Key v. Tyler CA2/2

Filed 6/29/16 Key v. Tyler CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

SARAH PLOTT KEY, B258055

Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BP131447)
v.
ORDER MODIFYING OPINION
ELIZABETH PLOTT TYLER,
[No Change in Judgment]
Defendant and Appellant.

THE COURT:
It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on June 27, 2016, be modified as follows:
Page 1 (caption): Change the designation of Elizabeth Plott Tyler from Defendant
and Respondent to Defendant and Appellant.
This modification does not effect a change in judgment.
Filed 6/27/16 Key v. Tyler CA2/2 (unmodified version)
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

SARAH PLOTT KEY, B258055

Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BP131447)
v.

ELIZABETH PLOTT TYLER,

Defendant and Respondent.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Reva Goetz, Judge. Affirmed.

Magee & Adler, Eric R. Adler; Murphy Rosen, Paul Murphy; Greines, Martin,
Stein & Richland, Robin Meadow, Cynthia E. Tobisman, Jeffrey E. Raskin for Defendant
and Appellant.

Oldman, Cooley, Sallus, Birnberg & Coleman, Mary-Felicia Apanius, Marc L.
Sallus, Marshal A. Oldman; Parker Mills, David B. Parker; Wershow & Cole, Jonathan
Wershow for Plaintiff and Respondent.

___________________________________________________
 The probate court invalidated a trust amendment drafted by one of the
beneficiaries—a lawyer who effectively disinherited her sibling. There is no credible
evidence that the amendment manifests the intent of the beneficiaries’ elderly mother. As
the trial court found, the evidence “overwhelmingly establishes that the 2007 Trust
Amendment is the product of undue influence.” We affirm.
FACTS
In 1999, Thomas and Elizabeth Plott created the Plott Family Revocable Trust (the
Trust).1 The Plotts had three daughters: appellant Elizabeth Plott Tyler (sometimes
referred to as “Tyler” or “Liz”); respondent Sarah Plott Key; and Jennifer Plott Potz, who
is not a party to this appeal. The Trust, as amended in 2003, required an equal division of
property among the three daughters.
When Mr. Plott died in December 2003, Mrs. Plott became the sole trustee of the
Trust. In that role, she was required to divide Trust assets into equal subtrusts: a
survivor’s trust; a marital trust; and an exemption trust. The Trust directs that the
allocation of assets among the subtrusts be made within six months after Mr. Plott’s
death. That did not occur. The allocation was made in August 2006, nearly three years
after Mr. Plott’s death.
Trust Attorney Allan Cutrow, a partner at the law firm of Mitchell, Silberberg &
Knupp (MSK) recalled “a couple” of meetings with Mrs. Plott before the allocation was
made. He had one meeting with her alone in 2004, at which Mrs. Plott expressed a desire
to exclude Key from the operation of the family nursing home business while ensuring
that “there are enough assets to be distributed to [Key].” Other meetings to discuss asset
allocations were attended by appellant or her agents. The estate plan for Mrs. Plott
initially proposed by Cutrow left Key over $5 million.
A critical aspect of the asset allocation was that all of the Plotts’ skilled nursing
homes and convalescent hospitals were allocated to the survivor’s trust. Other property

