In the Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship of J.S., Minor Child, M.S. v. Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Jun 30 2016, 9:39 am
Memorandum Decision shall not be CLERK
regarded as precedent or cited before any Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
court except for the purpose of establishing and Tax Court

the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Deidre L. Monroe Gregory F. Zoeller
Public Defender’s Office Attorney General of Indiana
Gary, Indiana
Robert J. Henke
Deputy Attorney General

James D. Boyer
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Termination of the June 30, 2016
Parent-Child Relationship of: Court of Appeals Case No.
J.S., Minor Child, 45A03-1601-JT-63
Appeal from the Lake Superior
M.S., Court
Appellant-Respondent, The Honorable Thomas P.
Stefaniak, Jr., Judge
v. Trial Court Cause No.
45D06-1503-JT-48
Indiana Department of Child
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.

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 Najam, Judge.

Statement of the Case
[1] M.S. (“Father”) appeals the trial court’s termination of his parental rights over

his minor child, J.S. (“Child”). Father raises one issue for our review, which

we restate as whether the trial court’s termination of Father’s parental rights to

Child was clearly erroneous.

[2] We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History
[3] Child was born to Father and J.M. (“Mother”)1, who were not married, on May

28, 2010. On May 29, Father established his paternity of Child by affidavit, but

Father did not live with Mother and Child.

[4] On July 28, 2013, officers with the Lake Station Police Department were

dispatched to Mother’s home in Hobart following a report that Mother had

overdosed on Valium pills with Child in the home. Upon arriving at Mother’s

home, the police found Mother unresponsive and Child watching television.

Mother was taken to the hospital, and the police contacted the Indiana

Department of Child Services (“DCS”) regarding Child. Child was placed in

the care of her maternal grandmother.

1
Mother voluntarily terminated her parental rights and does not participate in this appeal.

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[5] On July 30, DCS filed its petition alleging Child was a child in need of services

(“CHINS”). On August 30, following a fact-finding hearing, the trial court

adjudicated Child to be a CHINS. Both Mother and Father were ordered to

participate in reunification services, including a drug/alcohol evaluation and

any recommended treatment, random drug screens, and supervised visitation.

The trial court ordered that Child be placed with her paternal great-

grandparents.

[6] Father did not engage in any of the services ordered by the trial court. He did

not visit Child, and he did not obtained a drug/alcohol evaluation. Father was

imprisoned from September 2013 to February 2014 for theft, and from June

2014 to October 2014 for theft of a firearm and a probation violation. Because

Father had failed to engage in any of the services offered by DCS, the service

providers closed their services to him in October 2014.

[7] In November 2014, the trial court granted Father’s grandmother’s request that

the services to Father be reopened. However, Father again failed to complete

any of the required services, and the services were once more closed to him for

non-compliance. Three months later, DCS reopened services to Father for a

second time, but Father again failed to participate in any of the services, even

when he was not incarcerated. Father did participate in a “substance anger

management type class” while he was incarcerated in Lake County Jail in 2014,

but he “did not find it helpful” and relapsed into drug use when he was

subsequently released from incarceration. Tr. at 54-55.

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[8] On March 12, 2015, DCS filed its petition to terminate Mother’s and Father’s

parental rights as to Child. In June, Father was again incarcerated, this time for

Level 5 burglary, for which he could be sentenced to one to three years

imprisonment. On September 30, the trial court held a permanency hearing

and changed the permanency plan from reunification to termination of parental

rights and adoption by Child’s maternal grandmother. On December 9, the

trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the termination petition. At the

hearing, Antoinette Crosslin, the DCS family case manager (“FCM”), testified

that termination of parental rights is in Child’s best interest because of Father’s

“long term history of being incarcerated for different offenses and substance

abuse.” Id. at 94. FCM Crosslin also testified that Child’s adoption by her

maternal grandmother is best for Child because the maternal grandmother also

had care of Child’s younger sibling with whom Child had bonded.

[9] On December 16, the trial court entered the following relevant findings and

conclusions in support of terminating Father’s parental rights:

The child(ren) has been removed from her parent(s) for least six
(6) months under a dispositional decree(s) of this Court dated
August 30, 2013[,] as to the father and on December 9, 2013[.] as
to the [m]other[,] retroactive to July 28, 2013. . . .

