People v. Jones

2016 IL App (1st) 123371
No. 1-12-3371
Opinion filed June 30, 2016

FIFTH DIVISION

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
ILLINOIS, ) of Cook County.
)
Respondent-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 00 CR 08223 (02)
)
ANTELETO JONES, ) The Honorable
) Domencia A. Stephenson,
Petitioner-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.

JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Reyes specially concurred, with opinion.
Justice Lampkin dissented, with opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Defendant Anteleto Jones was convicted by a jury on January 30, 2003,

of first-degree murder and sentenced on March 28, 2003, to 44 years in the

Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC). This appeal concerns defendant's
 No. 1-12-3371

pro se motion for leave to file a second postconviction petition. Defendant

claims that the trial court erred in denying him leave: (1) where he presented a

colorable claim of actual innocence; and (2) where he established cause and

prejudice to allow the filing of a subsequent petition.

¶2 Defendant has consistently maintained his innocence during pretrial, trial,

and posttrial proceedings: first moving to suppress his statement as involuntary

prior to trial; then presenting an alibi defense during trial; and next moving for a

new trial when the prosecutor disclosed two exculpatory witnesses after the trial

ended. As we explain below, the only evidence connecting defendant to this

murder was his own confession, which he has consistently claimed was coerced

and which is not corroborated by some of the physical evidence. Now, an

eyewitness, who is the only known eyewitness to the murder, has come forward

to exonerate defendant. This eyewitness is in addition to the two exculpatory

witnesses discovered and disclosed by the prosecutor immediately after the trial

ended. For the following reasons, we reverse and remand for appointment of

postconviction counsel and second-stage proceedings.

¶3 BACKGROUND

¶4 I. Procedural History

¶5 First, we provide a short procedural history of the case, before describing

the evidence at trial.

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¶6 Defendant, age 19, was charged with first-degree murder for the shooting

death of Jerry Green, which occurred at approximately 5 a.m. on January 8,

2000. Prior to trial, defendant moved to suppress his confession on the grounds

that Officer Robert Bartik, a polygraph examiner, had physically pushed,

punched and shoved defendant, while two other officers watched, and that

defendant was also subjected to psychological and mental coercion.1 Detective

Robert Lenihan testified at a suppression hearing that defendant agreed to a

polygraph examination but then confessed during the pretest interview 2 with the

examiner. Defendant's suppression motion was denied and, at trial, defendant

presented an alibi defense, calling his mother who testified that she observed

defendant at home sleeping at 6 a.m.

1
Defendant's pretest interview by Officer Bartik and ensuing interview by
Detectives Robert Lenihan and Edward Farley were not recorded, since they
occurred a year and a half before Illinois law started requiring the electronic
recording of all custodial interrogations in homicide cases. Pub. Act 03-206, § 25
(eff. July 18, 2005) (adding 725 ILCS 5/103-2.1).
2
The Illinois Administrative Code requires a polygraph examiner to conduct
a "pre-test interview" in which, at a minimum: (1) the examiner must inform the
subject of each issue to be covered during the test; (2) the examiner must reduce to
writing every question that will be asked, must read them to the subject and must
record the subject's answers in writing; and (4) the examiner must inform the
subject that taking the test is voluntary and must obtain the subject's consent. 68
Ill. Adm. Code 1230.90 (2005). These requirements have applied since at least
1998. 69 Ill. Admin Code 1230.90, amended at 22 Ill. Reg. 10567 (eff. June 1,
1998).
3
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¶7 The jury found defendant guilty of both first-degree murder and

personally discharging a firearm during the offense. After the jury's verdict but

prior to sentencing, the prosecutor contacted defendant, through his counsel, to

notify him that two witnesses, Darryl and Anthony Thomas, had separately

informed her after trial that defendant was with them at the time of the murder

and thus not at the crime scene. The trial court rejected defendant's motion

seeking a new trial based on the statements of these two witnesses, in part,

because their statements were unsworn.3

¶8 The trial court sentenced defendant to 44 years in IDOC, which included

24 years for first-degree murder and 20 years for personally discharging a

firearm during the commission of the offense On direct appeal, defendant

challenged only the constitutionality of his 20-year sentence for personally

discharging a firearm (730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(d)(ii) (West 2000)); and this

court affirmed his conviction and sentence in People v. Jones, No. 1-03-1316

(2004) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶9 In 2005, defendant filed his first postconviction petition in which he

again asserted his innocence and included an affidavit from one of his

3
These statements were later included as exhibits to defendant's motion to
reconsider the trial court's denial of leave to file his successive postconviction
petition.
4
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codefendants, Melvin Jones,4 who averred that Jones had committed the murder

alone and that defendant was neither involved nor present during the shooting.

Defendant also included letters he wrote to his parents on March 25, 2000, and

October 3, 2000, in which he stated that the police officers threatened to beat

him but did not; and that the polygraph examiner coerced him into confessing.

¶ 10 Concerning the police officers, defendant stated in his letter, dated

October 3, 2000: "Was I threaten by the cops? Yes, they said they would beat

me if I wouldn't say I was involved in the murder. *** No they did not touch

me physically? (the cops)." Concerning the polygraph examiner, defendant

stated in his letter, dated March 25, 2000, that, first, the police officers showed

him Jones' confession and that, after defendant denied involvement, they asked

him if he wanted to take a polygraph examination. Defendant stated: "the two

officers ask me did I want to take a lie detector test, I said yes. They took me to

111th & State and I sat in a room with a polygraph for about five to ten minutes

as the officers talked with the polygram [sic] officer. The polygram officer

came in the room asking me the same shit about the murder. I told him too, I

didn't have shit to do with it. He told me I would face the death penalty if I take

the test because he knew for a fact I would fail as if it was set up for me to fail.
4
Since Melvin Jones shares the same last name as defendant, we will refer
to Melvin Jones as "Jones" and defendant as simply defendant throughout this
opinion.

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So know [sic] I'm frightened and nervous and I bowed my head then burst out

in tears because I knew I was about to lie on myself, that's when I confessed and

went along with a made up story similar to Melvin's." At the end of the letter,

defendant asked his parents not to "worry yourselves."

¶ 11 The trial court dismissed defendant's petition at the first stage, and this

court affirmed in People v. Jones, 399 Ill. App. 3d 341 (2010), with Justice

Howse dissenting.

¶ 12 On July 26, 2011, defendant moved for leave to file a successive

postconviction petition, again asserting his innocence and including: (1) an

affidavit from Telvin Shaw, an eyewitness to the murder, who stated that

defendant was not present and Jones was the sole shooter; and (2) a newspaper

article which stated that the three police officers, who had obtained defendant's

confession, were ordered to pay $110,000 each in punitive damages, after a jury

found that they had fabricated a confession in a murder case. See McGee v. City

of Chicago, 2012 IL App (1st) 111084, ¶¶ 1-4 (a jury awarded a criminal

defendant damages for malicious prosecution by Officer Robert Bartik and

Detectives Robert Lenihan and Edward Farley, but the appellate court reversed

and granted a new trial due to Internet research by a juror);5 see also People v.

5
A civil jury awarded a total of $1.3 million to McGee in damages, but the
case was appealed and remanded for a new trial, after Internet research by a juror.
In 2014, the City of Chicago settled the McGee case for $870,000, thereby
6
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Tyler, 2015 IL App (1st) 123470, ¶¶ 4, 21 (this court reversed the dismissal of

the defendant's postconviction petition and remanded for a hearing on

defendant's coerced confession claim where the initial confession was obtained

during a 45-minute interview with Detective Lenihan).

¶ 13 It is the trial court's denial of defendant's motion for leave to file his

second postconviction petition which is at issue before us.

¶ 14 II. The Evidence at Trial

¶ 15 In this court's prior appellate opinion, in which we affirmed the summary

dismissal of defendant's first postconviction petition, we described the evidence

at trial in detail. We will not repeat that detailed description here, and we

incorporate that opinion by reference. We repeat here only the salient facts

needed to understand the issues in front of us.

¶ 16 In sum, there were no eyewitnesses at trial, no physical evidence linking

defendant to the murder, and no arrest of defendant at the scene. The only

evidence linking defendant to the offense was his own videotaped confession.

¶ 17 The evidence at trial established that the victim, Jerry Green, was at a bar

with his friend, Curtis Moore, the night before the shooting. Moore testified that

avoiding a new trial and any admission of wrongdoing by the City. Hal Dardick,
and Duaa Eldeib, Chicago aldermen OK $6.6 million to settle lawsuits, Chicago
Tribune (Mar. 31, 2014), available at http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-03-
31/news/chi-chicago-aldermen-ok-66-million-to-settle-lawsuits-
20140331_1_leslie-darling-new-trial-city-attorney.
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Jerry Green was often referred to as "Old Baby." After the two men left the bar,

they drove to Moore's home where Jerry Green parked his vehicle. Moore lived

with his fiancee, Yolanda Green, a relation of Jerry Green; and Moore and

Yolanda lived there with other members of Yolanda's family. At approximately

5 a.m., Jerry Green exited the house and was shot multiple times near his

vehicle. Moore testified that some gunshots sounded louder than others. After

hearing multiple gunshots and then looking out a window, Moore went outside.

He did not, however, observe who shot Jerry Green and he did not observe

anyone running from the scene.

¶ 18 Lawrence Green testified that he resided at the same house as Curtis

Moore and Yolanda, that he was the leader of the No Limits faction of the

Gangster Disciples street gang, and that his nickname was "Motor." Lawrence

Green explained that there was a conflict between the No Limits and Third

Ward factions of the Gangster Disciples street gang.

¶ 19 Two forensic investigators testified that they collected: six .380 cartridge

casings; a fired bullet; and two 9-millimeter cartridge casings from the scene.

In addition, the medical examiner testified that two bullets were recovered from

the body of Jerry Green, who had died from multiple gunshot wounds. None of

the wounds sustained by Green involved close-range firing, which is firing from

18 inches or less away. The medical examiner testified that two of the gunshot

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wounds, which indicated that bullets travelled through the victim's hands, were

defensive injuries which generally occur when a victim raises his hands in an

effort to defend himself.

¶ 20 A firearms expert testified that all the cartridge cases and bullets

recovered from the scene and the body were a .380 caliber or a 9-millimeter

caliber and that 380/9 millimeter bullets can be fired from either a 380 caliber

or 9 millimeter gun.

¶ 21 The firearms expert testified: (1) that the six .380 auto fired cartridge

cases recovered from the scene were all chambered in the same firearm but he

could not tell whether they were fired from the same gun; (2) that the two 9

millimeter cartridge cases were fired from the same gun; (3) that a bullet

recovered from the scene was fired from the same gun as the two bullets

removed from defendant's body; and (4) that these three bullets could have been

fired from either a .380 caliber or 9 millimeter gun. The firearms expert did not

testify and was not asked whether it was possible that all the cases and bullets

were fired from one gun.

