This is an appeal from a habeas corpus proceeding instituted in the probate court of Monroe county by appellee, Henry Graham, against Mrs. Bessie Payne, for the possession of Hawood Graham, a minor 15 years of age, and the son of both appellant and appellee. Appellant and appellee were once husband and wife and were living together in such relation prior to the year 1912 in Wayne county, Miss., at which time a separation took place. This separation, however, was temporary, and they went back together and lived as husband and wife again for nearly a year, at which time a final separation took place, the wife moving to the home of her father and carrying with her the three children, one of whom was Hawood. It seems that soon after this separation a proceeding was had in the courts of Mississippi for the custody of the children. It also appears that a consent judgment or decree was rendered in the Mississippi court which awarded the custody of Hawood to the father. Hawood, however, was allowed to visit his mother; but the final custody and control of the child was awarded to the father.
In the year 1915 the wife obtained a divorce from the husband in the courts of Mississippi upon the ground of cruelty, and in the year 1919 she was married to one Mr. Payne, her present husband. Some time during the year 1923 Hawood was allowed to visit his mother for the purpose of attending school. She was then residing in Wayne county, Miss.; but about the 1st of January, 1924, Mrs. Payne removed to Alabama, and brought the boy with her, and refused or declined to allow him to return to his father. The father then instituted this habeas corpus proceeding to obtain the custody and control of the boy. A trial was had in the probate court, and the custody and control of the child was awarded to the father; and from that judgment the mother prosecutes this appeal.
The petition for the writ of habeas corpus was sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the probate court. Strict rules of pleading are not applied in habeas corpus proceedings. The office of the petition or affidavit for the writ of habeas corpus is to invoke the jurisdiction of the court to issue the writ or a rule nisi commanding the custodian of the body or person, whose custody is in question, to appear and show cause why the custody or control is not wrongful or illegal. 29 C.J. 142. The return to the writ or response to the rule is in answer to the writ or to the rule, which is issued by the court, and not to the petition upon which the writ or rule was based. 29 C.J. 163.
The function of the petition for writ of habeas corpus is to secure the issuance of the writ, and, when the writ has issued, the petition has accomplished its purpose. The petition in this case contained all the necessary jurisdictional facts. It furnished the court and the other party all the information necessary to properly determine the custody and control of the son. Consequently, there was no error in overruling the demurrer to the petition. 29 C.J. 152. While it is true that the judgment or decree of the Mississippi court was not authenticated with the strictness required by the federal or state statutes, yet it was never offered in evidence, and as the petition was sufficient without the exhibit, no possible injury could have resulted in making it an exhibit.
It is insisted by appellant that the decree of the Mississippi court was not a final one, and that it might have been reversed on appeal or subsequently modified. While it is not necessary to answer this argument, it is sufficient to show that the decree or order of the Mississippi court was by consent of all parties, and, of course, such a decree would not support an appeal. A consent decree or judgment will not support an appeal. But, as we have said above, this decree was never offered in evidence, and the petition was ample without the decree as an exhibit. The petition for habeas corpus is not defective or demurrable because it fails to allege that the petitioner or other person was illegally restrained of his liberty. Ex parte Champion, 52 Ala. 311.
There is no merit in the contention of appellant that the motion to dismiss the petition and writ should have been granted. The writ is a command to the respondent to bring the body of Hawood Graham before the court, at the time and place named, and then and there show cause why the custody of the minor should not be awarded to the petitioner. The respondent appeared and demurred to the petition; and the demurrer was properly overruled. She then answered, and the trial was had upon that answer. A formal traverse of the answer is not necessary where the record shows that a trial was had upon the issue raised by the answer; and it was certainly too late, after the evidence was concluded, for the respondent to then demand a formal traverse or denial of the answer. As said by this court in the case of Cook v. Echols, 16 Ala. App. 606,80 So. 680, where the respondent, without raising the question as to a formal traverse or denial of the answer, allows the court to proceed with the trial on the merits, as though the facts stated in the return had been properly traversed and issue joined thereon, this will operate as a waiver of any formal traverse and it will be considered on appeal on the merits as presented by the proof. A formal denial of the allegations of the return or the answer will be deemed to be waived when the parties proceed to trial as if such allegations had been formally traversed. Stewart v. Smith, 16 Ala. App. 461,78 So. 724; 29 C.J. 165, 166. *Page 442
This record shows that a trial was had upon the answer of respondent. The witnesses appeared before the court and were examined. The court saw the witnesses, their manner and demeanor, and consequently of necessity had before him certain proof and facts which this court cannot have on this appeal; and, while the evidence is in conflict as to which would be the better custodian of the child, we are not willing to disturb the findings of the trial court in this state of the evidence. The trial court, in its opinion, stated that "the best interests of the minor, Hawood Graham, will be served by awarding his custody to petitioner, Henry Graham, father of the said minor." The record shows very little difference in the abilities, considered from a financial standpoint, of the father and the mother to care and provide for the infant son, who is 15 years of age. The trial court seems to have been mindful of the law which should govern courts in awarding the custody of children between contending parents for such custody. The custody of a legitimate child primarily belongs to the father, and that of an illegitimate to the mother; but these rights are to be regarded no further than is consistent with the interests of the child.
The father has a legal right to control and direct the education and rearing of his children until they attain the age of 21 years, and courts will not interfere with this paternal authority until the father has forfeited his rights, or until, by his conduct, he has abdicated his paternal authority. 12 Eng. Rul. Cas. 30; Brooke v. Logan, 112 Ind. 183, 13 N.E. 669, 2 Am. St. Rep. 177. As a general rule parents are entitled to the custody of their minor children, and when they are living apart the father is prima facie entitled to the custody, and, where he is suitable and willing to support and care for them, his right is paramount to all other persons, except that of the mother in cases where the infant is of such tender years as to require her presence and care; but in all cases of controverted right to custody, the welfare of the minor is the first question of importance to be considered. Clark v. Bayer,32 Ohio St. 299, 30 Am. Rep. 593. Moreover, a father is primarily bound by the laws of the land, of nature, and of morals to support and educate his children during minority. Cooley v. Stringfellow, 164 Ala. 467, 51 So. 321, and authorities there cited.
The judgment and decree of the court in this case is in accord with the general principles of law stated above as to the proper custodian of children. The father is by law and nature the head of the family, obliged by law and morals to support them, in preference to the claims of the mother or any other person. His rights, however, may be forfeited by misconduct or lost by misfortune.
In the condition of this record, we do not feel willing to disturb the judgment of the trial court in awarding the custody of this son, 15 years of age, to the father. Ex parte Boaz,31 Ala. 427; Neville v. Reed, 134 Ala. 317, 32 So. 659, 92 Am. St. Rep. 35.
Finding no reversible error in the record, the decree of the lower court must be affirmed.
Affirmed.