The child(ren) has been removed from the parent and has been
under the supervision of the Indiana Department of Child
Services for at least fifteen (15) of the most recent twenty-two
(22) months.

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 There is a reasonable probability that the conditions resulting in
the removal of the child(ren) from her parents’ home will not be
remedied in that: The child was removed from parental care in
July of 2013 when mother overdosed in the home with the child
present. The child was removed from mother’s care and placed
in relative placement. The investigation revealed that the child
lived with the grandmother most of her life and was only
sporadically in the care of the parents.

Services were offered to the parents pursuant to a case plan
which included initial clinical assessments, random drug screens,
substance abuse evaluations, individual therapy, inpatient and
outpatient substance abuse programs and supervised visitations.

Mother has voluntarily relinquished her parental rights in open
court.

Father, [M.S.] is the legal father of this child. (Exhibit A)

Father did not participate in any services. Father did not
complete the substance abuse evaluation. Father did not submit
to any drug screens. Father did not participate in any inpatient
or outpatient substance abuse programs. Father did not
participate in any supervised visitations with the child. Father
did not complete one single aspect of the case plan. Father has
been totally non-compliant with the case plan. Father has made
absolutely no effort to work towards reunification with his child.
Services for the father were closed in October of 2014 due to
father’s non-compliance. In November of 2014, the relatives
appeared at a CHINS review hearing requesting services for
father to be reinstated. Services were reinstated and father again
was totally non-compliant. Father did not even start any of the
services, much less complete any of them. Services were again
suspended after three months of non-compliance. At another
CHINS review hearing, services were again reinstated for the

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 father for the third [sic] time and father again was non-compliant
and did not even begin any of the services. All efforts made to
provide services to the father have failed due to father’s lack of
participation.

Father has a lengthy criminal history and is currently
incarcerated since June of 2015 and has been throughout the
majority of this case. Father testified that he is currently
incarcerated for burglary and is scheduled to be sentenced in a
few days which he is facing a one to three year sentence.

Father testified that he was incarcerated from September 2013
through February of 2014 for fraud and forgery and again
incarcerated from June of 2014 through October of 2014 for
Theft. Father indicated that he has been in and out of jail for
numerous years stemming back from 2009 and also violations of
his probation. Father’s criminal history is lengthy and continues
to this date. Father’s pattern of conduct has not improved.

Father testified that he has substance abuse issues and has been
struggling with a heroin addiction since the year 2013. Father
further testified that he remains clean while incarcerated, but
whenever he is released from incarceration, his [sic] continues
with his addiction. Father did not participate in any substance
abuse treatments for his addiction during this case. Father
clearly has not addressed his substance abuse issues. Father
testified that he cannot maintain sobriety out of incarceration
even though he completed a substance abuse case [sic] in the
Lake County Jail during one of his incarcerations.

Father is not able to provide a safe and secure home for this
child. Father does not have stable housing and plans on living
with a relative when he is released from incarceration although
Father has not formally asked any relative if he can live with
them. Father is in no position to properly parent this child.

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 Father’s history shows a long pattern of substance abuse issues
and multiple burglary/theft charges. Father continues with his
criminal and substance abuse patterns. Father continues with the
instability in his life. Father, by his own admission, will likely be
incarcerated further at this [sic] sentencing hearing later this
week.

Father indicated that the child has been raised by his parents and
grandparents for the past five years. Father indicated that he did
not raise this child and wants the child placed with his relatives.
Father testified that he is in no position to parent this child.

Neither parent is providing any emotional or financial support
for the child. Neither parent has completed any case plan for
reunification. Mother has voluntarily relinquished her parental
rights and Father is in no position to properly parent this child.
The child is in relative placement with her sibling and is bonded
and thriving. The child has been in placement since July of 2013
and has never been returned to parental care or custody.

There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the
child(ren) in that: for the reasons stated above. Additionally, the
child deserves a loving, caring, safe, stable and drug free home.

It is in the best interest of the child(ren) and her health, welfare
and future that the parent-child relationship between the
child(ren) and her parents be forever fully and absolutely
terminated.

The Indiana Department of Child Services has a satisfactory plan
for the care and treatment of the child(ren) which is Adoption by
the grandmother, Ms. Cummings.