¶ 22 Odis Deal, a neighbor, testified that he heard gunshots at about 5 a.m.,

first two to three gunshots, followed by a volley of eight or nine more shots.

Deal had been in the army almost 30 years ago and, to him, the shots sounded

like they were coming from two or three different types of firearms. However,

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he was not asked whether the sound of two different types of cartridges being

fired from the same handgun would sound the same.

¶ 23 Detective Robert Lenihan testified that, after speaking with Lawrence

Green, the officers began looking for Melvin Jones and that, after speaking with

Melvin Jones, they began looking for defendant.

¶ 24 After defendant was taken into custody on March 3, 2000, he denied any

involvement with the shooting, first to Detective Timothy Nolan and then to

Detective Michael Rose.

¶ 25 Although not part of the trial evidence, at the hearing on defendant's

suppression motion, Detective Lenihan testified that defendant agreed to a

polygraph test and was transported to the facility at 11th and State Streets.

During the pretest interview with Officer Bartik, defendant first made

admissions which he then repeated to Detectives Lenihan and Farley on his

return to Area One.

¶ 26 At trial, Detective Lenihan testified that the detectives then contacted the

State's Attorney's office and defendant's confession was videotaped. During the

videotaped confession, defendant confirmed that there was a conflict between

the Third Ward and the No Limits factions, and that he was a member of the

Third Ward faction. Defendant stated that he, Melvin Jones and Travis Ashby

went to Lawrence Green's home and they would have shot Lawrence Green

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 No. 1-12-3371

("Motor") if he had appeared. When Jerry Green ("Old Baby") exited the

house, they fired at him. Jones discharged his weapon first, firing six or seven

gunshots at Old Baby. Ashby fired two to three gunshots, and defendant fired

two gunshots. Defendant had a .357 caliber handgun; Ashby had either a .45 or

9 millimeter handgun; and Jones had a .380 caliber semiautomatic weapon.

¶ 27 Defendant presented an alibi defense, calling his mother who testified

that she observed him sleeping at home at 6 a.m. on the day of the shooting. As

we described above, the jury convicted him of first-degree murder and

personally discharging a firearm, and he was sentenced to 44 years in the

IDOC.

¶ 28 III. Postconviction Petition at Issue

¶ 29 The postconviction petition at issue in this appeal is defendant's second

petition, and it was filed on July 26, 2011. The pro se petition alleged that his

confession was involuntary and the product of police misconduct and coercion

by Officer Robert Bartik and Detectives Robert Lenihan and Edward Farley.

¶ 30 Along with the pro se petition, defendant filed a pro se motion for leave

to file a successive postconviction petition; a pro se motion for appointment of

counsel; and documents including: (1) an affidavit from eyewitness Telvin

Shaw, (2) a letter from an assistant Appellate Defender (APD), dated June 10,

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2010, and (3) a Chicago Tribune newspaper article by Duaa Eldeib, dated June

9, 2010.

¶ 31 Defendant states in his pro se petition that the article and the APD's letter

were both written after his first petition was dismissed. His initial

postconviction petition was filed on August 30, 2005, and summarily dismissed

on October 11, 2006. 6

¶ 32 Defendant also states that Shaw "essentially made himself unavailable as

a witness when he moved to California shortly after the murder, and did not

admit to having witnessed the incident until more than 5 years" after defendant's

trial. In addition, if defendant was not present at the scene of the murder as he

alleged, then he would not know who was present.

¶ 33 The APD's letter, dated June 10, 2010, and addressed to defendant's

father, stated that Bartik, Lenihan and Farley were all named in an attached

Tribune article. The June 9, 2010, article stated that the three officers were

ordered to pay $110,000 each in punitive damages, after a jury found that they

had fabricated a confession in a murder case where there had been no physical

evidence linking the defendant to the crime. See McGee, 2012 IL App (1st)

111084, ¶¶ 1-4 (a jury awarded damages for malicious prosecution by Officer
6
On appeal, this dismissal was affirmed (People v. Jones, No. 1-03-1316
(2004)), and on September 29, 2010, the Illinois Supreme Court denied his petition
for leave to appeal the dismissal of the initial petition (People v. Jones, 237 Ill. 2d
575 (2010)).
12
 No. 1-12-3371

Robert Bartik and Detectives Robert Lenihan and Edward Farley, but the

appellate court reversed and granted a new trial because a juror had performed

Internet research).

¶ 34 Telvin Shaw stated in a notarized affidavit, dated January 21, 2011:

"I Telvin Shaw, do hereby declare and affirm that foregoing

information within this affidavit is true and correct in substance and in

part:

On the late night of January 7th, 2000 into the early morning hours of

January 8th, 2000 around 5:00 am, I Telvin Shaw was standing in the

gangway of the residence at [a certain street address]. At the time, I was

affiliated with the No Limited faction of the GD. whom Lawrence Green

a.k.a. 'Motor' was the leader of.

On this particular morning, I had been out all night hustling. While

standing in the ganeway [sic] of this residence, I observed an individual,

a male whom I didn't know at the time leave out of the back yard of

'Motor's' house walking out into 72nd Street towards a parked grey-

colored Chevy vehicle that was facing Damen Street.

While this individual was opening his car door someone approached

him from behind from the alleyway, as the assailant got closer to this

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No. 1-12-3371

individual, I clearly notice[d] that the assailant was a guy named 'Melvin',

a well known member of the Third Ward faction of the GD.

Melvin stood alone by himself in front of this individual holding a gun

in his hand. Suddenly, I saw this person raise his hands up and 'Melvin'

began shooting him several times until he fell to the ground. After

'Melvin' stopped shooting, I didn't continue to look to see where he went.

I immediately ran home and never told anyone what I witness.

I later learn that this guy that I saw 'Melvin' shoot down had died and

that he was related to 'Motor'. I then sought revenge for 'Motor' by

looking to make an attempt on 'Melvin's' life so I could try and collect the

$5,000 dollars that 'Motor' had offered to kill any Third Ward member.

However, I never got the opportunity to encounter 'Melvin' afterwards

and I never collected any money from 'Motor.'

Thereafter, people made several attempts on my life which force me

to move to California in late January of the year 2000. I returned back to

the southside of Chicago in my same neighborhood in February 2001. In

March of 2003 I was charged with an offense that eventually landed me

in I.D.O.C. at Menard Correctional Center. While incarcerated at

Menoard I encountered 'Anteleto Jones' in the prison[']s law library in the

summer of 2008.

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 No. 1-12-3371

After having a conversation with 'Anteleto Jones', to my surprise, I

learn[ed] that he (Anteleto Jones) was incarcerated for a murder that I

knew for a fact that he (Anteleto) was innocent of. I also learned after

having the conversation with Anteleto Jones that he was charged and

convicted as 'Melvin's' co-defendant for allegedly participating in the

murder on the morning of January 8th, 2000. I know for a fact that

Anteleto did not have any involvement with the murder because 'Melvin'

was the only person I seen that night.

I feel the need to do what I know is right by coming forward with an

accurate and truthful account of what actually occurred on the morning of

January 8th, 2000. I am making this affidavit of my own free will and I

would be willing to come forwarded [sic] to testify to the contents herein

to further assist Anteleto Jones in proving his innocence."

Shaw states in his affidavit that he did not encounter defendant until the

summer of 2008, which was two years after defendant's initial petition was

summarily dismissed.

¶ 35 IV. Order Denying Leave

¶ 36 On May 31, 2012, the trial court entered an order denying defendant

leave to file a second petition on the ground that the petition failed to assert "a

colorable claim of actual innocence." People v. Jones, No. 00 CR 8223(02)

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(Cir. Ct. Cook Co. May 31, 2012) 7, at 4. While the court concluded that Telvin

Shaw's affidavit was newly discovered evidence, the court rejected defendant's

letters and newspaper articles because they "are not admissible" (Jones, slip op.

at 8), and found that Shaw's affidavit was "not of such a conclusive character

that it would likely change the result on retrial." Jones, slip op. at 5.

¶ 37 The court found that the details in Shaw's affidavit comported in almost

all respects with "the trial record," including "the color and type of car, where

the car was parked, defensive wounds to [the victim's] hands, the type of gun

used, the location of the entry wounds, and which door [the victim] exited as he

went to the car." Jones, slip op. at 7.

¶ 38 However, the affidavit asserted there was only one shooter, and the trial

court concluded this assertion was contradicted by the evidence at trial

including: defendant's confession which defendant claims was coerced; the

testimony of Odis Deal that Deal could distinguish firearms by their sound

based on his days in the army 30 years ago, and that he heard two or three

weapons. The trial court also considered that the presence of two different types

of cartridge cases established the presence of more than one shooter.

7
Since the trial court issued two written decisions in this case in 2012, we
provide the date in the citation.
16
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¶ 39 V. Motion to Reconsider

¶ 40 On July 11, 2012, defendant moved the court to reconsider, with a

number of supporting exhibits.

¶ 41 A. Exhibits

¶ 42 These exhibits8 included pages from the trial testimony of Detective

Michael Rose, where Rose testified that at 5 a.m. on March 4, 2000, defendant

stated that Melvin Jones had informed him that Jones had shot a young man

whom Jones referred to as Old Baby, that Jones hid in a gangway across the

street from Lawrence Green's residence, that Jones was by himself, that Jones

wanted to catch Lawrence Green entering or exiting the house, that Jones was

armed with a .380 caliber semiautomatic handgun which defendant had

observed in Jones' possession on prior occasions, that Jones observed Old Baby

exit the rear of Green's residence and walk toward a parked vehicle, that Jones

said words to the effect of "what's up b***" and Old Baby started "flipping off

at the mouth," and Jones shot Old Baby six or seven times with the handgun.

Detective Rose testified that he did not videotape the conversation in which

defendant stated that he had nothing to do with the offense.

8
The exhibits appear in two different places in the appellate record. In one
place, there is a cover sheet from the circuit court, with just exhibits after it. The
court's cover sheet states that the documents were received on June 29, 2012, and
entered into the computer on July 11, 2012.
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 No. 1-12-3371

¶ 43 Defendant also included the entire trial testimony of Richard Amberger, a

firearms expert employed with the Illinois State Police. Portions of the

testimony were underlined, including where Amberger testified that the two

.380/9-millimeter bullets received from the morgue were fired from the same

firearm as a .380/9-millimeter bullet recovered from the scene, and that .380/9

millimeter bullets could be fired out of either a .380 caliber or a 9-millimeter

gun. All the .380 caliber cartridge cases recovered at the scene were chambered

in the same firearm "at some point," but Amberger could not reach a conclusion

about whether they had been fired from the same firearm, because the marks

left by firing were insufficient to reach that conclusion. The two 9-millimeter

cartridge cases were fired from "the same firearm" but he was not asked to

clarify what he meant by "the same firearm," and he was not asked whether this

was the same firearm that had chambered the .380 caliber cartridge cases.

