[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 576 [EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 577 Appellant was convicted of murder in the second degree. Many exceptions were reserved.
The state's witness Green was allowed to testify: "He (meaning deceased) appeared to me to be dead." The objection is that this was a mere conclusion, an opinion of the witness, invasion of the province of the jury. The court thinks it was a shorthand rendering of the facts, which in the ordinary case — that is, a case not marked by catalepsy or something of that sort — are plain enough. Deceased had collapsed under several pistol wounds, of which the evidence as a whole shows without conflict he died almost instantly. The question was not wholly without point, because deceased, or his body, was at the moment to which the question related sitting under the steering wheel of an automobile he had been driving, and was asked, we infer, in anticipation of, and to shed light upon, testimony by defendant's witnesses to the effect that, after the shooting, which they said occurred while deceased was on the ground, they had helped deceased into the car and into the seat under the steering wheel. This we say at unnecessary length because appellant thinks the evidence was clearly illegal.
State's witness Green, in agreement with all other witnesses who testified on the subject, testified that deceased was intoxicated and had been for some hours prior to the shooting. There was also evidence that deceased when intoxicated was turbulent and bloodthirsty. Defendant asked the witness: "At any time during that trip" — witness and deceased had gone together from Columbus, Ga., some six or eight miles into this state — "isn't it a fact that you begged Dock (the deceased) to let you take the steering wheel on account of his condition?" The state's objection was sustained without error. If not otherwise objectionable, the question was improper because it asked for the witness' reason. If it was desired that the witness should say that deceased was at that time intoxicated, the question should have been framed to elicit the appropriate answer without the complication suggested by including a reference to the witness' reason, for that was a matter to be inferred by the jury from the relevant physical facts, rather than the incompetent mere thought of the witness (Western Union v. Cleveland, 169 Ala. 131, 53 So. 80, Ann. Cas. 1912B, 534), and the inquiry in the terms in which it was made tended to bring on a collateral and useless inquiry.
Objection to the question, "What was the extent or magnitude of that difficulty?" referring to an altercation between defendant and deceased two or three hours before the killing, was properly sustained. If defendant desired to show that deceased had threatened defendant with a knife, that bare fact should have been inquired about as being all that was admissible in the circumstances of the killing to be stated hereafter. The witness' judgment as to the "extent or magnitude" of the previous difficulty was immaterial. It was for the jury to draw inferences, if any. Jones v. State,120 Ala. 303, 25 So. 204. The inevitable tendency of the answer expected, viz., a statement of what the witness thought of the previous difficulty, would have been to draw into controversy the particulars of the previous difficulty contrary to the well-established rule.
What defendant said to the witness Fuller in exculpation of his act, after Fuller came upon the scene walking from a distance of 150 yards, being attracted thereto by the sounds of the shots fired from an automatic pistol in rapid succession, was not of the res gestæ and was properly excluded. What defendant then said was not descriptive or explanatory of anything then in progress. It was a retrospective, self-serving, narration of then past facts and was properly excluded. Pitts v. State, 140 Ala. 80, 37 So. 101; Harkness v. State, 129 Ala. 71, 30 So. 73; Nelson v. State, 130 Ala. 83,30 So. 728. In the case last cited the desired declaration was held to be admissible; but the difficulty in which deceased in that case was killed was regarded by the court as still in progress and the declaration there in question as a part of the transaction. Not so in the case at bar.
Proof as to where defendant went after the killing, the state having made no effort to prove flight, could have served no legitimate purpose of the defense. It afforded no insight into motive or malice, nor tended to show who was at fault in bringing on the difficulty or other pertinent matter. It was excluded without error.
Defendant's witness Hall having testified that deceased had the reputation of being a fussy, turbulent, rowdy man, the state, on cross-examination, was allowed, over defendant's general objection, to ask the witness whether he had known of his cutting anybody with a knife. The witness answered in the negative. The defense was that at the time of the killing deceased was making an attack upon defendant with a drawn knife. The accepted method of cross-examination, where character for peace and quiet is put in issue, is to ask the witness whether he has heard of specific acts of violence. Goodwin v. State, 102 Ala. 98, 15 So. 571. By analogy there was no reversible error in permitting this negative method of sustaining the character of deceased, which had been put in issue by the defendant. Ingram v. State, 67 Ala. 67; Hussey v. State, 87 Ala. 121, 6 So. 420.