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 ***

The Court grants said petition, and it is adjudged that the parent-
child relationship between [J.S.] - Ward of DCS, the child(ren),
and [J.M.] (Mother) and [M.S.] (Father), the parent(s), and any
unknown Father, be, and the same hereby is terminated, and all
rights, powers, privileges, immunities, duties and obligations
(including the right to consent to adoption) pertaining to that
relationship are hereby permanently terminated. . . .

Appellant’s App. at 1-4. This appeal ensued.

Discussion and Decision
[10] Father maintains that the trial court’s order terminating his parental rights was

clearly erroneous. We begin our review of this issue by acknowledging that

“[t]he traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is

protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.”

Bailey v. Tippecanoe Div. of Family & Children (In re M.B.), 666 N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind.

Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied. However, a trial court must subordinate the

interests of the parents to those of the child when evaluating the circumstances

surrounding a termination. Schultz v. Porter Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children (In re

K.S.), 750 N.E.2d 832, 837 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Termination of a parent-child

relationship is proper where a child’s emotional and physical development is

threatened. Id. Although the right to raise one’s own child should not be

terminated solely because there is a better home available for the child, parental

rights may be terminated when a parent is unable or unwilling to meet his or

her parental responsibilities. Id. at 836.

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[11] Before an involuntary termination of parental rights can occur in Indiana, DCS

is required to allege and prove, among other things:

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement
outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the
child.

(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services.

***

(C) [and] that termination is in the best interests of the child . . . .

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2) (2015). DCS need establish only one of the

requirements of subsection (b)(2)(B) before the trial court may terminate

parental rights. Id. DCS’s “burden of proof in termination of parental rights

cases is one of ‘clear and convincing evidence.’” R.Y. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs.

(In re G.Y.), 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009) (quoting I.C. § 31-37-14-2).

[12] When reviewing a termination of parental rights, we will not reweigh the

evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. Peterson v. Marion Cnty. Ofc. of

Family & Children (In re D.D.), 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans.

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 denied. Instead, we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that

are most favorable to the judgment. Id. Moreover, in deference to the trial

court’s unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside the court’s

judgment terminating a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous.

Judy S. v. Noble Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children (In re L.S.), 717 N.E.2d 204, 208

(Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied.

[13] Here, in terminating Father’s parental rights, the trial court entered specific

findings of fact and conclusions thereon. When a trial court’s judgment

contains special findings and conclusions, we apply a two-tiered standard of

review. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Ofc. of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind.

2005). First, we determine whether the evidence supports the findings and,

second, we determine whether the findings support the judgment. Id.

“Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record contains no facts to

support them either directly or by inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98,

102 (Ind. 1996). If the evidence and inferences support the trial court’s

decision, we must affirm. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 208.

[14] Father contends that the trial court erred in concluding that he will not remedy

the conditions that resulted in Child’s removal; that the continuation of the

parent-child relationships poses a threat to the well-being of Child; that

termination is in the best interest of Child; and that the permanency plan was

satisfactory. Because Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the

disjunctive, we address only whether the trial court erred in concluding that

continuation of the parent-child relationships poses a threat to Child and that

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 termination is in Child’s best interests. We also briefly address Father’s

“satisfactory plan” contention.

Continuation of the Parent-Child Relationship

[15] Father contends that the trial court’s conclusion that continuation of the parent-

child relationship would pose a threat to Child is not supported by the evidence.

However, Father’s arguments are simply requests that we reweigh the evidence,

which we cannot do. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 265. Instead, we must

determine whether the evidence most favorable to the judgment supports the

trial court’s conclusion. Id.; Quillen, 671 N.E.2d at 102. We hold that it does.

[16] The trial court’s conclusion is supported by the evidence. FCM Crosslin

testified that termination of parental rights is in Child’s best interest because of

Father’s “long term history of being incarcerated for different offenses and

substance abuse.” Tr. at 94. This testimony is supported by the uncontested

fact that Father has a lengthy criminal history, starting in 2009 and continuing

to the date of the termination hearing. In fact, Father was incarcerated at the

time of the hearing and had not yet been sentenced. Father testified that,

because of that, he was unable to care for Child at the time of the hearing and

would not be able to do so within the next one to three years, depending on the

length of his sentence for his most recent crime. Father also admitted that he

has a drug abuse problem and relapses into drug abuse every time he is released

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 from incarceration.2 Moreover, Father has not been employed since 2013, and

he does not have a home in which to care for Child. Father testified that he

planned to live with his mother when he was released from jail, but he had not

yet discussed that with his mother.