¶ 44 The attached exhibits included an "Impounding Order," dated May 13,

2003, with a list of items; handwritten statements from Anthony and Darryl

Thomas stating that defendant was at a party at the time of the offense; an

"Answer to Discovery" by the State listing witnesses including Anthony and

Darryl Thomas, and Michelle and Cora Green, whose names were all

underlined.

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¶ 45 VI. Amended Motion to Reconsider

¶ 46 On July 16, 2012, defendant mailed an amended motion to reconsider

which was filed on Monday, July 30, 2012. The amended motion did not attach

any additional exhibits, and it argued that the trial court had failed to apply the

correct legal standard.

¶ 47 On Thursday, August 2, 2012, the trial court denied defendant's motion

for reconsideration on the ground that a motion to reconsider must allege newly

discovered evidence, changes in the law or errors in the court's prior judgment,

and defendant's motion did not satisfy these grounds.

¶ 48 VIII. Late Notice of Appeal

¶ 49 Defendant filed a pro se motion for leave to file a late notice of appeal,

which this court granted. This court also appointed the State Appellate

Defender and this appeal followed.

¶ 50 ANALYSIS

¶ 51 On this appeal, defendant claims that the trial court erred in denying his

pro se motion for leave to file a second postconviction petition: (1) where he

presented a colorable claim of actual innocence; and (2) where he established

cause and prejudice to allow the filing of a subsequent petition. For the

following reasons, we reverse and remand for appointment of postconviction

counsel and second-stage postconviction proceedings.

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 No. 1-12-3371

¶ 52 I. Stages of a Postconviction Petition

¶ 53 Although the issue before us is the very preliminary question of whether

the petition can even be filed, we provide here a summary of the stages to show

how the subsequent process sheds light on this preliminary step.

¶ 54 The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West

2012)) provides a statutory remedy for criminal defendants who claim their

constitutional rights were violated at trial. People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711,

¶ 21. The Act is not intended to be a substitute for a direct appeal; instead, it is

a collateral proceeding which attacks a final judgment. Edwards, 2012 IL

111711, ¶ 21.

¶ 55 The Act provides for three stages of review by the trial court. People v.

Domagala, 2013 113688, ¶ 32. At the first stage, the trial court may summarily

dismiss a petition that is frivolous or patently without merit. 725 ILCS 5/122-

2.1(a)(2) (West 2012); Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 32.

¶ 56 However, for a successive petition to even be filed, the trial court must

first determine whether the petition (1) states a colorable claim of actual

innocence (Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 28) or (2) establishes cause and

prejudice (People v. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 34). This standard is higher than

the normal first-stage "frivolous or patently without merit" standard applied to

initial petitions. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 25-29; Smith, 2014 IL 115946,

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¶ 34 ("the cause-and-prejudice test for a successive petition involves a higher

standard than the first-stage frivolous or patently without merit standard that is

set forth in section 122-2.1(a)(2) of the Act").

¶ 57 Since a filed successive petition has already satisfied a higher standard,

the first stage is rendered unnecessary and the successive petition is docketed

directly for second-stage proceedings. See People v. Sanders, 2016 IL 118123,

¶¶ 25 28 (with a successive petition, the initial issue before the trial court is

whether it "should be docketed for second-stage proceedings"); People v.

Wrice, 2012 IL 111860, ¶ 90 ("reversing the trial court's order denying leave to

file his second successive postconviction petition and remand[ing] to the trial

court for *** second-stage postconviction proceedings"); People v. Jackson,

2015 IL App (3d) 130575, ¶ 14 ("When a defendant is granted leave to file a

successive postconviction petition, the petition is effectively advanced to the

second stage of postconviction proccedings."); People v. Almodovar, 2013 IL

App (1st) 101476, ¶ 1, (reversing the trial court's denial of the defendant's

motion for leave to file a successive petition and remanding for second-stage

proceedings).

¶ 58 If a trial court permits a successive petition to be filed or does not dismiss

an initial petition at the first stage, the petition then advances to the second

stage, where counsel is appointed if a defendant is indigent. 725 ILCS 5/122-4

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(West 2012); Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 33; Wrice, 2012 IL 111860, ¶ 90

(after reversing the trial court's denial of leave to file a successive petition, the

supreme court remanded "for appointment of postconviction counsel and

second-stage postconviction proceedings"). After counsel determines whether

to amend the petition, the State may file either a motion to dismiss or an answer

to the petition. 725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2012); Domagala, 2013 IL 113688,

¶ 33. At the second stage, the trial court must determine "whether the petition

and any accompanying documentation make a substantial showing of a

constitutional violation." People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 246 (2001).

¶ 59 "The second stage of postconviction review tests the legal sufficiency of

the petition. Unless the petitioner's allegations are affirmatively refuted by the

record, they are taken as true, and the question is whether those allegations

establish or 'show' a constitutional violation. In other words, the 'substantial

showing' of a constitutional violation that must be made at the second stage

[citation] is a measure of the legal sufficiency of the petition's well-pled

allegations of a constitutional violation, which if proven at an evidentiary

hearing, would entitle petitioner to relief." (Emphasis in original.) Domagla,

2013 IL 113688, ¶ 35.

¶ 60 Both the second stage and a motion for leave to file a successive petition

require a review of "the petition and any accompanying documentation."

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Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d at 246 (second stage review); Edwards, 2012 IL 11171,

¶ 24 (motion for leave to file a successive petition). For the second stage to not

be superfluous for a successive petition, it must be that the "substantial

showing" required at the second stage is greater than the "probability" required

for a successive petition to receive leave for filing. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 29

(expressing a desire not to "render the entire three-stage postconviction process

superfluous").

¶ 61 If the defendant makes a "substantial showing" at the second stage, then

the petition advances to a third-stage evidentiary hearing. Domagala, 2013 IL

113688, ¶ 34. At a third-stage evidentiary hearing, the trial court acts as

factfinder, determining witness credibility and the weight to be given particular

testimony and evidence, and resolving any evidentiary conflicts. Domagala,

2013 IL 113688, ¶ 34. This third stage is the same for both initial and

successive petitions. Cf. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 29 ("The legislature clearly

intended for further proceedings on successive postconviction petitions.").

¶ 62 II. Successive Petition

¶ 63 Although our supreme court has made clear that the Act contemplates

only one postconviction proceeding, "[n]evertheless, [the supreme] court has, in

its case law provided two bases upon which the bar against successive

proceedings will be relaxed" (Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 22), and defendant

23
 No. 1-12-3371

has alleged both in the instant appeal. Those two bases are: (1) cause and

prejudice; and (2) actual innocence. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 22.

¶ 64 Under the cause-and-prejudice test, a defendant must establish both: (1)

cause for his or her failure to raise the claim earlier; and (2) prejudice stemming

from his or her failure to do so. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 22 (citing People

v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 459 (2002)). By contrast, to establish a claim

of actual innocence, a defendant must show that the evidence in support of his

or her claim is: (1) newly discovered; (2) material and not merely cumulative:

and (3) of such a conclusive character that it would probably change the result

on retrial. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 32.

¶ 65 In Edwards, the supreme court addressed the standard that a trial court

should apply when deciding whether to grant leave to file a successive petition

alleging actual innocence. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 24. See People v.

Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 30 ("Edwards involves the standard a petitioner who

claims actual innocence must meet in seeking leave to file a successive petition

***."). Two years later in Smith, the supreme court addressed the same

question but with respect to a successive petition alleging cause and prejudice.

Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 32 (the Smith court observed that, in Edwards, "this

court did not address the cause-and-prejudice exception *** as it was not at

issue in Edwards").

24
 No. 1-12-3371

¶ 66 With respect to an actual innocence petition, the Edwards court held that:

"leave of court should be denied only where it is clear from a review of the

successive petition and the documentation provided by the petitioner that, as a

matter of law, the petitioner cannot set forth a colorable claim of actual

innocence." Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 24. "Stated differently, leave of court

should be granted when the petitioner's supporting documentation raises the

probability that 'it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have

convicted him in the light of [this] new evidence.' Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298,

327 (1995) (characterizing the threshold standard as one of probability)."

Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 24.

¶ 67 With respect to the cause-and-prejudice test, the Smith court held that "a

defendant's pro se motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition

will meet the section 122-1(f) cause and prejudice requirement if the motion

adequately alleges facts demonstrating cause and prejudice." Smith, 2014 IL

115946, ¶ 34. "[L]eave of court to file a successive postconviction petition

should be denied when it is clear, from a review of the successive petition and

the documentation submitted by the petitioner, that the claims alleged by the

petitioner fail as a matter of law or where the successive petition with

supporting documentation is insufficient to justify further proceedings." Smith,

2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35. Thus, the Smith test for cause and prejudice is different

25
 No. 1-12-3371

from the Edwards test which applies to successive petitions alleging actual

innocence.

¶ 68 III. Standard of Review

¶ 69 "Having established what a petitioner must set forth when seeking leave

of court to file a successive petition on the basis of actual innocence, [the

Edwards court] turn[ed] to the standard of review ***." Edwards, 2012 IL

111711, ¶ 30.

¶ 70 First, the Edwards court observed that "[g]enerally, decisions granting or

denying 'leave of court' are reviewed for an abuse of discretion." Edwards,

2012 IL 111711, ¶ 30. But next, the Edwards court stated: "However, as we

have just noted, a trial court should deny leave only in cases where, as a matter

of law, no colorable claim of actual innocence has been asserted. This suggests

a de novo review." Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 30. The court then found that

it "need not decide this question in this case," and so it left this question "for

another day and a more appropriate case." Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 30.

¶ 71 Following the suggestion of our supreme court in Edwards, we will apply

a de novo standard of review to the actual innocence claim. As the Edwards

court itself observed, we are faced with a purely legal question, and legal

questions are generally reviewed under a de novo standard. Edwards, 2012 IL

111711, ¶ 30. In addition, de novo review furthers the original goal of the

26
 No. 1-12-3371

actual-innocence exception, which is to prevent a fundamental miscarriage of

justice. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 23.

¶ 72 Next we discuss the appropriate standard of review for defendant's

second claim of cause and prejudice.

¶ 73 In Smith, the issue was whether the Act prohibited the denial of leave

when the pleadings of the petition made an " 'arguable' " showing of cause and

prejudice. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 25 (quoting the defendant's petition). The

Smith court observed that the standard of review for "this issue of statutory

construction" was de novo. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 21. However, the Smith

court did not explicitly state, after resolving this issue of statutory construction,

whether the standard of review for a trial court's grant or denial of leave to file a

successive petition was then also de novo.

¶ 74 Since cause-and-prejudice claims may fail either as a matter of law or

due to an insufficiency of the petition and supporting documents, we conclude,

as have other appellate courts, that a de novo standard of review also applies.