In answer to defendant's question whether he knew the character of deceased in the community where he lived as a bloodthirsty, turbulent, fussy, and rowdy man, defendant's *Page 579 witness Newberry said: "Well; he was pretty rough when he was drunk." The court sustained the state's objection, on the ground, as we may assume, that the witness should first have been qualified by showing that he knew the character of deceased, and perhaps because his answer was not responsive. The first ground at least was well taken. Moreover, in the next breath, and in response to a repeated question, as we may assume, the witness qualified himself to answer and did answer the question according to its terms. On cross-examination the witness further deposed that he had never known of deceased having cut any one with a knife or shot any one with a pistol, saying further that what he meant was that deceased would fight. Then defendant interrogated the witness: "Have you heard of his being in fights and trying to cut folks?" The state's objection was sustained. The court here is of opinion that the defense had the benefit of all it was entitled to in the witness' answer to defendant's repeated question on the direct examination. The jury should be given to understand that the cross-examination of a witness as to character is for the sole purpose of testing the value and weight of his testimony as to the esteem in which the community where he lives or is known holds the subject whose character is brought into question. In forming his estimate the witness may have in mind his own knowledge of the subject of inquiry in connection with his opinion as to what others think; but his knowledge of particular instances is not admissible in evidence. When the state, without objection, elicited the fact that the witness did not know of deceased having shot or cut any one, it was content with less than it might have drawn out by asking what the witness had heard, and defendant was no more entitled on redirect than on original examination to ask what the witness had heard. The witness had answered as to the character of deceased and that was as much as defendant, who called the witness, was entitled to ask; otherwise such examinations might be insufferably protracted and the minds of the jury confused by the investigation of matters merely incidental.
The state, on the cross-examination of Mrs. Edwards, a witness called by defendant, and who saw the killing, which occurred in front of the house in which she lived, and who, with her husband (at the time of the trial in a hospital in North Carolina) had removed after the difficulty to that state, asked the witness: "Then you left there [the place where they had lived] in a day or two and went to North Carolina?" Defendant thinks the question in some way reflected unfavorably on his defense. We are unable to agree; but, even if so, the negative answer disarmed the question of all possible harmful tendency. So of the exception reserved to the cross-examination wherein it inquired about the witness' intoxication some hours after the killing at the house of Mrs. Foster, widow of deceased, in Columbus. Again the witness answered in the negative. If, as defendant now suggests, these questions were nothing more than an effort to discredit the witness by unjustifiable insinuations, we are unable to find in them sufficient ground for a reversal. Intelligent jurors probably estimated them according to their true value. And so of still another exception, argued by counsel, relating to the question why deceased called to defendant, who was in Mrs. Edwards' house or on the front porch, to come out to the automobile, in which deceased was. So, also, of numerous questions asked of the witness on cross-examination as to where she ate dinner, as to where Mehaffy, another witness for defendant, was, argued at some length by counsel. This was permissible cross-examination to test the reliability of the witness' recollection — a matter resting measurably in the discretion of the court.
A different question is presented by that ruling of the court, over defendant's objection and exception, by which the state was permitted to contradict Mrs. Edwards by the testimony of Mrs. Foster that she (Mrs. Edwards) was drunk at the house of Mrs. Foster at the time inquired about. There was nothing to show that Mrs. Edwards was drunk at the time of the killing. Proof that she was drunk hours afterwards and miles away should not have been admitted. The ruling was error. Maxwell v. State,89 Ala. 150, 7 So. 824; Abernathy v. State, 129 Ala. 88,29 So. 844. And for this error the court is of opinion that the judgment of conviction should be set aside.
The exception to the argument made by the state's solicitor in his closing remarks to the jury, in which he said that Red Edwards (husband of the witness Mrs. Edwards) left in a few days for North Carolina, presents so small and insignificant a fragment of what was meant by the related argument that we are unable to pass upon it intelligently. It seems probable, in any case, that the ruling involved no such serious consequences as that a reversal should be ordered on that account. Collins v. State, ante, p. 212, 115 So. 223; Barnett v. State, 165 Ala. 59,51 So. 299.