[17] All of this evidence clearly supports the trial court’s conclusion that

continuation of the parent-child relationship would pose a threat to Child. The

trial court must consider the parent’s ability to care for the child at the time of

the termination hearing, taking into consideration evidence of changed

conditions. In re M.S., 898 N.E.2d 307, 311 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). To predict

future behavior of a parent, the trial court should look at the parent’s habitual

patterns of conduct, and it “need not wait until a child is irreversibly influenced

by a deficient lifestyle such that his physical, mental, and social growth is

permanently impaired before terminating the parent-child relationship.” Id.

Father clearly has a habitual pattern of criminal activity, incarceration, and

substance abuse, and there is no evidence that those conditions are likely to

change. Moreover, Father had not been Child’s caretaker in the past, and there

was no evidence, other than his own speculation, that he would be in a position

to care for Child in the future. When the evidence shows that the emotional

2
The trial court’s finding that Father did not engage in any substance abuse treatment during this case is not
erroneous, as Father contends. Father points to his participation in a “substance anger management type
class” while he was incarcerated in Lake County Jail in 2014, but there was no evidence that the class
actually provided treatment. Tr. at 54. Moreover, Father admitted that he “did not find [the class] helpful”
and relapsed into drug use when he was subsequently released from prison. Id. at 55.

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 and physical development of a child in need of services is threatened, as it does

here, termination of the parent-child relationship is appropriate. Id.

Best Interests

[18] In determining whether termination of parental rights is in the best interests of a

child, the trial court is required to look at the totality of the evidence. A.S. v.

Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs. (In re A.K.), 924 N.E.2d 212, 224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).

“A parent’s historical inability to provide adequate housing, stability and

supervision coupled with a current inability to provide the same will support a

finding that termination of the parent-child relationship is in the child’s best

interests.” Castro v. State Ofc. of Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 374 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2006), trans. denied. “Additionally, a child’s need for permanency is an

important consideration in determining the best interests of a child, and the

testimony of the service providers may support a finding that termination is in

the child’s best interests.” In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 224. Such evidence, in

addition to evidence that continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a

threat to the children, is sufficient to show by clear and convincing evidence

that termination is in the child’s best interests. L.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs.

(In re A.D.S.), 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1158-59 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied.

[19] Here, the evidence cited above also supports the trial court’s conclusion that

termination of Father’s parental rights is in Child’s best interest. Father’s

history of criminal activity, incarceration, and drug abuse made him unable to

provide stable, safe care for Child in the past, and there is no evidence to

support his speculation that he will be able to do so at some unknown point in
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 the future. Based on Father’s criminal and drug abuse history, FCM Crosslin

testified that termination of parental rights is in Child’s best interest. Moreover,

Father provides no evidentiary support for his contentions that Child will be

harmed by the termination of Father’s parental rights. Given the evidence that

Child needs stability, supervision, and care that Father cannot provide, we hold

that the totality of the evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that

termination is in Child’s best interests.

Satisfactory Plan for Child

[20] Father claims, without citation to the record, that “[t]estimony at trial

indicated” that maternal grandmother had not fully bonded with Child.

Appellant’s Br. at 9. However, a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of

the children “need not be detailed, so long as it offers a general sense of the

direction in which the child will be going after the parent-child relationship is

terminated.” In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 268 (citing Jones v. Gibson Cnty. Div. of

Family and Children (In re B.D.J.), 728 N.E.2d 195, 204 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000)).

Further, DCS need not have a plan that contemplates a specific adopting family

at all; it need only show that the plan is adoption. Lang v. Stark Cnty. Ofc. of

Family and Children, 861 N.E.2d 366, 375 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (“[a]ttempting to

find suitable parents to adopt the children is clearly a satisfactory plan”), trans.

denied. In this case, the plan was for Child’s adoption by maternal

grandmother, and the FCM testified that she believed this was the “best fit” for

Child. Tr. at 91-92. Thus, the evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion

that adoption is a satisfactory plan, and that conclusion is not clearly erroneous.

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[21] The trial court did not err when it terminated Father’s parental rights to Child.

[22] Affirmed.

Robb, J., and Crone, J., concur.

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