It seems necessary to a proper understanding of the question of construction considered and decided to reproduce the last will and testament of T. R. Morris, deceased. In view of the allegation of the bill that Morris left little or no personal property at his decease, the construction of his will is taken with reference to its effect to devolve the title to 114 acres of land which he owned and occupied as a homestead at the time of his death. The bill asserts that the testator's widow, Mrs. N.E. Morris, obtained a fee-simple title to these lands and had a right to dispose of them either by will or conveyance, sale or gift, if she so desired, and also that, in view of provisions contained in the third and fourth paragraphs of the will to be quoted, "she has changed the manner in which said property shall descend or be conveyed, and has elected to take possession of the said property and the fee-simple title to the same and does hereby so elect," being now in possession of the land, claiming to own the same in her own right. Omitting formal parts, the will reads:
"1st. I will that all of debts and funeral expenses shall be paid by my executors as soon after my decease as possible.
"2d. I will and bequeath to my beloved wife, N.E. Morris, all the rest and residue of my estate, real, personal and mixed property, to be used for her comfort and sustainance during her lifetime and she has a right to use it as she sees proper.
"3d. I will and bequeath to George W. Cooley and his wife, Belle Cooley, the said George Cooley being the son of Ed. F. Cooley, deceased, one half of the property that is left at the death of my wife. My wife hereby has the privilege of changing the one half interest during her life if the said George W. Cooley or Belle Cooley does not treat her right during her life.
"4th. I will and bequeath to C. J. Stewart and his wife, S. J. Stewart, the remaining one half of all my property, real, personal, and mixed at the death of my wife, if she should outlive me. My wife hereby has the right and privilege of changing the remaining one half as described above if the said C. J. Stewart or S. J. Stewart fails to treat her right during her life.
"5th. This will and last testament if [is] for my wife during her lifetime and at her death to be divided as above stated."
From the terms of the instrument it appears that the testator's intention is to these effects: First, that upon the testator's death there became at once vested in Mrs. N.E. Morris, testator's widow, a life estate in the property described in the second paragraph, the correctness of this conclusion being further confirmed by the recitation of the testator's purpose in the provisions of the fifth paragraph of the will: Second, that upon the testator's death there became at once vested in the Stewarts, under the fourth paragraph of the will, the remainder in one-half of the property of the testator left at the death of the life tenant; and, third, that a like vesting in the Cooleys of the remainder in the other one-half of the property was effected through the provisions of the third paragraph of the will. According to the manifest intent of the testator as specifically expressed in his will, the life estate expressly devised to Mrs. N.E. Morris was not intended to be enlarged into an absolute fee. Denson v. Mitchell, 26 Ala. 360; Weathers v. Patterson, 30 Ala. 404, wherein the first-cited deliverance is distinguished from that made in Flinn v. Davis, 18 Ala. 132.
No absolute power of disposition being conferred by this will upon Mrs. Morris (the life tenant), as was decided to be the case in Mims v. Davis, 197 Ala. 88, 72 So. 344, the applicability of which decision to the will under review has been read and particularly *Page 114 considered by the court in consultation and found to be without application to the will of Mr. Morris, the provisions of Code, §§ 3423-3425, are without application (Nabors v. Woolsey,174 Ala. 289, 56 So. 533); and the absence of any provision conferring a general and beneficial power to devise the land, much less the power to sell and convey, excludes the application of the provisions of section 3426 of the Code. To state this conclusion somewhat more concretely: The will's provisions for the vested remainder estates deny the possibility of an interpretation that would accord Mrs. N.E. Morris the power to make an absolute disposition in any form of the land left by the testator. The only possible argument against these conclusions is sought to be deduced from the language of the second paragraph wherein the testator provided that the property therein described might be used for the comfort and sustenance of his wife during her lifetime, and that she should have a right to use it as she saw proper. It is clear, we think, that these provisions of the will were never intended by the testator to confer on the wife, to whom he gave a life estate only, a power to dispose of the realty to the extinction of the remainders vested, through the third and fourth paragraphs, in the Stewarts and Cooleys. Hovely v. Herrick, 152 Wis. 11, 139 N.W. 384.
The mere fact that reference is made through the use of the term "left" in the third paragraph, and that substantially the same idea is expressed in the fourth paragraph, in defining the subject-matter of the devises in remainder, is not sufficient to overcome the plain provisions of the instrument whereby the wife was given a life estate only, and, with respect to the remainders, a power to divest them and to substitute another or others (not herself) as the beneficiary or beneficiaries of the remainder or remainders, upon a contingency therein specified, later to be considered.
These considerations would necessarily refute the construction of the will set forth in phases of the bill.
The devises to the Cooleys and to the Stewarts operated, as stated, to invest them with remainders in fee. The provisions in the third and fourth paragraphs whereby the power was conferred on the wife of changing these devises during her life, if she was not accorded by these parties, respectively, proper treatment, did not impose a limitation upon the estates devised to the Cooleys and the Stewarts, respectively, but affixed thereto a condition subsequent. Schouler on Wills, §§ 598, 599, et seq., 607. The condition could only have recourse and effect during the life of the testator's widow, and necessarily, after the remainders thus created had become vested. It is to be noted in this connection that there is no devise over of the property in which the remainders were created, and also, that there is in the instrument no residuary devise of the testator's property; and, if the remainders should become entirely extinguished by reason of the happening during the life of the widow of the condition subsequent, the decedent's estate would be left without testamentary direction as to its devolution.
It was the manifest intent of the testator to clothe his wife, the life tenant, with the power to divest the remainders if those in whom he invested such remainders should not "treat her right during her life." The motive inspiring the testator to confer this authority on his wife was, as is evident, to insure, as far as such a provision could, proper treatment of his widow on the part of those named in paragraphs 3 and 4 of his will. The privilege, right and power to determine whether these beneficiaries or any of them accorded the widow the proper treatment during her life was committed to the widow, in whose personal interest it was distinctly created.
It is suggested in the brief that this condition subsequent is void for uncertainty, and that, in consequence, only the condition, not the devise, is defeated. Carter v. Carter,39 Ala. 579. A remotely related question was presented in Summers v. Summers, 73 So. 401, L.R.A. 1917C, 597,1 but the point of decision there was that the uncertainty effected the designation of the beneficiaries of the devises; whereas here the uncertainty asserted would affect the ascertainment or determination of the existence of the condition subsequent that would defeat and divest the estate. We see nothing in this condition subsequent to offend public policy in any degree. Our opinion is that the condition subsequent is not void for uncertainty. The power to ascertain and to determine the fact of her proper treatment by the remaindermen is reposed in her irrevisable discretion. If the testator, as he undoubtedly did, saw fit to hinge the survival of these remainders upon the irrevisable discretion and judgment of his widow, to the end that those named should be induced thereby to accord her the treatment she conceived was her due, no reason occurs to this court to deny effect to this thus plainly expressed intent of the testator, and so notwithstanding the result may be to render the decedent intestate, in whole or in part, and to empower his widow to dispose of the remainders through an exercise of her testamentary power to substitute another or others who will take the land in remainder, after the expiration of her life estate.
The court therefore erred in overruling the second ground of the demurrer; and the decree is, on that account only, reversed, and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded. All the Justices concur, except MAYFIELD, J., who dissents.
1 198 Ala. 30. *Page 115