Oscar Williams prosecutes this appeal to reverse a judgment of conviction against him for willfully and maliciously cutting a barbed wire fence belonging to *Page 754 to Frank McKinzie, in the Southern District of Logan County, Arkansas, in violation of 2527 of Crawford Moses' Digest.
The evidence for the State tended to establish the guilt of the defendant, and the evidence for the defendant tended to show that he was not guilty. Inasmuch as the evidence for the State was legally sufficient to warrant a verdict of guilty, and as the defendant does not ask for a reversal of the judgment and sentence of conviction on the ground that the evidence was not legally sufficient to warrant a verdict of guilty, we need not abstract the evidence in the case.
The main ground relied upon for a reversal of the judgment is that the court erred in refusing to permit Lizzie Williams, a witness for the State, to be asked certain questions on cross-examination. Lizzie Williams is a sister to the wife of Frank McKinzie, the prosecuting witness, and a sister of Oscar Williams, the defendant. She lived in the house with Frank McKinzie and her sister since their marriage for about thirty years. Bad feeling had existed between the family of the prosecuting witness and the family of the defendant. She was out watching, and saw the defendant cut the fence on the night in question. She went to the house and reported to her brother-in-law, and they both went down and saw the defendant cutting the fence. Several shots were exchanged between Frank McKinzie and Lizzie Williams on the one hand and Oscar Williams on the other. On cross-examination of Lizzie Williams, we copy from the record the following:
"Q. Isn't it customary for you and Frank McKinzie to drive around in his car and leave his wife at home? Mr. Evans: We object. The court: We are not going into that. Witness: If they are going to try my character, I want to get a lawyer. The court: Your character is not on trial here; we all know you have a good character, Miss Williams. Mr. Roberts: We object to the remark of the court. The court: Save your exceptions. Mr. Roberts: We except. Q. Didn't *Page 755 Oscar Williams catch you and Frank McKinzie in a compromising attitude about two weeks ago? Mr. Wilson: We object. Witness: I want a lawyer, if they are going to try my character. The court: We are not going into that, Miss Williams, that is not competent here. We know you have a good character. Mr. Roberts: We save our exceptions. Q. You did leave your mother and father and went to Frank McKinzie's house and have been there ever since? A. Yes sir."
At the outset it may be stated that the questions asked the witness on cross-examination by counsel for the defendant were proper under Hughes v. State,70 Ark. 420, 68 S.W. 676; and Martin v. State, 161 Ark. 177,255 S.W. 1094. In the Martin case, the defendant assigned as error the ruling of the court in allowing a witness for the defendant to be asked, on cross-examination, whether or not she had, late on the night that the alleged crime was committed, been out riding with a man in a stolen car. The witness admitted that she was out riding that night in the car at a very late hour, when there was a collision with another car, and that the man who was driving the car was arrested for speeding. The court said that the testimony drawn out on cross-examination was competent for the purpose of throwing light on the credibility of the witness.
In the Hughes case the question propounded to the prosecuting witness was: "Do you ever go over to the levee camp and sit around there with the negroes?" The court said that the question was proper, and should have been allowed. The reason was that, if she had answered in the affirmative, the answer would have had some tendency to reflect her record for truth and morality, and thus her credibility. The court said that cross-examination is a means of sifting the testimony of a witness, and is especially important to the defendant in a case of this kind, and should not be denied unless there is a clear abuse of the right. It will be noted that in the Hughes case the record does not show what the answer of the witness would have been, or that the judgment *Page 756 was reversed on the ground that there had been an abuse of discretion in interfering with the right of the defendant to cross-examine a witness for the State. The case was reversed on other grounds. In this connection it may be stated, however, that it is a settled rule of this court not to reverse judgments except for errors that are prejudicial to the rights of the defendant. Perkins v. State, 168 Ark. 710, 271 S.W. 326; and Middleton v. State, 162 Ark. 530, 258 S.W. 995. Now, if Miss Williams had answered the question copied above in the negative, the defendant would have been bound by her answer, and that would have ended the matter. The object of cross-examination in a collateral matter is to enable the jury to comprehend just what sort of a person they are called upon to believe, but, because the character of the witness is collateral to the main issue, which is the guilt or innocence of the defendant, the latter is bound by the answer of a witness as to a collateral issue. McAlister v. State, 99 Ark. 604,139 S.W. 684; Perkins v. State, 168 Ark. 710, 271 S.W. 326; and Smith v. State, 172 Ark. 156, 287 S.W. 1026.