As shedding light upon the conduct of the parties, the defendant and the deceased, at the time of the killing, we may briefly state facts shown in evidence as follows: A number of mill operatives, who lived in Columbus, Ga., came on a Sunday for an outing some six or eight miles across the river into this state. The party was well supplied with "home brew" and "moonshine." Defendant was one of the party. Whether he drank anything was in dispute. He appears at least to have kept decently sober. Whether *Page 580 deceased, a barber in Columbus, was an invited member of the party does not appear. Some of the women stopped at the house of Mrs. Edwards. While the men were collected at a spot in the woods, 150 to 200 yards from the Edwards house, deceased, drunk, drove his car up to them and thereafter referred to the women in the party as whores. Defendant objected, and this led to an altercation in which deceased threatened defendant with a knife and heaped upon him the vilest epithets imaginable. Then deceased lay upon the ground and took a nap. Two or three hours later defendant was at the Edwards house when deceased drove his automobile up to the front of the house. Some of the evidence went to show that the automobile stopped within the front yard, which was unfenced. The car was in front of the house, but it may not have been in the yard, which seems not to have been defined by fence or otherwise. Deceased called defendant out to the car. After that the evidence was in wide and irreconcilable conflict as to what happened. The state's version of the facts was that the defendant approached the car where deceased sat under the steering wheel, announced his purpose to kill deceased, and then, without hostile demonstration on the part of deceased, fired into him three shots from an automatic pistol in rapid succession. Deceased died where he sat. Defendant's version was that when he approached the automobile in answer to the summons from deceased and without demonstration of hostility on his part, deceased alighted from the automobile with a knife drawn, whereupon deceased retreated back to the house, into one of the front rooms, where he saw and took a pistol from the mantel, thence into the adjoining room, and out at the door thereof back onto the front porch, thence into the front yard and near again to the automobile, deceased all the while in pursuit, where, coming into close proximity to the automobile, he shot deceased.
Defendant requested many charges on the subject of self-defense and in particular self-defense as modified by the fact, as he contended, that he was an invited guest on the premises where the Edwards lived. There was evidence to support the contention that defendant was at the Edwards house as an invited guest, and, as we have already indicated, that he was at the time of the shooting within the curtilage thereof. To constitute the place a part of the curtilage it was not necessary that it be inclosed. Ivey v. State, 61 Ala. 61. A person assailed is not required to retreat from his dwelling, and the same doctrine is applied to the curtilage. Madry v. State, 201 Ala. 512, 78 So. 866. And a guest is entitled to the protection the law affords to the owner or more permanent occupant. Walker v. State, 205 Ala. 200, 87 So. 833. We think it was for the jury to determine whether the killing occurred within the curtilage of the Edwards house, or in the road or other open space in front of the premises.
Charge 2, refused to defendant, was misleading, to say the least, and predicated the right of defendant, in effect, as if he were within the curtilage. Clearly defendant was not in the dwelling at the time of the killing, and whether he was within the curtilage was involved in dispute, to be determined by the jury. So of charges 8, 12, and 16. Watkins v. State, 89 Ala. 88,8 So. 134.
Charge 1, refused to defendant, ignored the question of fault in bringing on the difficulty and the duty to retreat, if, as the state contended, the killing took place neither in the dwelling house nor within the curtilage thereof. So of charge 3.
Charge 4 omits the hypothesis, necessary to the plea of self-defense, that defendant had reasonable cause to believe, and did believe, that he was in immediate danger of death or great bodily harm. It was properly refused.
In view of the trouble between defendant and deceased prior to the time of the killing, charge 5 was properly refused, for that it failed to tell the jury that what had occurred between them in the previous difficulty — what had been said and done while the parties were in the woods — could not suffice to reduce the killing from murder in the first to murder in the second degree. Moreover, defendant was not convicted of murder in the first degree.
Charges 6, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, and 25 stated in varying language the proposition of reasonable doubt, and were well covered by the trial court's oral instruction to the jury. Reversible error will not be affirmed of the refusal of charges which merely repeat in different language an adequate instruction already delivered to the jury.
Charge 15 was well refused for the reason that it failed adequately to describe or define the necessity which would excuse the taking of the life of deceased. In the language of repeated decisions, it should have defined the necessity as imminent, or as impending and imperious, or in equivalent word or phrase (Dolan v. State, 81 Ala. 11, 1 So. 707), and, further, as a necessity to take life in order to avoid the threatened danger. It appears to have been considered heretofore that an adjective or two should be used in charges of this general character as serving to help the jury understand the serious requirements of the law when it comes to consider an excuse offered for the taking of human life.
Charge 26 was refused without error as being an incomplete and misleading statement of the relevant law. The burden predicated by the charge devolves upon the state only when the defendant has shown that he *Page 581 acted to save life or limb and with no avenue of escape open to him that would not have increased his peril. Pugh v. State,132 Ala. 1, 31 So. 727.
Proof of good character does not authorize an acquittal in case the state has shown guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. It may, however, help to generate a reasonable doubt — a different proposition from that of defendant's charge 24.
Defendant's charge 11 asserts in effect that there was no proof of the necessary venue. We do not agree. The only evidence on that subject tended to show that the killing took place in Lee county. There was none to the contrary. While the evidence was not as clear as it might have been, it can by no means be said there was no evidence of the venue laid in the indictment.
Reversed and remanded.
ANDERSON, C. J., and GARDNER and BOULDIN, JJ., concur.