Appellant was tried on an information filed by the prosecuting attorney charging him with the crime of obtaining $3,000 from the Arkansas Trust Company through false pretenses. He was convicted, given a sentence of five years in the penitentiary, and has appealed. *Page 530
The information was defective in that it did not recite the false pretenses employed in obtaining the money, and prior to Initiated Act No. 3, would have been demurrable on that account.
Appellant filed a demurrer to the information, which was overruled, after which he filed a motion to require the filing of a bill of particulars, giving the names of the witnesses which the state would produce to testify against him, and "to specifically state what way and by what means the alleged crime was committed; if the alleged crime was committed in person by the defendant, if any other person was connected with said alleged crime, and if so state the name or names and how they were connected with said crime." In response to this motion, a bill of particulars was filed which recited:
"That the crime alleged in the indictment was committed by C. Mortensen acting through an agent, Anna Hale, who, according to his instructions secured by fraudulent means as alleged in the indictment from Floyd Housley and the Arkansas Trust Company; that said monies were transmitted by said agent of C. Mortensen and delivered in Garland County to another agent of C. Mortensen, who transmitted them to a bank account of C. Mortensen in Peoria, Illinois.
"That two persons were connected with said crime as agents of C. Mortensen, one of them the Western Union Telegraph Company, the other, Anna Hale, Anna Hale having acted as agent of C. Mortensen in securing funds from the Arkansas Trust Company and turning them over to the Western Union Telegraph Company, the other agent of C. Mortensen."
The response was not as definite and full as appellant had the right to require it to be, but there was no request that it should be made more particular and certain. Section 4, Act 160 of the Acts of 1937, appearing as 3796, Pope's Digest, provides that "A supplemental bill of particulars may be required upon order of the trial court, if the bill of particulars filed by the prosecuting attorney is not sufficiently definite to *Page 531 apprise the defendant of the specific crime with which he is charged."
Without requiring a supplementary bill of particulars, which appellant had the right to ask, he filed a demurrer to the information which alleged that the information and bill of particulars did not state an offense or crime under the statutes of Arkansas, and that the court did not have jurisdiction of the appellant, or of the subject matter of the alleged offense.
The demurrer was properly overruled as the information complies with the form of indictment set out in 23 of Initiated Act No. 3, amending 3029 C. and M. Digest, prescribing the form of an indictment in which a violation of the law is charged.
It had been uniformly and frequently held prior to the enactment of Initiated Act No. 3, that in prosecution for grand larceny an allegation of sufficient value to constitute that crime was essential to constitute a valid indictment for that offense. But in the case of Underwood v. State,205 Ark. 864, 171 S.W.2d 304, Justice KNOX said: "In view of the provisions of 22 of Act No. 3 (Acts 1937, p. 1384), it is doubtful whether it is now necessary in an indictment or information which specifically defines the crime charged as being grand larceny to allege the value of the property stolen." In construing the purpose and effect of Act 3 it was there held (to quote a headnote in that case), "Initiated Act No. 3 of 1936 was adopted by the people for the purpose of simplifying procedure in criminal cases and eliminating some of the technical defenses by means of which criminals had often escaped punishment." Here the information specifically charged the offense of obtaining money through false pretenses, and if it was thought that the first response to the motion for a bill of particulars did not sufficiently apprize appellant of the crime he was charged with having committed, and the manner of its commission, his remedy was to ask a supplemental bill of particulars. But instead of so doing he demurred to the information and now insists: *Page 532
"(1) That said informations and the bill of particulars in support thereto shows on the face thereof that the defendant was not in the jurisdiction of the State of Arkansas when the crime was committed; that said crime was not committed by the defendant.
"(2) That said informations and the bill of particulars in support thereof do not state an offense, or crime, under the Statutes of Arkansas, as to this defendant.
"(3) That this Court does not have jurisdiction of the defendant or of the subject."
As we have just said the information did charge the commission of an offense against the laws of this State. The other objections are considered herein.
Appellant's brief discusses these objections under the heads: First, that appellant was not in the state when the money was obtained; Second, that no false representations were made to the Trust Company when the check was cashed; and Third, that one Anna Hale who cashed the check was not acting for or under appellant's orders.
The relevancy of these points will appear from the following summary of the testimony. Appellant was engaged in the publishing business, but his principal business was that of manufacturing and selling cosmetics. He carried his principal bank account with the South Side Trust Savings Bank of Peoria, Illinois, but he had an account with another bank in the State of Iowa, which he had closed out. In the promotion of his business appellant traveled over several states, but much of his business originated in the Hot Springs, Arkansas, area. He employed one Anna Hale, who operated a beauty parlor in Hot Springs, and clothed her with very wide authority. She was authorized to make collections and deposits with the Trust Company in appellant's name, and an account was opened and a signature card was executed which authorized her, as well as appellant, to draw checks against this account. *Page 533
The account continued for several months and became quite active. Three similar transactions occurred, one on March 25, 1946, and the other two on March 26, 1946. The one on which the information was based occurred March 26, 1946, in the following manner: Anna Bale drew a check on the South Side Trust Savings Bank of Peoria, Illinois, for the sum of $3,000, payable to her order, to which she signed appellant's name. She endorsed the check and obtained $3,000 in cash from the Trust Company in Hot Springs, and on the same day remitted that sum by telegram to the account of appellant with the South Side Trust Savings Bank of Peoria, Illinois. The only explanation of the unusual transaction of drawing the check on the Peoria bank against appellant's account with that bank, and immediately remitting by wire the proceeds thereof to appellant's account at the same bank, was Mrs. Hale's testimony that this was done at appellant's direction in a telephone conversation.
