Section 8799 of the Code (Code 1907, § 4734), under which complainant claims the lien here asserted, provides:
"A landlord has a lien, which is paramount to, and has preference over, all other liens, on the crop grown on rented lands for rent for the current year, and for advances made in money, or other thing of value, either by him directly, or by another at his instance or request for which he became legally bound or liable at or before the time such advances were made, for the sustenance or well being of the tenant or his family, or for preparing the ground for cultivation, or for cultivating, gathering, saving, handling, or preparing the crop for market; and also on all articles advanced, and on all property purchased with money advanced, or obtained by barter in exchange for articles advanced, for the aggregate price or value of such articles and property."
It will be observed that the first and major clause limits the lien given to the landlord for advances to those advances which were made to aid the tenant, either as to the living expenses of himself and family, or as to the production, harvesting, and marketing of his crops. The last and minor clause, providing for a lien also on specific articles, does not in terms repeat this limitation, but the structure as well as the sense of the entire statute very clearly preserves it.
So we think, notwithstanding the rule that on demurrer ambiguous allegations are not to be aided by intendment or implication, the structure as well as the sense of complainant's allegations as to the creation of his lien on the two mules, considered as a whole, shows very clearly that the money or property, with which it is alleged in the alternative the two mules were acquired, was advanced by complainant to Gamble "for the purpose of aiding said Gamble to make and gather his crops," as was expressly alleged of the first alternative — the advancement of the mules, specifically.
The rule of pleading above referred to is a sound and wholesome rule, promotive of clearness, completeness, and precision in the formulation of litigated issues, but it is not to be applied with such technical refinement as to disregard the plain and common sense meaning of language as ordinarily understood. Moreover, there is no reasonable doubt, under the evidence, as to the purpose of the advancement of the one mule, or of the money for the purchase of the other; so that the question of a defective alternative allegation, as complained of by demurrer, had no real or meritorious bearing on the result. We of course agree with counsel for appellants that the allegation that the advances were made "in such a way as that complainant has and holds a landlord's lien on said property," is but the statement of a legal conclusion; and, unsupported by a sufficient showing of facts, would be subject to demurrer on that ground. But, sufficient facts being stated — as here — the statement of conclusion is harmless and indeed proper. *Page 360
With respect to Walls' claim of protection as a purchaser for value without notice of the landlord's lien, counsel concede the general rule that, so long as the crops grown on rented premises remain thereon, a mortgagee or other purchaser is chargeable with notice of the landlord's lien on such crops, if lien there be, and must submit to its paramountcy, as declared by the statute. Lomax v. Le Grand, 60 Ala. 537; Waite v. Corbin, 109 Ala. 154, 156, 19 So. 505; Bush v. Willis, 130 Ala. 395,399, 30 So. 443. But it is insisted that a different principle should govern with respect to lien-burdened property other than crops, because, while the origin of the crops is plainly traceable to the rented soil, there is nothing in the mere presence of other property on the land to indicate to the outside world that it was advanced to the tenant under circumstances imposing upon it the statutory lien of a landlord. The argument is plausible, but lacks convincing merit. The logic of the rule of notice is certainly stronger in the case of a lien on crops than in the case of a lien on live stock or other property; but the difference is one merely of degree and not of principle. Being chargeable with knowledge of the statute creating the lien, and of the right of the landlord to make such advances, and of the fitness and prevalence of such advances by landlords to their tenants, third persons must inquire of the landlord, at their peril, as to the status of any personal property, within the purview of the statutory prescription, kept by the tenant on premises leased by him. Although none of our decisions on this general subject seem to have dealt with notice as to this kind of property, the rule has been stated in terms broad enough, perhaps, to cover all cases. Waite v. Corbin, 109 Ala. 154, 155, 156, 19 So. 505. And in Dunlap v. Steele Vandergrift, 80 Ala. 424, 428, where the mortgagee of a tenant's mare sued the mortgagor's landlord in trespass for taking and disposing of the animal under a landlord's writ of attachment, the court said:
"If the defendant was in fact the landlord of the mortgagor, and as such landlord advanced the mare, under the statute, to the mortgagor as his tenant, his lien on the mare for the advance is superior to the lien of the plaintiffs' mortgage; and he had the statutory right to enforce the lien by the process of attachment, a statutory ground existing."
It is inferable from the report of the case that the mare was on the rented premises when the mortgage was taken, and there is nothing to indicate that the mortgagee had other notice than that fact, of the existence of the landlord's lien. And, in general, a purchaser of the crop having knowledge of the tenancy, is charged with knowledge, not only of a lien for rent, but also of a lien for advances. Atkinson v. James,96 Ala. 214, 218, 10 So. 846.
We think the trial court correctly found that complainant has a statutory lien on the mule advanced, and that it is superior to Walls' mortgages.