People v. Diggins, 2015 IL App (3d) 130315, ¶ 7 (applying a de novo standard

of review to the trial court's denial of the defendant's motion to file a successive

petition alleging cause and prejudice, because this issue is "resolved on the

pleadings" alone); People v. Crenshaw, 2015 IL App (4th) 131035, ¶ 38

(applying a de novo standard of review to the trial court's denial of the

27
 No. 1-12-3371

defendant's motion to file a successive petition alleging cause and prejudice).

See also People v. Wrice, 2012 IL 111860, ¶ 50 (applying a de novo standard of

review to the State's arguments concerning lack of prejudice to the defendant,

since these "arguments raise purely legal issues").

¶ 75 When our review is limited to documentary materials, as it is here, then

our review is generally de novo. Townsend v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 227 Ill. 2d

147, 154 (2007) ("Where the circuit court does not hear testimony and bases its

decision on documentary evidence, the rationale underlying a deferential

standard of review is inapplicable and review is de novo"); Dowling v. Chicago

Options Associates, Inc., 226 Ill. 2d 277, 285 (2007) (where the trial court "did

not conduct an evidentiary hearing" or "make any findings of fact," and "relied

on the parties' oral argument and the record," "we review the court's ruling on

this issue de novo").

¶ 76 Thus, we will apply a de novo review to both of defendant's claims. De

novo consideration means that we perform the same analysis that a trial judge

would perform. In re N.H., 2016 IL App (1st) 152504, ¶ 50 (citing Khan v.

BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d 564, 578 (2011)).

¶ 77 IV. The Record

¶ 78 The next question is what we are permitted to review. In Smith, our

supreme court held that: "leave of court to file a successive postconviction

28
 No. 1-12-3371

petition should be denied when it is clear, from a review of the successive

petition and the documentation submitted by the petitioner, that the claims

alleged by the petitioner fail as a matter of law or where the successive petition

with supporting documentation is insufficient to justify further proceedings."

(Emphases added.) Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35.

¶ 79 Thus, we must certainly consider the pro se petition itself and any

supporting documentation that defendant provided. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711,

¶ 24. However, the Smith court left open the question of whether we and the

trial court may consider the underlying record. The Smith court stated: "The

parties have not argued or briefed whether the trial court may consider the

record in ruling on a petition brought under section 122-1(f) of the Act.

Accordingly, we do not address that issue." Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35 n.3.9

¶ 80 After making this observation, the Smith court then proceeded to discuss

what happened at trial. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 37. However, before

discussing the events and statements at trial, the court stated that these facts

were "undisputed." Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 37. Based on the prior footnote

9
Section 122-2.1 provides that, "after the filing" of the petition, "the court
may examine the court file of the proceeding in which the petitioner was
convicted." 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1 (West 2014). However, in the instant appeal, we
are considering a petition that has not yet been filed, which explains why the Smith
court observed that this was an open issue.
29
 No. 1-12-3371

and the court's statement that these facts were undisputed, it is unclear whether

these facts were in the petition and supporting documentation before the court.

¶ 81 As in Smith, the Edwards court relied primarily on the failings on the

face of the petition and supporting documentation when it affirmed the trial

court's denial of leave. In Edwards, the supreme court found "no indication"

that the defendant had tried to subpoena his alibi witnesses, who were both

known to the defendant at the time of trial, and thus their affidavits did not

qualify as "newly discovered" evidence. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 35-37.

The supreme court stated that "there was no attempt to subpoena" and "no

explanation as to why." Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 37. If the petition had

alleged an attempt and offered an explanation, then there would have been some

"indication." Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 36-37. Thus, the failing was

apparent on the face of the petition itself.

¶ 82 In addition, the Edwards court found that the codefendant's affidavit did

not raise a colorable claim of actual innocence when the defendant was

convicted under a theory of accountability and the affidavit did "not assert that

petitioner was not present when the shooting took place." Edwards, 2012 IL

111711, ¶¶ 38-39. Again, the failing was apparent on the face of the

documentation itself.

30
 No. 1-12-3371

¶ 83 As of today, there are no published Illinois cases discussing Smith's

footnote 3 (Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35 n.3) and only five published Illinois

cases citing Smith at all. Of these five cases, only three 10 discussed the

evidence to be considered. People v. Diggins, 2015 IL App (3d) 130315, ¶ 7

("The question of whether to allow leave to file a successive petition is resolved

on the pleadings ***."); People v. Crenshaw, 2015 IL App (4th) 131035, ¶¶ 21,

32-33 (rejecting the defendant's argument that the State is forbidden from

participating in arguments before the trial court on the question of whether

leave should be granted); People v. Shotts, 2015 IL App (4th) 130695, ¶¶ 7, 71.

In Shotts, the appellate court observed that an appellate court may always take

judicial notice of its own opinions and orders. Shotts, 2015 IL App (4th)

130695, ¶¶ 7, 71 (the appellate court noted that an appellate court may take

judicial notice of its own opinions and orders, that this was the defendant's

eleventh appeal, and that "defendant's pleading essentially repeats claims

previously considered and rejected as frivolous" and thus leave to file was

properly denied).

10
The remaining two cases cited Smith for unrelated issues: (1) People v.
Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶¶ 26, 30 (the issue was whether the trial court properly
dismissed the petition at the second stage; Smith was cited in passing); and (2)
People v. Jackson, 2015 IL App 3d 130575, ¶ 28 (Schmidt, J., dissenting) (Smith
was cited only in dissent and on a different issue).
31
 No. 1-12-3371

¶ 84 Until our supreme court resolves this issue, we will rely primarily on the

petition and its supporting documentation in deciding this preliminary question

of whether the petition may even be filed. In addition, we will take judicial

notice of our prior opinions and orders. Shotts, 2015 IL App (4th) 130695, ¶¶ 7,

71. See also Village of Riverwoods v. BG Limited Partnership, 276 Ill. App. 3d

720, 724 (1995) (a court may properly take judicial notice of publicly available

records "where such notice will aid in the efficient disposition of a case" (cited

with approval by Wackrow v. Niemi, 231 Ill. 2d 418, 421 n.1 (2008))); In re

McDonald, 144 Ill. App. 3d 1082, 1084 (1986) (a court may take judicial notice

of matters of record in other cases in the same court).

¶ 85 From the perspective of the orderly administration of justice, it makes

sense to review primarily at this very preliminary stage the documents filed by

defendant rather than the entire trial court record. As we explained in the prior

section on the postconviction stages, the postconviction process provides other

stages where a petition may be more substantially judged. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d

at 246 ("a substantial showing" is not required until the second stage). The

Smith court observed: "From a practical standpoint, if a petitioner is required

to establish cause and prejudice conclusively prior to being granted leave to file

a successive petition, it may render the entire three-stage postconviction process

32
 No. 1-12-3371

superfluous." Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 29 ("The legislature clearly intended for

further proceedings on successive petitions.").

¶ 86 Both Edwards and Smith discussed the amount of documentation which

the defendant must submit at this preliminary stage. In Edwards, the supreme

court stated: "Defendant not only has the burden to obtain leave of court, but

also 'must submit enough in the way of documentation to allow a circuit court

to make that determination.' " Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 24 (quoting People

v. Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d 150, 161 (2010)). In Smith, the supreme court observed

that "the legislature intended that the cause-and-prejudice determination be

made on the pleadings prior to the first stage," that defendant must "allege[]

facts demonstrating cause and prejudice," and that he must " 'submit enough in

the way of documentation to allow a circuit court to make that determination.' "

Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶¶ 33-35 (quoting Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d at 161).

¶ 87 Thus, we will now review defendant's two claims primarily in light of the

documentation he submitted, as well as our prior opinions and orders.

¶ 88 V. Actual Innocence

¶ 89 Defendant's first claim is actual innocence. As stated, to establish a claim

of actual innocence, a defendant must establish that the evidence in support of

his or her claim is: (1) newly discovered; (2) material and not merely

33
 No. 1-12-3371

cumulative; and (3) of such a conclusive character that it would probably

change the result on retrial. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 32.

¶ 90 A. Newly Discovered

¶ 91 First, we agree with the trial court that Shaw's affidavit is newly

discovered. If we accept, as we must at this preliminary stage, defendant's

assertion that he is innocent and was not present at the shooting, then he would

have no way of knowing who was present and who could exonerate him.

People v. Williams, 392 Ill. App. 3d 359, 367 (2009) (in reviewing a trial court's

denial of leave to file a "successive postconviction petition, all well-pleaded

facts in the petition and supporting affidavits are taken as true"); see also

People v. Brown, 236 Ill. 2d 175, 193 (2010) (at the first stage, we must "accept

as true *** the allegations of the pro se petition"). In addition, Shaw averred

that he fled to California shortly after the January 8, 2000, shooting, because

attempts were made on his life, thereby making himself unavailable. People v.

Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319, 334 (2009) (an eyewitness was newly discovered when

he "essentially made himself unavailable as a witness when he moved to

Wisconsin shortly after the murder"). Thus, we agree with the trial court's

finding that Shaw's affidavit is newly discovered.

34
 No. 1-12-3371

¶ 92 The trial court rejected defendant's letter and newspaper article 11 on the

ground that they were "inadmissible." Jones, slip op. at 8. However,

admissibility is not the standard in postconviction proceedings. Our supreme

court specifically amended the Illinois Rules of Evidence so that admissibility is

not even the standard at the later third-stage postconviction hearings. Ill. R.

Evid. 1101(b)(3) (eff. Jan. 6, 2015) (the Illinois Rules of Evidence "do not

apply" to "postconviction hearings"). 12 This is even more true at this early

stage, where the imprisoned defendant has no access to counsel.13 The question

is whether the documentation that the defendant does present could lead, after

11
The trial court considered the letter and newspaper article as part of
defendant's actual innocence claim, which is what defendant argued in his petition.
Jones, slip op. at 3. Defendant's appellate brief discusses it as part of his second
claim, concerning cause and prejudice. We consider it under both.
12
Rule 1101 of the Illinois Rules of Evidence was amended on April 8,
2013, to include "postconviction hearings" on the list of proceedings to which the
rules of evidence do not apply. Ill. R. Evid. 1101(b)(3) (eff. Apr. 8, 2013). Thus,
case law issued prior to this date, which does not take this change into account,
may not be applicable. Although the trial court's decision was issued before the
amendment, our review is de novo and, thus, this amendment governs our
consideration.
13
The State cited McCall v. Devine, 334 Ill. App. 3d 192 (2002), for the
proposition that defendant's newspaper articles are inadmissible hearsay.
However, in McCall, 334 Ill. App. 3d at 203, we held that newspaper articles were
inadmissible in a civil suit by a mother seeking appointment of a special prosecutor
to investigate the death of her son. In contrast to civil suits, our supreme court has
specifically provided that the rules of evidence, including the rules of hearsay, do
not apply in postconviction proceedings. Ill. R. Evid. 1101(b)(3) (eff. Apr. 8,
2013).