1 Mrs. Plott was born in 1928.

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was allocated to the marital and exemption trusts. Trust assets on the date of Mr. Plott’s
death were worth over $60 million; by January 1, 2006, the value had increased to over
$72 million.
The Trust permits Mrs. Plott to alter, amend, modify or revoke the survivor’s trust.
The marital and exemption trusts are irrevocable. Appellant Tyler, a lawyer who worked
in the convalescent hospital business, actively sought to have Mrs. Plott amend the
survivor’s trust to effectively exclude Key. To this end, appellant enlisted her law
partner, Christine Wilson, an associate at appellant’s law firm, Cassandra Stajduhar, and
MSK Attorney Cutrow. In communications regarding trust administration and in
formulating Mrs. Plott’s estate plan, appellant’s law firm, Tyler & Wilson, was not acting
independently of Tyler as an individual.
MSK’s January 2004 invoice listed a “conference with client,” but Mrs. Plott did
not attend the conference. Afterward, Christine Wilson wrote to Cutrow that “Mrs. Plott
would like to retain you and your firm to handle the estate and trust administration.”
Appellant and Wilson instructed Cutrow to send a retainer agreement and all invoices for
services rendered to them, not to Mrs. Plott. Cutrow requested a telephone number for
Mrs. Plott, but was told to route all inquiries through Tyler & Wilson and not to contact
Mrs. Plott directly. Stajduhar conceded at trial that Mrs. Plott was capable of directly
conveying her intentions to Cutrow, the estate planning expert.
Terry Steege has been the financial director for the Plott family’s businesses since
1992. In September 2004, Steege advised Cutrow “in confidence” that Mrs. Plott felt that
appellant and Potz “are trying to take over” and wanted Mrs. Plott to undergo
psychological testing “to label her not fit to take care of the trust.” Steege noted that
appellant “has a big problem with bossing her Mom. Mrs. Plott says (and I am sure you
have heard it) that Liz thinks that she is Mrs. Plott’s Mother. The truth is the way Liz
often times handles herself she does do that. Liz has her agenda and basically makes her
Mom fit her agenda and not vice versa. Mrs. Plott complains about this all [the] time but
does not confront this with Liz.”

3
 Steege also advised Cutrow that appellant was over-billing Mrs. Plott for her legal
services. He wrote that Mrs. Plott “signs Liz’s checks under duress. Mrs. Plott has stated
to me numerous times that Liz cannot be responsible for handling her money and spends
more than she has constantly, and expects her mother to help her out. So Mrs. Plott has
come up with an idea that she wants to cap Liz’s legal bills and has suggested this to Liz
and Liz went ballistic. [Mrs. Plott] does not trust her and without Liz the corporation
would come tumbling down.” Steege added that he was going to meet with Mrs. Plott
and appellant to discuss capping appellant’s legal bills: “Liz has already told me that if
her mom pushes it that she will go super-ballistic . . . . The pot between them both has
been getting hotter and hotter . . . .”
Cutrow’s response to these revelations was to ask Steege about the likelihood that
“if Liz got real mad because of the confrontational nature of the meeting . . . she prevails
upon Mrs. Plott to fire us.” At trial, Cutrow admitted that he never met with Mrs. Plott to
discuss whether she signed checks to appellant “under duress.” Appellant is strong-
willed, and it was “difficult . . . working with Liz and making sure that it was what Mrs.
Plott wanted, not Liz.” Cutrow added, “Liz would tell me how she wanted [the estate
plan] done,” clarifying that “she” meant appellant, not Mrs. Plott. Appellant was
“anxious to get an amendment done” to the survivor’s trust.
Steege testified that his September 2004 message to Cutrow regarding appellant’s
behavior was composed and sent at Mrs. Plott’s request. Steege stated that Mrs. Plott
voiced a desire that Key receive no interest in the nursing home business. Yet Mrs. Plott
also threatened to disinherit appellant and Potz, on multiple occasions. Mrs. Plott had a
problem with appellant “bossing her [ ] around.”2

2 At the time of trial, Steege worked for appellant, who controls his bonuses and
salary, and could fire him. Appellant pays Steege to administer the Trust, apart from
tending to nursing home business matters. On one day in 2009, appellant cut checks to
Steege for his work on the Trust, totaling $108,000.