So it will be seen that, if Miss Williams had answered the question in the negative, this would have ended the matter. If she had answered it in the affirmative, the answer should have been allowed to go to the jury for what they considered it worth as affecting her credibility. She did not answer it at all, and a majority of the court are of the opinion that this brings the case within the general rule that, where evidence is ruled out as being incompetent, there must be set out in the record what the answer of the witness would have been. Otherwise the court would not know whether or not there had been any prejudicial error committed. It is only where a witness is rejected on the ground of incompetency that it is to be presumed that the witness would have been rejected, no matter how material the evidence might have been. Rickerstricker v. State, 31 Ark. 207.
Where the record does not show what the answer of a witness to a question would have been, this court has *Page 757 repeatedly held that exclusion of evidence is not ground for reversal of the judgment. Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Owen, 111 Ark. 554, 164 S.W. 720; Battle v. Guttrey,137 Ark. 228, 208 S.W. 289; Johnson v. Mo. Pac. Rd. Co.,167 Ark. 660, 269 S.W. 67; and Smith v. State, 172 Ark. 156,287 S.W. 1026.
The court is of the opinion that the record does not present an instance where the testimony of the witness was excluded on the ground of incompetency, but merely where the answer to a single question was excluded; and we think that it comes within the rule that, in order to show prejudice, the record ought to show what the answer of the witness would have been to the question. In short, before any prejudice would result from the failure to allow the witness to answer the question, counsel should have informed the court what he expected the answer of the witness to be. We cannot know whether the witness would have answered "Yes" or "No" to the question.
But it is insisted that the remarks of the court in connection with its ruling on the matter amounted to a statement to the jury that the witness was of good character. We have copied above the whole of the record on this point, and a majority of the court are of the opinion that the remarks of the court, under the circumstances, did not amount to an expression of opinion to the jury as to the credibility of the witness. It amounted to nothing more than telling the witness that her character was not the main issue in the case, and that it would not be necessary for her to have a lawyer to advise her whether or not she should answer a question as tending to incriminate herself. The character of the witness for morality was presumed to be good until attacked in some manner. The jury was presumed to be composed of men of common sense, and would not be misled by a remark made by the court to the witness which, under the circumstances, we do not think was an attempt to express an opinion to the jury as to the general credibility of the witness as viewed or characterized by the court. *Page 758
In this connection it may be said that the court gave to the jury specific and definite instructions, telling them that they were the sole judges of the credibility of the witness and the weight to be given to their testimony. A majority of us think that no prejudice resulted from what we have copied in the record on this point, because the court was explaining to the witness that it was not necessary for her to have a lawyer on a collateral issue. If the record had contained a statement to the effect that counsel for the defendant had expected the witness to answer in the affirmative, then the result would be different, but we cannot know from the state of the record whether she would have answered "Yes" or "No," and if she had answered no it would have ended the matter. We cannot go into the realms of speculation or conjecture as to what her answer might have been, and if the defendant expected it to be "Yes," his counsel should have, in a spirit of candor to the court, so stated, and had the expected answer placed in the record. Not having done so, we do not think any prejudice resulted to the rights of the defendant.
The next assignment of error relied upon for a reversal of the judgment is that the court failed to instruct the jury that, if the defendant was not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, they should find him not guilty. If the defendant wished a specific instruction on the question of reasonable doubt, he should have asked for it. We think the instructions given by the court fully submitted that question to the jury. In instruction No. 3 the jury was specifically told that, if it should find from the testimony beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, at the time and place mentioned in the indictment, willfully and maliciously cut the barbed wire fence of Frank McKinzie, it should find the defendant guilty. In the succeeding instruction the jury was fully instructed upon the presumption of innocence in favor of the defendant and told that this presumption protects him from conviction until his guilt is established to the satisfaction of the jury beyond a reasonable *Page 759 doubt. Continuing, the court, in the same instruction, fully and fairly defined the term "reasonable doubt." In instruction No. 5 the jury was fully and fairly instructed upon the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony.
Error is also assigned in the motion for a new trial upon certain remarks made by the special counsel for the State, in his argument to the jury, but this assignment of error has been abandoned by counsel for the defendant in their brief. Moreover, we are of the opinion that, when the remarks of special counsel for the State are considered in the light of the evidence introduced, they constitute no more than what was considered a reasonable deduction to be drawn from the evidence.
It follows that the judgment should be affirmed.
Justices WOOD and SMITH dissent because they think the remark of the judge as to the reputation of the witness was erroneous and prejudicial.