. Fantz believed section 468.600
applied to the construction of the culverts, while Hudson insisted it did not,
claiming the matter was governed by Iowa Code section 314.7, which addresses
in part the natural drainage of surface waters across highways. See Iowa Code
§ 468.600 (“drainage through land of others—application”).
On September 16, 2014, the board met and voted to install one culvert—
consisting of a thirty-six inch pipe, six inches below the flow line of the property
on the south side of 420th Street. Three supervisors voted to approve the
motion, one voted against the motion, and one abstained.
On October 6, 2014, the southside landowners filed a petition for writ of
mandamus and injunctive relief against the board of supervisors. The petition
alleged the board “failed to follow the requirements of Iowa Code § 468.600 et
seq. as it was obligated to do” and as a result, “none of the other upstream or
downstream landowners that might be affected” by the culvert installation have
received notice or an opportunity to be heard.
On November 24, 2014, county engineer Fantz wrote a letter to the board
of supervisors, disagreeing with the proposal to install culverts under 420th
Street. He expressed his view as follows:
It is my understanding that Jim Crawford, through the board of
supervisors, is still requesting culverts through 420th Street in order
to secure a better drainage outlet for his farmland across from the
Koppie/Knoer/Glen Moser property. There are two avenues within
the Iowa Code clearly open to him. As a member of Drainage
District 60, he may pursue drainage across the lands of others
under 468.63: Drainage Subdistrict. Additionally, he may pursue
drainage through the road right of way and across the
Kopple/Knoer/Glen Moser property by making an application under
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the Individual Drainage Rights portion of the code 468.600:
Drainage Through the Land of Others – Application.
The next day, November 25, 2014, the board met again and voted to
install two culverts under 420th Street to provide for the flow of the surface water,
as recommended by engineer Etler.
As to the southside landowners’ mandamus petition, on December 22,
2014, the board filed a motion for summary judgment; a statement of undisputed
material facts, accompanied by affidavits; and a memorandum of authorities.
The memorandum concluded:
Section 314.7 imposes a mandatory duty upon the Palo Alto
County Board of Supervisors to place openings (culverts) in the
roadbed of 420th Street to allow surface water to escape in its
natural course. Section 468.600 et seq. does not pertain to culverts
in a roadbed. Section 468.600 et seq. does not impose any duty on
the Palo Alto County Board of Supervisors in regard to it placing
culverts in the roadbed of 420th Street.
The southside landowners resisted the summary judgment motion,
alleging the board’s own affidavits confirmed the existence of disputed material
facts. The district court granted the board’s motion for summary judgment.3 The
southside landowners appeal, seeking a reversal of the summary judgment ruling
and a remand so the parties may complete discovery.
II. Scope and Standards of Review
Mandamus is an equitable action generally reviewed de novo. Den
Hartog v. City of Waterloo, 847 N.W.2d 459, 461 (Iowa 2014). But our review of
a summary judgment ruling in a case filed in equity is for errors of law. Koenigs
3
The district court decided the southside landowners’ request for temporary injunctive
relief was moot because the board agreed to stay the construction of the culverts until
the present case was resolved.
6
v. Mitchell Cty. Bd. of Supervisors, 659 N.W.2d 589, 592 (Iowa 2003). We will
uphold the grant of summary judgment “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show
that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3); see Koenigs,
659 N.W.2d at 592.
III. Analysis
The purpose of bringing a mandamus action is to obtain an order
commanding an entity to do an act, the performance of which the law enjoins as
a duty. Iowa Code § 661.1. The action cannot be used to establish rights but
only to enforce existing rights. Hewitt v. Ryan, 356 N.W.2d 230, 233 (Iowa
1984). Our supreme court has described mandamus as “a drastic remedy to be
applied only in exceptional circumstances.” Id. The court will not issue the writ in
“doubtful cases” but only where the right involved and the duty sought to be
enforced are clear and certain. Headid v. Rodman, 179 N.W.2d 767, 770 (Iowa
1970).
In this case, the southside landowners brought their mandamus action to
require the board of supervisors to follow the requirements of Iowa Code sections
468.600 through 468.634. The district court concluded the southside landowners
could not “sustain a cause of action for a writ of mandamus” because “Iowa Code
section 468.600 and the subsequent statutes within chapter 468, subchapter V
do not impose any explicit duties on the Board.” We agree with the district
court’s interpretation of those drainage statutes. See generally Postell v. Am.
Family Mut. Ins. Co., 823 N.W.2d 35, 49 (Iowa 2012) (discussing statutory
7
interpretation and judicial goal of determining intent from the words chosen by
the legislature).
Our analysis starts with the general framework of chapter 468, which
“governs the creation and function of drainage districts.” Hardin Cty. Drainage
Dist. 55 v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 826 N.W.2d 507, 510 (Iowa 2013). Subchapter
V is entitled “Individual Drainage Rights” and opens with the following provision:
When the owner of any land desires to construct any levee,
open ditch, tile or other underground drain, for agricultural or mining
purposes, or for the purposes of securing more complete drainage
or a better outlet, across the lands of others or across the right-of-
way of a railroad or highway, or when two or more landowners
desire to construct a drain to serve their lands, the landowner or
landowners may file with the [county] auditor . . . an application in
writing, setting forth a description of the land . . . through which the
landowner is desirous of constructing any such levee, ditch, or
drain, the starting point, route, terminus, character, size, and depth
thereof. The auditor shall collect a fee of one dollar for filing each
application for a ditch or drain.