35
 No. 1-12-3371

counsel is appointed, to admissible evidence at a future retrial. See Edwards,

197 Ill. 2d at 246 ("a substantial showing" is not required until the second

stage).

¶ 93 There is nothing before us to suggest that evidence about possible

misconduct by Officer Bartik and Detectives Lenihan and Farley was available

to defendant earlier. The article submitted by defendant concerns defendant

Donny McGee, and the State argues that, since McGee was acquitted in 2004,

McGee's "claims of fabricating his confession" must have been "available" in

2004, which was before defendant filed his first postconviction petition in 2005.

However, the State cites no source to support its claim that McGee's claims

must have been available in 2004. News of McGee's claims was not widely

reported until June 2010,14 when a jury awarded McGee over a million dollars

in damages.15 This verdict was issued months after this court had already

14
There were a number of articles about the McGee case in June 2010. We
cite here only one as an example. Donny McGee Awarded $1.3M After Police
MADE UP His Confession, Huffington Post, (June 10, 2010), available at
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/10/donny-mcgee-awarded
-13m-a_n_607393.html.
15
On June 8, 2010, a civil jury awarded $1.3 million to McGee, but the case
was appealed and remanded for a new trial because one juror did outside research.
McGee, 2012 IL App (1st) 111084, ¶¶ 5-6. In 2014, the City settled the case for
$870,000, thereby avoiding a new trial and any admission of wrongdoing by the
city. Hal Dardick and Duaa Eldeib, Chicago aldermen OK $6.6 million to settle
lawsuits, Chicago Tribune (Mar. 31, 2014), available at
36
 No. 1-12-3371

dismissed defendant's initial postconviction petition. Jones, 399 Ill. App. 3d at

1 (decided March 5, 2010). In 2005, when defendant filed his first petition, the

McGee parties were still in the midst of an unpublished discovery dispute, with

the City seeking a protective order in order to keep " 'polygraph related files' "

and other documents "from public view." McGee v. City of Chicago, 2005 WL

3215558 (N.D. Ill. June 23, 2005), at 4.16 Thus, we do not find this argument

persuasive.

¶ 94 B. Material and Not Cumulative

¶ 95 Second, the trial court did not reject defendant's evidence on the basis

that it lacked materiality or was merely cumulative, and we agree.

¶ 96 Shaw's affidavit was material and not cumulative. His affidavit, if true,

may likely exonerate defendant. Other than the shooter, Shaw is the only known

eyewitness to the murder. The trial court found that the details in Shaw's

affidavit comported in almost all respects with "the trial record," including "the

color and type of car, where the car was parked, defensive wounds to [the

victim's] hands, the type of gun used, the location of the entry wounds, and

which door [the victim] exited as he went to the car." Jones, slip op. at 7. Thus,

(http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-03-31/news/chi-chicago-aldermen-ok-66-
million-to-settle-lawsuits-20140331_1_leslie-darling-new-trial-city-attorney).
16
Although the McGee case was unpublished, we cite it for the fact that it
was unpublished and not for any precedential value. Ill. S. Ct. R. 23(e)(1) (eff.
July 1, 2011) (unpublished orders are "not precedential").
37
 No. 1-12-3371

Shaw's affidavit is material and not merely cumulative. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d at

335-36 (the testimony of a newly discovered eyewitness was material where it

"supplied a first-person account of the incident that directly contradicted the

prior statements" of the State's two eyewitnesses); see also People v. Coleman,

2013 IL 113307, ¶ 103 (testimony of codefendants, stating that the defendant

was not even present, was material).

¶ 97 Similarly, the information in the letter and newspaper article is not

cumulative of any information previously presented. Defendant moved to

suppress his confession before trial on the grounds that Officer Bartik, who is

the polygraph examiner, shoved and punched defendant while Detectives

Lenihan and Farley watched. The trial court denied the motion, expressing

incredulity that a polygraph examiner would act this way. 17 Evidence of prior,

similar misconduct by these same officers may have corroborated defendant's

claim of physical and psychological coercion. Where the only evidence

connecting defendant to this murder is his own confession, information

corroborating his claim of physical coercion is material.

¶ 98 This is particularly true where certain details regarding the confession did

not match the other evidence. If defendant's videotaped confession were

17
In denying defendant's motion to suppress, the trial court stated: "But of
all the people that he comes in contact with, it's the polygraph examiner who
pushes and shoves him? It doesn't make sense at all[.]"
38
 No. 1-12-3371

accurate, and defendant fired a .357 caliber handgun toward the victim, after the

victim had been the target of numerous other gunshots and as the victim was

falling to the ground, then defendant was firing toward an almost stationery

target and one would expect to find .357 caliber bullets in or near the victim.

However, no .357 caliber bullets were discovered or recovered from the body or

the crime scene.

¶ 99 C. Probability of a Different Result

¶ 100 Lastly, to establish a claim of actual innocence, a defendant must

demonstrate that the evidence in support of his or her claim is of such a

conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial.

Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 32.

¶ 101 The Edwards stated the question as follows: "the question is whether

petitioner set forth a colorable claim of actual innocence. In other words, did

petitioner's request for leave of court and his supporting documentation raise

the probability that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would

have convicted him in light of the new evidence?" Edwards, 2012 IL 111711,

¶ 31. However, this "probability" is less than the "substantial showing"

required at the second stage. Supra ¶ 58.

¶ 102 The cumulative effect of the documentation, in support of defendant's

innocence and not available at his prior trial, raises the probability that it is

39
 No. 1-12-3371

more likely than not that he would not be convicted. People v. Ortiz, 385 Ill.

App. 3d 1, 12-13 (2008) (discussing the cumulative evidence now available to

the defendant, in order to determine whether the result would probably change

at retrial), aff'd 235 Ill. 2d 319, 336-37 (2009). It includes: (1) the affidavit of a

newly discovered eyewitness who states that defendant was not even present at

the crime scene; (2) the affidavit of the murderer who states defendant was not

involved; (3) the statements of two alibi witnesses, discovered posttrial by the

prosecutor, that defendant was with them, and included in defendant's motion to

reconsider; and (4) information concerning similar misconduct by the same

officers who obtained defendant's confession. Tyler, 2015 IL App (1st) 123470,

¶¶ 4, 21 (this court reversed the dismissal of the defendant's postconviction

petition and remanded for a hearing on the defendant's coerced confession claim

where the initial confession was obtained during a 45-minute interview with

Detective Lenihan); McGee, 2012 IL App (1st) 111084; ¶¶ 1-4.

¶ 103 In contrast, at trial, there were no eyewitnesses at trial, no physical

evidence linking defendant to the murder, and no evidence of an arrest of

defendant at the crime scene. Almodovar, 2013 IL App (1st) 101476, ¶ 79 (this

court granted the defendant leave to file a successive petition and found that the

new evidence would probably change the result on retrial, where "[n]o physical

evidence link[ed] the defendant to the shooting," where the two eyewitnesses

40
 No. 1-12-3371

had "only a brief opportunity to see the perpetrators," and where the defendant

attached a newspaper article concerning past misconduct by the same

detective).

¶ 104 The only evidence at trial linking defendant to the offense was his own

videotaped confession, which defendant has consistently claimed was coerced.

People v. Patterson, 192 Ill. 2d 93, 145 (2000) (reversing for a third-stage

evidentiary hearing, the court stressed that "defendant has consistently claimed"

his confession was coerced). Also, some of the details of his confession do not

comport with the physical evidence. In the confession, defendant stated, in

essence, that he fired a .357 caliber handgun towards an already incapacitated

victim, but no .357 caliber bullets were recovered from the body or at the scene.

¶ 105 In addition, this court does not have to turn a blind eye to the fact that it

is odd that a defendant would volunteer for a polygraph examination and then

confess to the examiner before ever receiving one.18 This odd series of events

was testified to, not by defendant, but by Detective Lenihan. Not only is it odd,

but using a pretest interview to elicit a confession is also prohibited. 68 Ill.
18
"Bartik stated in court testimony that he got more than 100 confessions in
a five-year period in pre-test interviews – a number that strikes some experts as
extraordinary. They said the pre-test is not a time to try to get confessions; it's
when the examiner explains how the polygraph works, gets consent and reviews
the questions." Duaa Elderib, Polygraphs and false confessions in Chicago,
Chicago Tribune (Mar. 10, 2013), available at http://www.chicagotribune.com/ct-
met-polygraph-confessions-20130310,0,57552.story.

41
 No. 1-12-3371

Adm. Code 1230.90(c) (2015).19 ("The examiner shall not initiate an accusatory

interrogation prior to the test for the purpose of eliciting a confession or

admission against interest for the prospective subject."). Cf. People v. Hattery,

183 Ill. App. 3d 785, 822 (1989) ("In a number of cases, Illinois courts have

held that confessions following polygraph examinations were properly

suppressed."). See also People v. Taylor, 101 Ill. 2d 377, 391-92 (1984)

(polygraph examinations have no place in Illinois courts to prove either guilt or

innocence).

¶ 106 Although odd, this has happened in a number of other appellate court

cases involving Officer Bartik. E.g., People v. Cook, 352 Ill. App. 3d 108, 112

(2004) (Officer Bartik testified that the defendant confessed before he even

began the actual polygraph examination); People v. Daniels, 2014 IL App (1st)

130063-U, ¶ 65 (Officer Bartik testified that the defendant confessed during the

pretest interview)20; see also Murphy v. Atchison, No. 12 C 1206, 2013 WL

4495652, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 9, 2013) (Officer Bartik testified that the

defendant confessed prior to taking the test); Murphy, 2013 WL 4495652, at *1
19
This prohibition has been in effect since at least 1998. 69 Ill. Admin.
Code 1230.90 (c), amended at 22 Ill. Reg. 10567 (eff. June 1, 1998).
20
Although Daniels, Murphy and Lanza are unpublished cases, we are not
citing them for their precedential value but solely for their facts. Ill. Sup. Ct. R.
23(e)(1) (eff. July 1, 2011) (an unpublished order may not be cited as
"precedential").

42
 No. 1-12-3371

(in the case involving defendant Donny McGee, Officer Bartik testified that,

while he was preparing to administer a polygraph test, McGee confessed to the

murder; McGee was subsequently acquitted)21; Lanza v. City of Chicago, No.

08 C 5103, 2009 WL 3229407, at *1-2 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 1, 2009) (a criminal

defendant alleged that "Bartik and two detectives claimed that [he] confessed to

the [offense] before they had the opportunity to give him a lie detector test" and

that the charges against him were eventually dropped).