4
 Steege reiterated at trial that Mrs. Plott stated, more than once, that she did not
trust appellant. This is because Mrs. Plott wanted to do things her way, but appellant
“had her agenda” and would do things differently, which upset Mrs. Plott when she
learned of it. Appellant recalled that Mrs. Plott balked at signing checks for appellant’s
legal bills, provoking appellant to “use[ ] my scary yelling tone.” When appellant walked
out of the meeting, Mrs. Plott signed the checks. At trial, appellant denied ever raising
her voice at Mrs. Plott, which was contradicted by her deposition, when appellant
answered, “Yes, I’m sure I did on some occasions.”
On May 25, 2007, Mrs. Plott signed an amendment to the provisions of the
survivor’s trust (the Amendment). Attorney Cutrow either did (per his trial testimony) or
did not (per his deposition testimony) review the Amendment with Mrs. Plott paragraph
by paragraph before she signed it. He could not recall if others were present when Mrs.
Plott signed the Amendment.
Under the Amendment, appellant and Potz were given all of the business assets
that produce revenue, with the lion’s share—65 percent—going to appellant, who was
also gifted the parental home in Beverly Hills and all of its contents. In addition, debts
owed to the Trust by appellant (who owed some $2.5 million in principal and unpaid
interest) and Potz were forgiven, with the promissory notes being returned to their
makers. By securing debt forgiveness, appellant received a benefit of $1,666,666, and
Key suffered a loss of $833,333.
Cutrow testified that (1) Mrs. Plott could amend the survivor’s trust but (2)
appellant’s and Potz’s promissory notes were not in the survivor’s trust, nor was the
parental home. Instead, the promissory notes and the family home were in the
irrevocable marital trust, which went to all three of the Plotts’ daughters equally. The
Amendment purports to gift these multi-million dollar items to appellant, even though
Cutrow reminded appellant on January 16, 2007, that they are part of the marital trust.
The provisions in the Amendment giving appellant the family home in Beverly
Hills, 65 percent ownership of the family nursing home business, and forgiving
appellant’s $2.5 million debt were generated by appellant’s law office, in a redlined

5
version of the Amendment sent to Cutrow on May 15, 2007, as shown in trial exhibit 61.
The same day, Stajduhar billed Mrs. Plott to “incorporate trust revisions per [appellant’s]
review of Cutrow’s draft,” as shown in exhibit 75.3 At trial, appellant denied any
involvement in drafting the Amendment.
Initially, Cutrow could not recall at trial how the Plotts’ business assets came to be
allocated to appellant, not Key. Later, it occurred to him that Mrs. Plott thought appellant
should receive the lion’s share because appellant was the most active in the family
nursing home business.
Mrs. Plott told Key that she wanted Key to inherit equally with her sisters.
However, in marked contrast to her sisters, Key received under the Amendment “the
lesser of $1,000,000, or 5% of the then Survivor’s Trust Estate less any amount owed on
any outstanding promissory note in favor of the Surviving Trustor.” Appellant and Potz
collectively owed millions to the Trust, so the idea was that any gift to Key would be
reduced by that amount. When all was said and done, appellant received 65 percent of
the business assets, Potz received 35 percent, and Key received $1 million.
Five months before the Amendment was executed, Cutrow met with appellant and
Mrs. Plott. In a January 2007 memorandum to the file regarding the meeting, Cutrow
wrote that he discussed the proposed modifications to Mrs. Plott and explained “the
direction we were moving.” At trial, Cutrow could not answer why, if the directions
were coming from Mrs. Plott, she had to be told the direction in which “we” were
moving. During his deposition, however, Cutrow answered the same question by saying
that the directions “at times may have been articulated by Liz.” There is no evidence
showing that Mrs. Plott herself provided Cutrow with the terms to be included in the
Amendment, orally or in writing.

3 The trial court repeatedly cited exhibits 61 and 75 in its statement of decision, as
proof that appellant drafted the Amendment to benefit herself unduly. Appellant omitted
exhibits 61 and 75 from her appendix. (See Sutter Health Uninsured Pricing Cases
(2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 495, 498 [omitted trial evidence is construed against an
appellant].)

6
 In his deposition, Cutrow testified that Mrs. Plott, during a December 2006
meeting, told him that she was “not ready to disinherit Sarah.” At trial, Cutrow offered
an opposing recollection of the meeting: he testified that Mrs. Plott said she is “now
ready to disinherit Sarah.” (Emphasis added.)4 After the meeting with Mrs. Plott and
appellant, Cutrow sent appellant a draft of the proposed Amendment. Notwithstanding
Mrs. Plott’s purported desire “to disinherit” Key “now,” the draft shows a distribution of
$1 million to Key. Mrs. Plott did not receive a copy of the draft Amendment.
After receiving Cutrow’s draft, appellant promptly wrote back and stated, first,
“[Key’s] gift was to be $1 mil not to exceed ___% of the estate prior to gifts to [Potz and
appellant].” Second, appellant instructed Cutrow to leave the percentages of the
remainder to appellant and Potz blank. Third, appellant instructed Cutrow that before
distribution of the remainder, the note she owed to Mrs. Plott was to be given back.
Cutrow wrote to appellant that he “did add the language you wanted.”
Cutrow did not speak to Mrs. Plott before making the changes that appellant
wanted in January 2007, nor did he communicate with Mrs. Plott in March or April 2007.
Cutrow “believed” that he met with Mrs. Plott alone, before she signed Amendment in
May 2007. But his belief is contradicted by billing entries from appellant’s associate
Stajduhar, which show that Stajduhar attended Cutrow’s presigning meeting with Mrs.
Plott on May 24, 2007. Stajduhar sent Cutrow redlined revisions to the Amendment, then
attended Mrs. Plott’s meeting with Cutrow to execute the Amendment. Stajduhar
admitted at trial that she did not speak with Mrs. Plott in May 2007 regarding the redlined
revisions: the instructions came from appellant. Stajduhar is not an estate planner;
rather, she handled corporate issues related to healthcare facilities at appellant’s firm.
Appellant likewise denies expertise in estate planning.