Iowa Code § 468.600.
This statute allows a private landowner who wishes to construct a levee,
ditch, tile, or other underground drain to file an application with the county auditor
describing the property where the construction would occur. That application
triggers notice and hearing requirements for the county auditor and county board
of supervisors, and the subsequent process allows filing of compensation claims
by other landowners who allege damage from the proposed construction. See id.
§§ 468.601—468.605. If the supervisors find the proposed levee, ditch, or drain
will be beneficial for sanitary, agricultural, or mining purposes, they shall
determine where to locate the improvement, what connections can be made with
it, and what compensation, “if any, shall be made” to other landowners. Id.
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§ 468.606. In addition, the legislature specifically addressed the situation where
“the course of the natural drainage of any land runs to a public highway.” Id. §
468.622 (discussing a landowner’s “drainage connection with highway”).
The board asserts subchapter V does not apply here because the option
of a private landowner to file an application with the county auditor does not
impose a duty upon the supervisors. The board contends its decision to install
culverts does not place it in the position of a private landowner who wishes to
construct a drain within the scope of these statutes. The board further argues it
had a mandatory duty under Iowa Code section 314.7 “to place openings
(culverts or bridges) in 420th Street to maintain the natural flow of the surface
water.” That statute is located in the chapter governing “Administrative
Provisions for Highways” and states:
Officers, employees, and contractors in charge of
improvement or maintenance work on any highway shall not cut
down or injure any tree growing by the wayside which does not
materially obstruct the highway, or tile drains, or interfere with the
improvement or maintenance of the road, and which stands in front
of any city lot, farmyard orchard or feed lot, or any ground reserved
for any public use. Nor shall they destroy or injure reasonable
ingress or egress to any property, or turn the natural drainage of
the surface water to the injury of adjoining owners. It shall be their
duty to use strict diligence in draining the surface water from the
public road in its natural channel. To this end they may enter upon
the adjoining lands for the purpose of removing from such natural
channel obstructions that impede the flow of such water.
Id. § 314.7 (emphasis added).
On appeal, the southside landowners contend two mutually exclusive
scenarios could be inferred from the record in this case:
Scenario One. That, as advocated by the Plaintiffs (and the
County Engineer), this case involves a request from a private
landowner to the Board of Supervisors to alleviate flooding on his
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land by draining it under a county road and onto other private
property. If so, Iowa Code § 468.600 et seq. governs the Board's
decision-making process; OR
Scenario Two. That, as advocated by the Board of
Supervisors, the county road is “acting like a dam” and therefore
the Board has a mandatory duty to install the culverts pursuant to
Iowa Code § 314.7.
They maintain the district court prematurely picked the second scenario
and wrongly granted summary judgment in the face of unresolved factual issues.
In their view, genuine issues of material fact exist regarding the applicability of
the two statutes.
We disagree with the appellants’ characterization of the district court’s
ruling. The district court did not perceive a bilateral choice between applying
section 468.600 and applying section 314.7. Instead, the district court
determined the landowners could not prevail in their mandamus action because
section 468.600 and the following provisions did not “impose a direct duty on the
Palo Alto County Board of Supervisors to conduct their affairs in a particular
way.” The district court did not decide section 314.7 imposed a mandatory duty
on the board to install culverts but rather observed the board exercised its own
“discretion in determining that the failure to install culverts under 420th Street
would breach a mandatory duty owed by the board to place openings under
roadways to allow surface water to continue to drain in its natural course.” The
court found the board conducted a thorough investigation of the drainage issue
based on scientific reports and on advice from its legal counsel before voting to
install culverts. The district court aptly noted a writ of mandamus cannot be used
to interfere with a county board of supervisors’ reasonable exercise of discretion.
See Bellon v. Monroe Cty., 577 N.W.2d 877, 879 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998).
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The county supervisors may have had the discretion to advise Crawford to
file an application with the auditor under section 468.600—as suggested in the
letter from the county engineer—but the southside landowners point to no statute
requiring Crawford’s drainage issue be handled in that manner. Moreover,
Crawford did not express any desire, as a private landowner, to construct his
own tile or underground drain, which is the action contemplated by section
468.600. Instead, he complained to the board about the county’s road acting as
a dam. An independent engineering study recommended culverts under the
county road as the solution to the road acting as a dam. Our supreme court has
decided, concerning the terminology of chapter 468, “drainage tile is not a
culvert.” Hardin Cty., 826 N.W.2d at 514.
Nothing in chapter 468, subchapter V required the board to provide notice
to county residents or hold additional hearings in the absence of a private
landowner’s application under section 468.600 filed with the auditor. We cannot
write provisions into a statute in the guise of interpretation. See Clarke Cnty.
Reservoir Comm’n v. Abbott, 862 N.W.2d 166, 177 (Iowa 2015). As the district
court determined, the mandamus petition did not cite any provisions identifying “a
clear duty” owed by the board. Accordingly, the court properly granted summary
judgment.
AFFIRMED.