It is objected to the decree that it grounds the lien on thevalue of the mule, rather than on the amount of value advanced by complainant. When property is advanced in specie the lien is for the price or value at the time of the advance; and when money is advanced and used to purchase property, the lien is for the amount advanced, and not for the value of the property bought. Code, § 8799. Technically, therefore, the decree of reference is erroneous in fixing the lien at the value of the mule at the time it was received by Walls.
The amount due from the tenant to complainant for rent and advances was a lien on the crops grown on the rented lands, but not on articles advanced. As to such articles the lien given is limited to "the aggregate price or value." Code, § 8799. Hence it was immaterial what, if anything, remained due for rent and advances in general, provided it was shown, as it was, in fact, that the price or value of the mule advanced remained unpaid. The testimony of the witness Still, who owned the blue mule, showed that the price of this mule, which was sold by him to complainant and delivered to the tenant, was the value of the mule at the time, which he stated was $120 to $125.
The aggregate amount of the lien on the blue mule is therefore $120, with interest from the date of advancement, and that is the proper amount to be charged against the mortgagee if he chooses to redeem from the lien. Of course, where a personal judgment is sought against the mortgagee for destruction of the lien, it would be limited to the value of the property at the time of conversion.
Notwithstanding the confusion incident to the careless use of singular and plural, due no doubt to errors in copying, we infer from a reading of the entire decree that the lien declared is upon one mule only, and that this is the blue mule, the one bought from Still, and the only one furnished in specie to the tenant. But the decree ought to be more specific, and not leave the identity of the lien-charged mule open to doubtful inference.
In our view of the case, as fully outlined above, the amount due on the mule being the main issue in the case, and being shown sufficiently by the evidence, an order of reference was entirely unnecessary. Levert v. Redwood, 9 Port. 79, 94. And we think, in view of the defects noted, that the decree as a whole should be modified and corrected so as to now end the litigation, in conformity with the principles stated. *Page 361
Our decree will therefore vacate the order of reference to the register and will declare and fix a lien in favor of complainant against the respondent Walls, upon the "blue mare mule" described in the bill of complaint, in the sum of $120, with interest from February 1, 1920, and will allow said respondent 30 days hereafter for the payment into court of said amount in satisfaction of said lien, in default of which said mule shall be ordered sold for the satisfaction of said lien, as directed by the decree of the circuit court. As thus modified and corrected, the decree against the respondent Walls will be affirmed.
As to the respondent Gamble, the tenant mortgagor, it seems clear that he was a necessary party to the bill.
"To constitute a necessary and indispensable party to a bill, in whose absence the court will not proceed to a final decree, he must have a material interest in the issue which will be necessarily affected by the decree." Wilkinson v. May, 69 Ala. 33.
A bill filed to enforce a lien on property must necessarily involve and materially affect the interests of those who own the property. In the instant case, so far as appears from the bill and answer, Gamble retained an equitable interest in the mortgaged mules. He was interested both in the matter of complainant's asserted lien, and in the matter of Walls' asserted mortgage. So long, therefore, as Gamble's interest in the mules was undivested, he was a necessary party to the bill, and without him the court could not, as to him, declare and enforce the lien asserted by complainant. Batre v. Auze's Heirs, 5 Ala. 173, 177. Wilkinson v. May, 69 Ala. 33; Mims v. Mims, 35 Ala. 23.
But, as to Walls, the trial court was authorized, by rule 18 of chancery practice, to proceed to final decree without Gamble being made a party; the decree in that event not being binding upon Gamble. So far, therefore, as Walls is concerned, Gamble was not a necessary party, and the failure to bring him into court by proper service, if so, or the failure to have against him a decree pro confesso, upon the amended bill, was not error available to Walls for the reversal of the decree against him. Mims v. Mims, 35 Ala. 23.
But, as to Gamble, the matter stands differently. The recitals in the decree pro confesso sufficiently show, prima facie, that a copy of the bill of complaint was duly sent to him by registered mail, and that his return receipt was on file in the cause, and, further, that he was duly served with process more than 30 days before. On these showings the decree pro confesso must be held as valid until duly set aside; no personal judgment for the payment of money being sought against him. Code 1923, §§ 9431, 9432.
But, after the decree pro confesso was entered, the bill of complaint was materially amended, and the record does not show that a copy of the amendment was served on Gamble, as mandatorily prescribed by section 6559 of the Code. There was no decree pro confesso on the amended bill, and such a decree could not have been properly taken in the absence of the notice to him of the amendment. Farmers' State Bank v. Inman, 207 Ala. 284,92 So. 604; Id., 208 Ala. 281, 94 So. 105.
It results that the final, decree against Gamble on the amended bill was erroneous, and that the decree must, as to him, be reversed, with remandment for further appropriate proceedings. Having been made a party to the bill, though unnecessarily, he is entitled to litigate complainant's claim on his own account, unless by amendment he be forthwith eliminated from the cause. Batre v. Auze's Heirs, 5 Ala. 173,177.
Modified, corrected, and affirmed, in part, and reversed and remanded in part.
ANDERSON, C. J., and THOMAS and BOULDIN, JJ., concur.