4 A memorandum dictated by Cutrow, which summarized the meeting, sheds no
light on the confusion.

7
 Appellant admitted at trial that she is unsure whether Mrs. Plott ever saw the
Amendment after signing it. The executed instrument was sent to Stajduhar and
appellant, not to Mrs. Plott.
In 2004, at the beginning of the trust administration process, Mrs. Plott was not in
a wheelchair; she was using a wheelchair by the time she signed the Amendment in May
2007. At trial, appellant testified that Mrs. Plott “loved Sarah” and “there’s no question
in my mind my mother loved all of her children.”
Appellant does not like Key, whom appellant has hardly spoken to since Key was
in high school; in an e-mail, appellant referred to Key as “a controlling bitch.” Appellant
had a pervasive concern that Key would challenge the validity of the Amendment, and
wanted a no-contest clause, along with the $1 million gift, to forestall a contest. Though
appellant expected a contest, she never asked Mrs. Plott to write down her estate planning
wishes in her own hand. Appellant told her parents, Potz, Steege and Cutrow that Key
had sued the Plotts. Appellant admitted at trial that this was false: Key never sued their
parents or threatened to sue them.
At the time of the Amendment, appellant had financial difficulties. She defaulted
in 2003 on the $2.5 million debt she owed to her parents, a loan that was made to her in
1996. At trial, appellant claimed not to know the amount of the debt—whether it was in
excess of $1 million or $2 million. She testified that because of the large amount of
accrued interest on the debt, she did not have the ability to pay it. Appellant conceded
that Mrs. Plott never told her to stop making payments on the debt. Appellant told
Cutrow that she was insolvent.
Mrs. Plott had a geriatric evaluation by a psychiatrist, David Trader, hours before
she signed the Amendment. Cutrow deemed this evaluation “advisable” given the
likelihood of a challenge to the validity of the Amendment due to appellant’s role in the
Trust administration and the Amendment’s effective disinheritance of Key. Cutrow
noted that Mrs. Plott had “age-related issues”; was “physically limited”; “had an estate
plan that did not divide the assets equally among all three of the children”; and
appellant’s “relationship with her mother and the role that she played was clearly one that

8
on the surface someone would question.” Mrs. Plott relied on appellant for information
about the operation of the family business: appellant controlled day-to-day operations.
Before the evaluation took place, Cutrow informed Dr. Trader that “one daughter wants
[Mrs. Plott] to change estate plans.”
A few days before Mrs. Plott’s evaluation, Cutrow wrote to Stajduhar to say that
appellant would not exercise “undue influence” if she drove Mrs. Plott to the appointment
and had lunch with her, adding, “I am more concerned about prepping her for [the
mental] test.” Dr. Trader issued a mental evaluation finding that despite Mrs. Plott’s age-
related cognitive deficits, she was not susceptible to undue influence.
Dr. Trader’s evaluation was questioned by another geriatric psychiatrist, Dr. Spar.
After examining much material, including videotaped depositions of Mrs. Plott, Dr. Spar
opined that she was susceptible to undue influence due to mild cognitive impairment (she
was unable to name the governor of California or any U.S. presidents prior to the current
one) and because she was dependent upon appellant, both as her lawyer and to keep the
family business going. People had expressed concerns about Mrs. Plott’s memory as far
back as 2004. Though Dr. Trader listed the indicia of susceptibility, he failed to apply
those indicia to Mrs. Plott. Dr. Spar believed that Dr. Trader “was operating with less
than all of the relevant facts.” In 2010, Mrs. Plott was diagnosed as having dementia.
She died on June 27, 2011.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Key petitioned to invalidate the Amendment. After a lengthy court trial in the
summer and fall of 2013, the court crafted a 67-page, single-spaced statement of decision,
finding that appellant exerted undue influence. The court granted Key’s petition,
invalidated the Amendment, and reinstated the terms of the Trust, as amended in 2003,
which provides for an equal division of assets among the Plotts’ daughters.5