¶ 107 In People v. Harris, 389 Ill. App. 3d 107, 116 (2012), the defendant

testified that Officer Bartik repeatedly accused her of lying, stating: "You

know what, Nicole, you are p*** me off. I've been patient with you and you are

still sitting up here, you are lying to us, you know what, you're acting like a

monster." (Ellipsis added.) Bartik stated that she would "spend the rest of your

life behind bars because you won't cooperate." Ultimately, the Seventh Circuit

Court of Appeals granted the defendant a writ of habeas corpus and granted the

21
"At the heart of McGee's case and others is whether Chicago police used
their polygraph unit as a tool to obtain false confessions. At least five defendants –
four of whom were charged with murder – have been cleared since 2002. In a
sixth case, a federal appeals court threw out a murder conviction *** In five of the
six cases, suspects were taken to Bartik." Duaa Eldeib, Polygraphs and false
confessions, Chicago Tribune (Mar. 10, 2013), available at
http://www.chicagotribune.com/ct-met-polygraph-confessions-
20130310,0,57552.story)..
43
 No. 1-12-3371

State 120 days within which to decide whether to retry her. Harris v.

Thompson, 698 F.3d 609, 650 (7th Cir. 2012).22

¶ 108 We do not find dispositive the fact that defendant did not mention in the

letters to his parents that the polygraph examiner pushed and shoved him. In

his pretrial suppression motion, defendant claimed that the polygraph examiner

punched and shoved him, and that defendant was also subjected to

psychological and mental coercion. In the letter to his parents, dated March 25,

2000, which was attached to his first petition, defendant stated that the

examiner threatened him with "the death penalty" because the examiner knew

"for a fact" that defendant would fail the test, as "it was set up for [him] to fail."

We do not find dispositive the omission of punching in the letter because, in

both the motion and the letter, defendant made a statement concerning coercive

behavior by the polygraph examiner. The reason for a difference in details is a

credibility issue which is best explored at the trial level rather than from the

paper record of an appellate court.

¶ 109 The trial court concluded that the assertion in Shaw's affidavit of only

one shooter was contradicted by the evidence at trial. We review this

conclusion de novo. The trial court's conclusion was based primarily on: (1)
22
The State elected not to retry Harris. Duaa Eldeib & Lisa Black, Mother
finally feels free, Chicago Tribune (June 18, 2013), available at
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-06-18/news/ct-met-nicole-harris-retrial-
20130618_1_jaquari-dancy-nicole-harris-alleged-confession.
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 No. 1-12-3371

defendant's confession, which defendant claims was coerced; (2) the testimony

of Odis Deal, who testified that he could distinguish between guns based on his

days in the army 30 years ago; and (3) the presence of two different types of

cartridge cases. The trial court considered that two different cartridge cases

meant that there had to be two different shooters. However, the firearms expert

testified that .380/9 millimeter bullets can be fired from either a .380 caliber or

9 millimeter gun. Thus, the physical evidence at trial does not comport with

this conclusion. In addition, Deal's testimony was not strong evidence of two

shooters, and defendant has consistently claimed that his confession was

coerced, both before trial, during trial and in posttrial motions. Curtis Moore

testified that some gunshots sounded louder than others, and also officers

testified that cartridges were found on either side of the vehicle. However, this

is consistent with the victim trying to move away from his attacker, rather than

remaining stationary upon observing a gunman.

¶ 110 In sum, we find a probability that the evidence uncovered since

defendant's trial may produce a new result at a retrial, where (1) the only

evidence linking the 19-year-old defendant to the crime was his own

confession; (2) the circumstances of the initial confession were odd; (3) some

details in the confession did not match the physical evidence recovered at the

crime scene; (4) the one and only known eyewitness to the crime, other than the

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shooter, exonerates defendant; (5) the confessed shooter exonerates defendant;

(6) alibi witnesses, produced not by defendant but by the prosecutor, exonerate

defendant; and (7) recent information supports defendant's claim that his

confession was physically coerced.

¶ 111 Thus, we reverse and remand for appointment of counsel and second-

stage proceedings.

¶ 112 VI. Cause-and-Prejudice Test

¶ 113 Defendant also claims that the trial court erred in denying him leave to

file his second postconviction petition because he satisfied the cause-and-

prejudice test. This exception was articulated first by our supreme court in

Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 459, and later codified by our state legislature in

section 122-1(f) of the Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2012)). See also

Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 22 ("The General Assembly codified the cause-

and-prejudice exception in section 122-1(f) of the Act, several years after our

decision in Pitsonbarger.").

¶ 114 Section 122-1(f) of the Act provides that: "(1) a prisoner shows cause by

identifying an objective factor that impeded his or her ability to raise a specific

claim during his or her initial post-conviction proceedings; and (2) a prisoner

shows prejudice by demonstrating that the claim not raised during his or her

initial post-conviction proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting

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 No. 1-12-3371

conviction or sentence violated due process." 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West

2012).

¶ 115 Our supreme court observed: "Section 122-1(f) does not provide for an

evidentiary hearing on the cause-and-prejudice issues and, therefore, it is clear

that the legislature intended that the cause-and-prejudice determination be made

on the pleadings prior to the first stage of postconviction proceedings." Smith,

2014 IL 115946, ¶ 33.

¶ 116 Defendant argues that the APD's letter and the attached newspaper article

satisfy the cause-and-prejudice test. This court's decision in People v.

Almodovar, 2013 IL App (1st) 101476, is instructive. In Almodovar, a

defendant moved for leave to file a successive postconviction petition and

attached a Chicago Tribune article which disclosed a prior incident of

suggestive identification by the same detective whom defendant had accused of

suggestive identification in his initial postconviction petition. Almodovar, 2013

IL App (1st) 101476, ¶¶ 38, 52, 55. This court found that the defendant had

satisfied the cause requirement, since "he was impeded from fully raising that

claim in the prior proceeding because he was not able to properly challenge the

credibility of [the detective's] testimony without evidence of his pattern of

misconduct in other cases." Almodovar, 2013 IL App (1st) 101476, ¶¶ 63-64. A

defendant's lack of evidence that an officer has committed misconduct in

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circumstances similar to those of the defendant can serve as cause for failing to

fully raise that claim in prior proceedings. Almodovar, 2013 IL App (1st)

101476, ¶¶ 64-68; see also People v. Reyes, 369 Ill. App. 3d 1, 21 (2006) ("any

allegation that [the detective] coerced a person to provide evidence is relevant

to whether defendants in the case at bar were similarly coerced" and thus

summary dismissal was inappropriate, even though the issue of coerced

confession had been raised on direct appeal). Thus, defendant has satisfied the

cause requirement. As for prejudice, we discussed the prejudice to defendant in

the above section. People v. Mitchell, 2012 IL App (1st) 100907, ¶ 62 (reports

of a detective's "perjury in similar cases involving alleged confessions" satisfied

the prejudice requirement for the filing of a successive petition, where,

"[w]ithout testimony from prosecution witnesses who said that [defendant]

confessed to the crimes, the State had no case against [defendant] at all");

Almodovar, 2013 IL App (1st) 101476, ¶ 62 (the prejudice requirement was

satisfied for the filing of a successive petition where, if the detective "actually

did use suggestive identification procedures as alleged by

defendant, it would constitute prejudice").

¶ 117 CONCLUSION

¶ 118 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse and remand for appointment of

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postconviction counsel and second-stage postconviction proceedings.

¶ 119 Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.

¶ 120 PRESIDING JUSTICE REYES, specially concurring:

¶ 121 Although Edwards and its progeny set forth stringent requirements for

bringing a successive postconviction petition (Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 28),

in light of the particular facts of this case, I concur only in the regard that the

matter should be remanded for second-stage postconviction proceedings.

¶ 122 JUSTICE LAMPKIN, dissenting:

¶ 123 I respectfully dissent. Because I would find that defendant failed to present a colorable

claim of actual innocence, I would affirm the circuit court’s ruling that denied his motion for

leave to file a successive postconviction petition.

¶ 124 Defendant’s motion alleged that newly discovered evidence supported his claim of actual

innocence of the January 2000 murder of Jerry Green. This newly discovered evidence

consisted of (1) an affidavit of Telvin Shaw, which defendant claimed exonerated him of

Jerry Green’s murder; and (2) a June 2010 newspaper article about a malicious prosecution

lawsuit against some police officers who were also involved in the Jerry Green murder

investigation. The article was forwarded to defendant’s father from defendant’s first

postconviction petition counsel, and defendant claimed the article established that his

confession was involuntary and obtained as a result of police misconduct and psychological,

mental and physical coercion.

¶ 125 Successive postconviction petitions are disfavored under the Act. People v. Edwards,

2012 IL 111711, ¶ 29. The Act provides that any claim of substantial denial of constitutional
49
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rights not raised in the original or amended petition is subject to the doctrines of res judicata

and waiver. 725 ILCS 5/122-3 (West 2010); People v. Smith, 341 Ill. App. 3d 530, 535

(2003). However, the waiver provision can be lifted and a successive petition can be

considered on the merits if it meets the cause and prejudice test of section 122-1(f) of the Act

(725 ILCs 5/122-1(f) (West 2010)), or its consideration is necessary to prevent a fundamental

miscarriage of justice because the defendant shows a claim of actual innocence. People v.

Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 459 (2002). A defendant seeking to institute a successive

postconviction proceeding through the filing of a successive postconviction petition must

first obtain leave of court. People v. Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d 150, 157 (2010).

¶ 126 Where, as here, a defendant’s successive petition makes a claim of actual innocence, such

a claim may only be considered if the evidence in support of the claim was newly discovered,

material to the issue and not merely cumulative of other trial evidence, and of such a

conclusive character that it probably would change the result on retrial. People v. Ortiz, 235

Ill. 2d 319, 333-34 (2009). Newly discovered evidence is defined as evidence that has been

discovered since the trial and could not have been discovered sooner by the defendant

through due diligence. Id. at 334. Material evidence is relevant and probative of the

defendant’s innocence (People v Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 96), but evidence is considered

cumulative when it adds nothing to what was already before the jury (Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d at

335).

¶ 127 To set forth a colorable claim of actual innocence in a successive petition, the defendant’s

“request for leave of court and his supporting documentation must raise the probability that it

is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in light of the new

evidence.” Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶31. The defendant has the burden to obtain leave of

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court and also must submit enough in the way of documentation to allow a circuit court to

make that determination. Id. ¶ 24. “This is so under either [the] *** cause and prejudice or

actual innocence [exception to the bar against successive postconviction proceedings.” Id.

“[L]eave of court to file a successive postconviction petition should be denied when it is

clear, from a review of the successive petition and the documentation submitted by the

petitioner, that the claims alleged by the petitioner fail as a matter of law or where the

successive petition with supporting documentation is insufficient to justify further

proceedings.” People v. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35.

¶ 128 I. Telvin Shaw’s Affidavit

¶ 129 First, defendant argues the circuit court erroneously denied him leave to file his

successive petition because Shaw’s affidavit represents the only eyewitness account of Jerry

Green’s murder and states a colorable claim of actual innocence. I cannot agree. Even

assuming, arguendo, that Shaw’s affidavit was newly discovered, material and not merely

cumulative evidence, Shaw’s testimony does not present a conclusive exonerating claim that

defendant was not present at the scene and did not take part in the shooting.