5 After trial, the Plott nursing home businesses were sold for $55 million at a
probate court auction, alleviating concerns that the parties will have to work together.
The issue now is the division of the sale proceeds.

9
 DISCUSSION
1. Appeal and Review
A trust beneficiary may petition the court regarding the validity of trust provisions,
including amendments. (Prob. Code, § 17200, subd. (b)(3); Conservatorship of Irvine
(1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 1334, 1341-1342; George v. Soares (1942) 54 Cal.App.2d 29, 31
[challenging the competence of a deceased trustor to execute trust documents].) Appeal
is taken from the trial court’s order invalidating the 2007 Amendment to the Trust on the
grounds of undue influence. The order is appealable. (Prob. Code, § 1304, subd. (a).)
On appeal, the trial court’s ruling will not be disturbed if supported by substantial
evidence. (George v. Soares, at pp. 31-32.)
2. No Credence Can Be Given to Appellant’s or Stajduhar’s Testimony
An appellate court does not determine which witnesses should be believed.
(George v. Soares, supra, 54 Cal.App.2d at pp. 31-32.) Instead, “the credibility of
witnesses and the weight to be given to the evidence are questions primarily for the trial
court and not for this court on appeal.” (Albaugh v. Mt. Shasta Power Corp. (1937) 9
Cal.2d 751, 778.)
The trial court repeatedly expressed disbelief of appellant’s testimony in its
statement of decision: “The court has found that Ms. Tyler is NOT credible in material
parts of her testimony and does not give weight to Ms. Tyler’s testimony.” On the next
page, the court wrote, “The court finds that Ms. Tyler is NOT CREDIBLE and that the
evidence overwhelmingly establishes that Ms. Tyler was involved in all aspects of the
drafting and execution of the 2007 Trust Amendment.”
Similarly, the trial court wrote that “Judge Stajduhar is NOT credible” because she
“never met privately with Mrs. Plott, whom she considered to be her client, to discuss the
Trust Amendment,” so Stajduhar had no knowledge of Mrs. Plott’s intentions and
allowed all changes to the Amendment to come from appellant.6 Stajduhar had no

6 Stajduhar became a workers’ compensation judge in 2012.

10
engagement letter with Mrs. Plott and failed to disclose a conflict of interest: Stajduhar
was an associate at Tyler & Wilson and took orders from appellant, as appellant’s
employee. Though Stajduhar characterized the Amendment as “confidential,” she kept
no confidences from appellant.
Under the circumstances, we give no weight to appellant’s testimony or
Stajduhar’s testimony, as both of them lack credibility.
3. Substantial Evidence Supports the Trial Court’s Decision
State law has long provided that a donative instrument procured by undue
influence is invalid. (Rice v. Clark (2002) 28 Cal.4th 89, 96.) “Undue influence is
pressure brought to bear directly on the testamentary act, sufficient to overcome the
testator’s free will, amount in effect to coercion destroying the testator’s free agency.”
(Ibid.) It may be proven by evidence of “undue pressure, argument, entreaty, or other
coercive acts inconsistent with any conclusion that the disposition was the voluntary and
freely spontaneous act of the testator or settlor.” (Conservatorship of Davidson (2003)
113 Cal.App.4th 1035, 1059; Estate of Fritschi (1963) 60 Cal.2d 367, 373.) This
“subverts independent free will and diverts it from its natural course in accordance with
the dictates of another person.” (Estate of Sarabia (1990) 221 Cal.App.3d 599, 605.)
One indication of undue influence is if “‘the chief beneficiaries under the will
were active in procuring the instrument to be executed.’” (Estate of Lingenfelter (1952)
38 Cal.2d 571, 585.) A beneficiary in a confidential relationship with the testator may
exert undue influence if he “‘displayed activity in the preparation of the will to his undue
profit.’” (Estate of Fritschi, supra, 60 Cal.2d at p. 374.) For example, if a beneficiary
attends the execution of a will, and offers the use of her pen, but does not participate in
any of the discussions between the testator and the attorney who prepared the will, such
“incidental activities” “fail to reach the proportion of a showing of her actual
participation in procuring the execution of the will.” (Id. at pp. 374-375; Estate of Mann
(1986) 184 Cal.App.3d 593, 608.)
The party contesting a testamentary disposition ordinarily bears the burden of
proving undue influence. (Prob. Code, § 8252, subd. (a).) However, “a presumption of

11
undue influence, shifting the burden of proof, arises upon the challenger’s showing that
(1) the person alleged to have exerted undue influence had a confidential relationship
with the testator; (2) the person actively participated in procuring the instrument’s
preparation or execution; and (3) the person would benefit unduly by the testamentary
instrument.” (Rice v. Clark, supra, 28 Cal.4th at pp. 96-97.) The trier of fact determines
whether the presumption applies, thereby requiring the proponent of the instrument to
prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the instrument was not procured by undue
influence. (Conservatorship of Davidson, supra, 113 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1059-1060.)
In this instance, the trial court found sufficient evidence to presume undue
influence. This finding then shifted the burden of proof to appellant.
In a will contest, all factual matters are viewed most favorably to the prevailing
party. Questions of weight of the evidence and credibility are for the trial court, and its
determination must be upheld if there is any substantial evidence, contradicted or
uncontradicted, to support it, drawing every reasonable inference in favor of the
judgment. (Estate of Teel (1944) 25 Cal.2d 520, 526-527.) “‘“[T]he appellate court
ordinarily looks only at the evidence supporting the successful party, and disregards the
contrary showing.”’” (Estate of Baker (1982) 131 Cal.App.3d 471, 476-477.)
There is no shortage of evidence that appellant actually participated in the
preparation of the Trust amendment in 2007, personally and by giving directions to
others. Drafts prepared by MSK were sent to Tyler & Wilson, not to Mrs. Plott. During
the drafting period, Cutrow did not communicate with Mrs. Plott in person, by telephone,
by letter or by e-mail. In February 2007, appellant wrote to Cutrow, “After we left your
office last time, my mother told me that she was okay with giving me a controlling
interest in the business like we discussed, that she did not want to do that with my sister.”
Cutrow did not meet alone with Mrs. Plott, to confirm that the drafting instructions he
received were what Mrs. Plott wanted, as opposed to what appellant wanted. Tyler &
Wilson billing records show that appellant’s employee Stajduhar attended both the
presigning meeting and the meeting at which the Amendment was executed.

12
 Unsurprisingly, appellant agrees in her brief that “she had a confidential
relationship with her mother . . . and there was substantial evidence that she actively
participated in drafting the 2007 Amendment.” Appellant thereby concedes the first two
elements of the undue influence presumption. Instead, she claims that there is no
evidence to support the third element, i.e., that she received an “undue benefit” from the
Amendment. When deciding what is “due,” the court may consider the relative standing
of the beneficiary and the contestant, as well as the testator’s past expressions of intent
and provisions in previously executed wills. (Estate of Sarabia, supra, 221 Cal.App.3d at
p. 607.) “[T]o know what influence was ‘undue’ requires knowledge of what influence,
if any, would qualify for a more benign interpretation.” (Ibid.)
Key observes that if the person “alleged to have exerted influence was testator’s
attorney, any benefit other than compensation for legal services may be considered
‘undue.’” (Rice v. Clark, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 97.) Undue influence is presumed when
a gift is made to “[t]he person who drafted the instrument.” (Prob. Code, § 21380, subd.
(a)(1).) No showing of an “undue” benefit is required when the beneficiary has an
attorney-client relationship with the testator and participates in preparing the will.
(Estate of Auen (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 300, 309-311.) Appellant counters that she is
Mrs. Plott’s daughter, apart from being an attorney active in the preparation of the
donative instrument, so the presumption of undue benefit to an attorney/drafter does not
apply here. Appellant is correct. An exception is carved out for “donative transfer[s] to a
person who is related by blood.” (Prob. Code, § 21382, subd. (a).)
Even without the presumption afforded by Probate Code section 21380 against
attorney/drafters, the evidence supports the trial court’s finding of an “undue benefit.”
On the one hand, appellant was active in the family nursing home business. On the other
hand, the record also shows that appellant was “bossing her mom,” “has her agenda and
basically makes her Mom fit her agenda,” “went ballistic” when Mrs. Plott tried to cap
appellant’s legal bills, was not trusted by Mrs. Plott, yet claimed that without appellant’s
know-how, “the corporation would come tumbling down.” Appellant obliged Mrs. Plott