¶ 130 In his initial postconviction petition, defendant already presented the theory that his

convicted codefendant Melvin Jones was the only shooter, and this court found that claim of

defendant’s actual innocence “indisputably meritless” and rejected the notion that Melvin’s

affidavit was of such conclusive character that it would probably have changed the result on

retrial. People v. Jones, 399 Ill. App. 3d 341, 366-67 (2010). This court noted that Melvin’s

affidavit, which was written about 17 months after his trial and would have had no bearing

on the ultimate disposition of his case, was “cleverly drawn” and failed to actually inculpate

himself; his statement that he was “solely responsible” for the murder of Jerry Green was

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“simply a meaningless assemblage of words” and merely seemed to acknowledge the fact

that Melvin’s humiliating beating in the presence of his girlfriend by members of the rival

street gang faction precipitated the events that resulted in the murder of Jerry Green. Id. at

366. This court, in reaching its ultimate conclusion that defendant’s actual innocence claim

lacked an arguable basis in law and in fact, conducted an exhaustive analysis of the many

contradictions between the record and Melvin’s affidavit, including the fact that defendant’s

postarrest actions failed to coincide with the defense claim that defendant incriminated

himself in compliance with Melvin’s instructions. Id. at 360-63. Specifically, the defense

claimed Melvin had threatened to kill defendant or a close relative unless defendant admitted

to the police that he was present at the scene and fired “a .357 mg [sic] handgun.” Id. at 354.

This court noted, however, that defendant’s postarrest actions contradicted this allegation of

coercion by Melvin because defendant “persisted in proclaiming his innocence to three

different teams of detectives for over 12 hours.” Id. at 360. Moreover, when he finally did

confess, he offered (contrary to any alleged instruction from Melvin) a detailed explanation

of the shooting that highlighted Melvin’s involvement, minimized defendant’s own

participation, and added substantial accusatory details of Ashby’s participation. Id. at 360-63.

¶ 131 The deficiencies of Melvin’s “cleverly drawn” affidavit from the initial postconviction

petition proceeding reverberate in Shaw’s similarly cleverly drawn affidavit before this court

in this successive petition. Shaw’s affidavit merely indicates that Melvin was the only person

Shaw saw at the scene; Shaw does not state that defendant was not present at the scene. See

Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 39 (although the codefendant’s affidavit averred that the

defendant was neither a part of nor took part in the shooting, the codefendant critically failed

to assert that the defendant was not present when the shooting took place and, thus, did not

52
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establish a colorable claim of actual innocence where the defendant was convicted of the

murder under the theory of accountability). Shaw averred that he was standing in the

gangway of a residence at 7200 South Seeley Avenue around 5 a.m. on January 7, 2000.

Shaw saw the victim exit the backyard of 7159 South Seeley Avenue and walk to his car,

which was parked on 72nd Street and faced east toward Damen Avenue. Then Shaw saw

Melvin emerge from an alley and approach the victim from behind. Shaw averred that

Melvin “stood alone by himself in front of [the victim,]” who raised his hands up before

Melvin fired several times until the victim fell to the ground. After Melvin stopped shooting,

Shaw did not “continue to look to see where [Melvin] went.” Shaw immediately ran home.

¶ 132 Shaw’s affidavit does not actually contradict the facts contained in defendant’s

videotaped confession. Specifically, defendant admitted that he and codefendants Ashby and

Melvin, in accordance with their plan, armed themselves with three different types of

firearms and went into the territory of the rival faction to the home of Lawrence Green, the

leader of the rival faction, to shoot him. The evidence established that Lawrence Green’s

house, 7159 South Seeley Avenue, was located at the end of the block and faced 72nd Street.

Defendant admitted that he, Ashby and Melvin left their car and walked north through the

alley between Damen and Seeley Avenues toward 72nd Street. According to Detective

Robert Lenihan’s trial testimony, defendant had explained that Ashby and Melvin waited in

the alley on the north side of 72nd Street, behind Lawrence Green’s house, and defendant

waited in the alley on the south side of 72nd street, behind a garage. According to

defendant’s videotaped confession, the group waited about 10 or 15 minutes and saw the

victim exit Lawrence Green’s house and cross 72nd Street to the victim’s parked car. Melvin

walked up to the victim and stood about 2 feet in front of him by the open car door. Ashby

53
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walked about 3 to 4 feet behind Melvin and went about 3 feet to the right side of Melvin.

Melvin fired 6 or 7 gunshots and the victim fell to the ground. Then Ashby fired 3 to 4

gunshots. Defendant was about 8 to 10 feet behind them and about 8 to 10 feet on the far left

side of Melvin. Defendant fired 2 gunshots toward the victim. Then Melvin ran east on 72nd

Street toward Damen Avenue, and Ashby and defendant ran south down the alley toward

73rd Street.

¶ 133 Defendant’s inculpatory statement is not inconsistent with Shaw’s cleverly drawn

assertion that he only saw Melvin stand in front of the victim. According to defendant’s

statements to the police and his videotaped confession, Melvin left his hiding place in the

alley first and approached the victim, stood in front of him, and confronted him and swore at

him. Then Ashby and later defendant emerged from their alley hiding places to help Melvin

surround the victim. Neither Ashby nor defendant stood in front of or near the victim or

spoke to him. Moreover, Shaw’s affidavit did not state that no one else was in the vicinity at

the time of the shooting. Shaw admitted that he was present at the scene because he was “out

all night hustling,” so people presumably were in the area to purchase Shaw’s wares or assist

him with any sales. Furthermore, Shaw’s affidavit was devoid of any details indicating that

his view of the crime scene from the gangway was clear, unobstructed and wide enough to

refute the likelihood that Ashby and defendant, who were hiding while they waited in enemy

territory, were not within the scope of Shaw’s limited view. It would have been dark at 5 a.m.

in January, and Shaw’s affidavit places him in the gangway between two homes near the

southwest corner of Seeley Avenue and 72nd Street. Thus, Shaw was neither parallel nor

kitty-corner to the crime scene, and photographs admitted into evidence and the testimony of

police officers at the scene established that shrubbery blocked certain views east and west on

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72nd street. In addition, Shaw admitted that he stopped looking and ran after Melvin stopped

shooting. Accordingly, Shaw, in addition to missing the sight of Melvin running east toward

Damen Avenue, also would have missed the sight of defendant and Ashby firing their guns

or disappearing south down the alley toward 73rd Street.

¶ 134 Furthermore, the evidence at trial established that there was more than one shooter and at

least two firearms were used. Odis Deal, who lived at the corner of 72nd Street and Damen

Avenue, testified that he heard two to three gunshots followed by a volley of eight or nine

gunshots. There was no pause between the gunshots; it all happened together. Deal had been

in the Army and had heard gunfire before. He stated that the first two to three gunshots

sounded different from the rest, as if they were coming from two or three different guns.

Similarly, Curtis Moore testified that he was at home, inside 7159 S. Seeley Avenue, and on

the telephone at the time of the shooting. The victim had just left the house and then Moore

heard 5 to 10 gunshots. Although some gunshots sounded loud like they were right next to

Moore’s window, other gunshots did not sound as loud, which indicated that the gunshots

were fired from different guns at different locations.

¶ 135 The physical evidence also established that there was more than one shooter. Cartridge

casings were recovered from both the street and curb sides of the victim’s parked car.

Furthermore, two different types of cartridge casings were recovered from the scene.

Although the State’s forensic scientist was unable to state whether the six .380 casings had

been fired from one weapon, he was able to determine that the two 9-millimeter casings,

which were recovered on the curb side of the victim’s car, were indeed fired from the same

firearm. This physical evidence was consistent with defendant’s statements to the police that

he had fired 2 shots from a .357 revolver, Ashby had fired 3 to 4 shots from either a 9-

55
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millimeter or a “.45,” and Melvin had fired 6 to 7 shots from a .380 semiautomatic pistol.

The absence of any recovered .357 ammunition from the crime scene corroborated

defendant’s confession because spent cartridges must be ejected manually from a revolver. In

addition to the numerous shell casings recovered on both the street and curb sides of the

victim’s car, the police also found two fresh bullet holes in the overhead door of the garage

that faced 72nd Street and was alongside and just east of the victim’s parked car.

¶ 136 Additional support for the fact that more than one shooter attacked the victim is found in

the testimony that the victim died of multiple gunshot wounds, and none of the wounds

involved close-range firing, i.e., firing from 18 inches or less from the surface of the entry

wound. The State’s medical examiner found evidence of five gunshot wounds to the victim,

and the entry wounds were on different sides of his body and had varied angles or

trajectories. For example, one entry wound on the victim’s right shoulder included the heart

and abdominal cavity, whereas another entry wound on the victim’s left shoulder exited his

left upper back. The other wounds showed an entry at the victim’s lower chest with an exit

from the musculature of the left back, an entry at the palm of the victim’s right hand with an

exit to the back of the hand, and an entry at the back of the victim’s left hand with an exit to

the front of the left forearm.

¶ 137 Although Shaw purports to be a source of new information, his affidavit contains

essentially the same information that was already presented to and rejected by the circuit

court and this court on review of the first postconviction petition. Concerning the first

postconviction petition, the circuit court and this court considered, inter alia: (1) Melvin’s

affidavit, which claimed he was “the only individual responsible for [the] shooting,”

defendant did not accompany him at the time of the murder and was nowhere in the vicinity,

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and Melvin threatened to kill defendant or his family unless he admitted to police that he

fired a .357 firearm at the victim; (2) defendant’s October 3, 2000 letter to his parents, which

acknowledged: “No gang member threatened me to do it”; (3) the alibi trial testimony of

defendant’s mother claiming defendant was at home and in bed at the time of the shooting;

(4) the statements of Anthony and Darryl Thomas, two additional alibi witnesses who

contradicted each other and defendant’s mother when they claimed defendant had attended

their party and was sleeping at their house at the time of the shooting; (5) the trial testimony

of witnesses Deal and Moore, who heard the shooting; (6) the physical evidence recovered at

the scene, which established that at least two firearms were used because two different types

of ammunition were recovered from both the street and curb sides of the victim’s car; and (7)

defendant’s videotaped confession, which was voluntary, detailed, and corroborated by the

physical evidence and the testimony of witnesses Deal, Moore, and Lawrence Green. After

properly revisiting the trial record, the circuit court and this court concluded that there was

more than one shooter. The addition of Shaw’s affidavit, which contains no conclusive

exonerating statement that defendant was not present at the shooting—merely that Shaw saw

only Melvin—and simply regurgitates details already excruciatingly explored in previous

proceedings, does not manifest even the slightest probability of a different result on retrial.

¶ 138 Defendant cites People v. Harper, 2013 IL App (1st) 102181, ¶ 52, where the court found

that even though some of the physical evidence corroborated the defendant’s confession,

another witness’s recantation of his trial testimony supported the defendant’s claim that his

confession was coerced by the police and such evidence would likely have changed the

outcome of the case. Harper, however, is distinguishable from the present case. Defendant

Harper confessed to setting a fire that killed two people. Id. at ¶ 7-8. After his conviction,

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Harper petitioned for postconviction relief, submitting the affidavit of a man who admitted to

starting the fire as well as an affidavit from a trial witness who recanted his testimony. Id. at

¶ 23-25. This court found the affidavits to be newly-discovered evidence that was material

and likely to change the result on retrial. Id. at ¶ 52. Here, the affidavit at issue is neither a

recantation of trial testimony, nor an admission of guilt on the part of the culpable party.

Shaw’s affidavit is merely a repeat of the underlying theory of defendant’s initial

postconviction petition and Melvin’s cleverly drawn affidavit: that Melvin was the sole

gunman. Harper would be more pertinent to an innocence claim based on Melvin’s affidavit,

in which he claimed to be the sole shooter. This court, however, has already determined that

the sole gunman theory lacks merit. Jones, 399 Ill. App. 3d at 367.

¶ 139 The hallmark of a claim of actual innocence means the newly discovered evidence has

the potential to totally vindicate or exonerate the defendant. People v. Savory, 309 Ill. App.

3d 408, 414-15 (1999). Shaw’s affidavit neither exonerates defendant nor establishes that he

did not participate in the shooting that killed the victim. Accordingly, Shaw’s affidavit was

not of such a conclusive character that it probably would change the result on retrial, and the

circuit court properly denied defendant leave to file a successive petition based on Shaw’s

affidavit.

¶ 140 II. Newspaper Article

¶ 141 Next, defendant argues, for the first time on appeal, that the circuit court erroneously

denied him leave to file his successive petition where he established cause and prejudice to

file the petition based on a June 9, 2010 article from the Chicago Tribune. This new cause-

and-prejudice argument on appeal differs from his argument before the circuit court, which

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alleged he had presented a colorable claim of actual innocence based upon this newspaper

article.

¶ 142 According to the article attached to the successive petition, Donny McGee was convicted

of a 2001 murder and served three years in prison but was acquitted by a jury in 2004 where

DNA evidence excluded him from committing the crime. McGee filed a lawsuit against the

City of Chicago, detectives Edward Farley and Robert Lenihan, and officer Robert Bartik.

McGee alleged that he refused to confess to the murder, so the police, who were under

pressure to solve the crime, lied about McGee voluntarily confessing even though there was

no written or taped confession and no physical evidence. The jury found the city and officers

guilty of malicious prosecution and ordered them to pay McGee compensatory and punitive

damages. On appeal, defendant argues this evidence—that Farley, Lenihan and Bartik were

implicated in fabricating McGee’s confession—was not available when defendant filed his

first postconviction petition and would bolster his claim that these same officers coerced his

confession.

¶ 143 Allegations not raised in the postconviction petition cannot be considered on appeal.

People v. Jones, 211 Ill. 2d 140, 148 (2004); People v. Smith, 352 Ill. App. 3d 1095, 1112

(2004); People v. Griffin, 321 Ill. App. 3d 425, 428 (2001) (the Act does not permit a

defendant to raise an issue on appeal from the dismissal of a postconviction petition that he

never raised in the petition). Defendant has abandoned on appeal his claim of actual

innocence concerning this article, and his new cause-and-prejudice theory on appeal is

improper and should not be considered by this court. However, even under the cause-and-

prejudice test, defendant’s claim would fail.

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¶ 144 Under the Act, defendants may obtain leave of court to file successive postconviction

petitions if they establish cause and prejudice for not raising their substantive claims in the

prior proceedings. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2010); Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d at 161. Cause may

be established where the defendant demonstrates that “some objective factor external to the

defense” prevented the claim at issue from being raised in an earlier proceeding.

Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 460. This may be shown by demonstrating that the evidence was

not “reasonably available” during prior proceedings. People v. Hudson, 195 Ill. 2d 117, 123

(2001). Prejudice, meanwhile, may be established where the defendant’s claimed

constitutional error “so infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction or sentence

violate[d] due process.” Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 464.

¶ 145 Defendant is unable to establish prejudice. He has submitted an article concerning a civil

jury award in a single case, the McGee case, which later was reversed by this court and

eventually settled by the parties. No claimed pattern of police misconduct can be gleaned

from the McGee case. Even if McGee’s civil award had not been reversed, his underlying

claims of police fabrication are incongruous to defendant’s vague claim that his confession

was “the product of Police Misconduct” and “a result of Psychological, mental and physical

coercion.” Whereas McGee claimed there was no written or videotaped confession and he

had refused to confess to the murder, here, in contrast, defendant’s agreement to make a

videotaped statement was documented both in writing and on the videotape. Also, the

recording shows a calm and cooperative defendant, giving an articulate, intelligent, and

detailed narrative statement confessing to his participation in the murder. Defendant does not

appear disheveled, stressed or tired. No marks, bruises or injuries are visible on defendant,

and he makes no claim in his successive petition regarding any such injuries. Furthermore,

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whereas McGee claimed there was no physical evidence linking him to the crime where the

victim was found stabbed and burned beyond recognition in her bathtub, here, in contrast, the

physical evidence (as discussed above) concerning the location and type of ammunition

recovered at the scene, the victim’s wounds, the testimony of Lawrence Green concerning

the motive for the shooting, and the testimony of witnesses Deal and Moore corroborated the

details in defendant’s confession.

¶ 146 Defendant’s offered newspaper article concerning the McGee case is devoid of

evidentiary value and fails to support defendant’s assertion that Farley, Lenihan and Bartik

“knowingly and deliberately engaged in a pattern and practice of elicitation and ‘fabrication

of False Confessions’ statements of Murder Suspects for Malicious Prosecution.” See People

v. Patterson, 192 Ill. 2d 93, 115 (2000) (collateral claims of police conduct are admissible if

the defendant establishes (1) similar allegations that involved the same police officer; (2)

closeness in time between the collateral claim and the claim at issue; and (3) that both the

collateral claim and the defendant’s allegations contain evidence of injury consistent with

police brutality). Defendant has not been consistent in his claim of police coercion. In his

pretrial motion to suppress his confession, he claimed that Officer Bartik pushed, shoved and

punched him while two other officers looked on. However, in his initial postconviction

petition, defendant argued that his involuntary confession resulted from street gang-related

coercion and not from police coercion. Furthermore, in defendant’s March 2000 letter to his

parents, he never claimed that any officer punched him. Moreover, defendant’s October 2000

letter to his parents asserted that even though the police had threatened to beat him if he did

not confess his involvement in the murder, the police never touched him physically.

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¶ 147 Defendant’s forfeiture of his cause and prejudice claim notwithstanding, he has failed to

establish the prejudice necessary for leave to file a successive petition.

¶ 148 III. Conclusion

¶ 149 To support his actual innocence claim, defendant’s motion for leave to file and his

successive petition offered only Shaw’s affidavit and the Chicago Tribune article. After leave

was denied, defendant, acting pro se, filed several additional exhibits on the circuit court

without any written discussion of the significance of those documents. Those documents

included the written statements of alibi witnesses Darryl and Anthony Thomas, who alleged

defendant was in their home sleeping at the time of the shooting. The circuit court treated

defendant’s document dump as a motion to reconsider and denied that motion. Furthermore,

as discussed above, defendant has since abandoned on appeal his initial claim before the

circuit court that the newspaper article supported his actual innocence claim.

¶ 150 The majority attempts to bolster defendant’s facially insufficient claim by going beyond

the limited documentation of the successive petition to consider the abandoned claim

involving the newspaper article and other information about the McGee case, the Thomases’

alibi statements, Melvin’s previously submitted affidavit, and the credibility of defendant’s

confession. In doing so, the majority ignores the determinations reached by this court in the

prior postconviction proceeding, i.e., that the cumulative nature of the evidence indicated that

there were multiple shooters, Melvin’s affidavit was indisputably meritless, and it would

have constituted ineffective assistance of counsel to use the Thomases’ alibi statements,

which contradicted defendant’s alibi that he was at home and in bed at the time of the

shooting, as asserted in the trial testimony of defendant’s mother and defendant’s March

2000 letter to his parents. Our role on review is to determine whether the circuit court erred

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in denying defendant leave to file a successive petition; this review is not an instrument to

attack this court’s past determinations, particularly where the documentation presented would

in no way have changed the result on retrial. It is thus exceedingly inappropriate for the

majority to delve into the credibility of defendant’s confession, the credibility of the trial

testimony of Otis Deal and Curtis Moore, as well as the history of other court proceedings

against a particular officer.

¶ 151 The parties here well know the nature of the evidence presented at the trial, which is

accurately summarized in this court’s 2010 opinion affirming the summary dismissal of

defendant’s first postconviction petition. Accordingly, I will not catalogue the majority’s

numerous inaccuracies and misrepresentations of that evidence, which attempt to generate

some type of support for Shaw’s affidavit. Ironically, the majority’s analysis relies on

Edwards, but the court held in that case that the affidavit of the codefendant, who claimed the

defendant was not involved in a shooting, was not of such conclusive character as to establish

a probability of a different result on retrial. Edwards, 2012 1117111, ¶ 38-40. Although the

codefendant averred the defendant “had nothing to do with this shooting,” the codefendant

failed to assert that the defendant was not present; thus, the affidavit did nothing to exonerate

the defendant. Id. The deficient affidavit in Edwards is strikingly similar to Shaw’s affidavit,

which merely deduces that defendant could not have been present at the scene because Shaw,

from his limited vantage point, saw only Melvin stand in front of and near the victim.

¶ 152 I am compelled, however, to comment on the majority’s use of People v. Tyler, 2015 IL

App (1st) 123470, to attack Detective Lenihan in this case. See supra ¶¶ 12, 102. The

majority’s misleading citations and parentheticals to Tyler insinuate that the allegations in

that case of police misconduct and physical coercion to obtain the defendant’s confession

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included misconduct and coercion by Lenihan. That insinuation, however, is absolutely false.

In Tyler, the defendant never claimed, either at his pretrial motion to suppress his confession,

his trial, or in his postconviction petition, that Lenihan did anything wrong. Moreover, Tyler

submitted a massive amount of documents about police misconduct in other cases to support

his postconviction claims of coercion against two other police officers; none of that

documentation contained allegations of wrongdoing by Lenihan. I am very troubled by the

majority’s misuse of Tyler to support the majority’s outcome in the instant case.

¶ 153 For the above reasons, I would affirm the circuit court’s denial of defendant’s motion for

leave to file a successive petition.

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