13
to sign checks “under duress,” and used her “scary yelling tone.” Appellant exploited her
knowledge of the family nursing home business to manipulate Mrs. Plott.
It is reasonable to infer that Mrs. Plott allowed appellant to have her way because
appellant threatened to quit and cause the family business to fail. Or appellant made Mrs.
Plott’s life miserable, causing Mrs. Plott to sign the Amendment “to keep peace,” as she
told Dr. Trader. This is evidence of an overborne will that makes the transfer to appellant
unfair. Appellant’s controlling and even threatening demeanor with her elderly parent,
coupled with appellant’s personal involvement in drafting the Amendment, is evidence
that the unequal division of assets contemplated by the Amendment was solely
appellant’s plan, not Mrs. Plott’s.
There is no credible evidence of Mrs. Plott’s intentions when she signed the
Amendment in 2007. By comparison, Mr. and Mrs. Plott agreed in the 2003 version of
the Trust that their assets would go to all three daughters in equal shares. Though Mrs.
Plott told Cutrow in 2004 that she did not want Key to participate in the operation of the
family business, this does not translate into a desire to deprive Key of a financial interest
in the business. The trial court could find that the arrangement appellant conjured up—
65 percent of the assets to herself, 35 percent to Potz, and none to Key—was “undue.”
The trial court found an undue benefit because appellant drafted the Amendment
to forgive the $2.5 million debt she owed, at a time when appellant was insolvent. Mrs.
Plott lacked power to forgive appellant’s debt, because the promissory note was, in fact,
in the irrevocable marital trust, not in the survivor’s trust. Similarly, the Amendment
purports to give 100 percent of the Plotts’ home in Beverly Hills to appellant, along with
all of Mrs. Plott’s personal effects (art, jewelry, silverware, furnishings, etc.). As with
appellant’s $2.5 million debt, the parental home was in the irrevocable marital trust and
could not be given outright to appellant through the Amendment. Appellant admits that
the gift to her of all personal effects also fails: those assets are not in the Trust at all.
It is unclear what appellant had in mind by crafting the Amendment to forgive her
own debt and give herself the parental home and personal effects, even after Cutrow

14
reminded appellant by e-mail that these assets are not in the survivor’s trust.7 The trial
court could infer that appellant intended to deceive Mrs. Plott, who had allocated the
assets to the marital trust and knew, according to Terry Steege, that assets allocated to the
marital trust were “set in stone” and would be equally distributed to her three daughters.
Or, appellant simply never told Mrs. Plott what the Amendment contained, and neither
did anyone else. Mrs. Plott relied upon appellant to explain legal matters. Mrs. Plott
offered to show the Amendment to Steege, saying, “They told me not to show you, but I
want to show you.” Steege refused to look at it.
Appellant asks us to ignore the failed multi-million dollar gifts to her. We decline
the invitation. The gifts confer an undue benefit on their face. It is compelling—and
relevant—that appellant tried to subvert the Trust allocations, casting doubt on the
validity of the entire Amendment. Key was obliged to petition the trial court to invalidate
the Amendment and prevent appellant from securing millions of dollars in Trust assets to
which she was not entitled. Appellant’s reply brief notes her position at trial and in her
written response to Key’s petition, “that there was no undue influence, and thus no basis
for reformation or any other remedy,” so Key’s petition should “be denied in its entirety.”
Appellant hoped to claim ownership of all assets gifted to her in the Amendment, even
the ones in the marital trust. This evidence supports the trial court’s finding that the
Amendment is nothing but appellant’s desire to benefit herself. It is not a manifestation
of Mrs. Plott’s intentions, as expressed in the Trust allocations.
Because Key established that appellant received undue benefits from the
Amendment that appellant drafted, the burden shifted to appellant to prove that the
Amendment was not procured by undue influence. The trial court found that appellant
failed to carry her burden of disproving undue influence. We agree.

7 Remarkably, Cutrow implemented appellant’s revisions to the Amendment and
presented it to his putative client, Mrs. Plott, though he knew the Amendment
impermissibly affected the irrevocable marital trust.

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 Dr. Trader’s mental evaluation of Mrs. Plott did not disprove undue influence.
First, his report was issued in June 2007, after Mrs. Plott had already signed the
Amendment. Second, the report observes that Mrs. Plott wants to make changes “to keep
peace in the family,” but she also said that “someone will be unhappy.” Dr. Trader never
asked why Mrs. Plott felt obliged to either make changes or face familial disruption,
considering Mrs. Plott’s statement that appellant “now believes she is my mother.”
Third, the report does not address the terms of the Amendment, which greatly favored
one daughter, who sought the changes, over her siblings. Fourth, Dr. Trader listed the
elements of undue influence (whether someone has a close emotional/confidential
relationship that creates opportunities for control; whether someone “plays an active role
in the person’s finances”; or whether one party would profit unduly), but then failed to
apply these elements to Mrs. Plott’s relationship with appellant. The geriatric psychiatrist
Dr. Spar testified that Dr. Trader did not have all the relevant facts. For all of these
reasons, the trial court gave no weight to Dr. Trader’s opinion that Mrs. Plott was not
susceptible to undue influence, as it is entitled to do as the trier of witness credibility.
The trial court rejected as “not credible” appellant’s claim that she was uninvolved
in drafting the Amendment, which, on its face, benefits appellant and disinherits Key
with respect to the Plott family’s most substantial asset, its nursing homes. The record
shows that appellant and her law firm were instrumental in creating and revising the
Amendment. Appellant demanded that Cutrow revise the Amendment in ways that
benefitted appellant and disadvantaged Key; appellant then failed to produce e-mails to
hide her involvement, “in an effort to prevent relevant evidence from being discovered
related to determining the validity of the 2007 Trust Amendment,” as the court found.
No credible evidence shows that the Amendment arose from Mrs. Plott’s
instructions to Attorney Cutrow. The trial court’s decision correctly reflects that the
Amendment “‘represents in fact not [Mrs. Plott’s] will but that of the person exercising
the influence over her.’” (Estate of Bixler (1924) 194 Cal. 585, 590.) “If in fact the
[Amendment] represents the desire and purpose of [appellant] instead of the desire and
purpose of [Mrs. Plott] and was procured [] by dominating and controlling [Mrs. Plott’s]

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mind and will, it is wholly immaterial whether or not [appellant] profited or will profit
therefrom.” (Id. at p. 595; Estate of Ventura (1963) 217 Cal.App.2d 50, 59.)
The trial court was not required to reform the Amendment or impose a
constructive trust. Reformation is appropriate when there is a mistake, so that the
donative instrument lacks agreed-upon terms and does not reflect the testator’s actual
intent. (Giammarrusco v. Simon (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1586, 1603.) Here, there is no
credible evidence of Mrs. Plott’s actual intent at the time she signed the instrument.
The reason that appellant identified in her opening brief for reformation or a
constructive trust—Mrs. Plott’s desire that appellant “carry on her legacy by continuing
to run and control the [nursing home] business”—is moot, owing to the posttrial sale of
the business. Appellant now indicates that she would like to receive at least 51 percent of
the sale proceeds even if she will not be running the business, a number seemingly
plucked from thin air. She requests a remand “so that the probate court can consider
what disposition Mrs. Plott would have created, had she known that the business would
end up sold to a third party.” The courts cannot speculate what Mrs. Plott might have
wanted: the evidence shows that she expected the business to continue, and no one can
inquire, postmortem, about her hypothetical views regarding its possible sale.
The Amendment was the product of undue influence, not the outcome of Mrs.
Plott’s free will, and was properly invalidated in its entirety.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.

BOREN, P.J.
We concur:

ASHMANN-GERST, J.

HOFFSTADT, J.

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