However unusual the transaction appears to be, the undisputed testimony shows that it occurred as Mrs. Hale testified, and the only dispute about this question of fact is whether appellant authorized what she did. She testified that he did, and he denied authorizing and directing Mrs. Hale to give these checks.
A similar transaction occurred on March 26, 1946, when Mrs. Hale cashed a $1,600 check on the Peoria bank, and on March 25th, the preceding day, cashed a check on the Peoria bank for $5,000. Mrs. Hale testified that none of these transactions were for her benefit, and that she derived no profit from any one of them, and that all were had and done under appellant's specific direction. While appellant denied giving these directions, the fact is undisputed that Mrs. Hale remitted through the Western Union Telegraph Company these three separate amounts to appellant's credit with the Peoria bank. No one of the three checks was paid by the Peoria bank when presented for payment in the usual course of banking business, and the Trust Company at Hot Springs has sustained the total loss of the amount of the three checks, *Page 534 except that a partial collection was made on the $1,600 check.
Appellant admitted when told the checks had been dishonored that he said to an officer of the Trust Company that he would make them good or try to make them good, but he testified that his reason for saying he would make them good or pay them was that he felt morally responsible as the checks were drawn against his account by someone in his organization.
One of the errors assigned for the reversal of the judgment is the admission in evidence of the $5,000 check and the $1,600 check, but this testimony was competent as corroborating Mrs. Hale's testimony as to this obscure and unusual transaction and as showing the scheme or plan which appellant employed in obtaining the money from the Trust Company.
Now while it is understood that the proceeds of all three checks were remitted to appellant's account with the Peoria Bank, it is also undisputed that appellant was not in this state when the checks or any one of them was cashed, and he therefore insists that the Garland Circuit Court, where the information was filed, was without jurisdiction in the offense. But the case of Cousins v. State, 202 Ark. 500, 151 S.W.2d 658, is to the contrary. There the defendant had been convicted of a violation of the over-draft statute, appearing as 785a, et seq., Pope's Digest. Two checks constituting the over-draft were drawn in Missouri, on banks in that state and mailed to the payees in this state. We reversed the conviction in that case not because of the want of jurisdiction, but for the reason that the over-draft act applied only to checks or drafts drawn upon some bank in this state. By Act 232 of the Acts of 1943 the law was amended to cover checks or drafts drawn upon banks or other institutions outside of this state, which act was passed subsequent to the opinion in the Cousins case, supra.
It was said in the Cousins case, "Now, it is to be remembered that appellant was not prosecuted for and has not been convicted of obtaining money or other *Page 535 thing of value by false pretense." Here appellant was prosecuted for and has been convicted of obtaining money by false pretenses. It was in this state that the checks were drawn and cashed, and the money thereon obtained.
It is true appellant himself did not cash the checks in this state, but according to the state's testimony he procured Mrs. Hale to do so, and he was therefore an accessory. But 25 of Act 3, supra, has abolished the distinction between accessories and principals.
On the question of venue, we quoted with approval in the case of Cousins v. State, supra, from 134 of the chapter on Criminal Law, 22 C.J.S., p. 219, as follows: "If a crime covers only the conscious act of the wrongdoer, regardless of its consequences, the crime takes place and is punishable only where he acts; but, if a crime is defined so as to include some of the consequences of an act, as well as the act itself, the crime is generally regarded as having been committed where the consequences occur, regardless of where the act took place, and under a statute so providing a person who commits an act outside the state which affects persons or property within the state, and which, if committed within the state, would be a crime, is punishable as if the act were committed within the state."
Here appellant accomplished the unlawful act of obtaining money from the Trust Company by inducing Mrs. Hale to cash a worthless check in this state, and we think the Garland Circuit Court had jurisdiction.
The question of venue in cases of this kind is the subject of the annotation to the case of State v. Devot,66 Utah 319, 242 P. 295, 43 A.L.R. 532, which sustains the view that the Garland Circuit Court did in fact have jurisdiction. See, also, 87 of the Chapter on False Pretenses, Am.Jur., Vol. 22, p. 22, p. 491, and cases there cited.
It is undisputed that appellant did not personally cash the check, but his agent did, and according to her testimony, at his direction and under his orders. Fisher v. State, 161 Ark. 586, 256 S.W. 858, a false pretense *Page 536 case, involved the question of liability of one who acts through an agent, and it was there said: "In such cases it is sufficient if the defendant either obtained the possession or control of the goods, or that such goods were delivered to another at his request or in accordance with his wishes."
It is insisted however that inasmuch as Mrs. Hale made no representation as to the validity of the check when she cashed it, no violation of the law was committed, and the case of Maxey v. State, 85 Ark. 499, 108 S.W. 1135, 14 Ann. Cas. 509, is cited to support that contention. This opinion is somewhat ambiguous and appears to support this contention, but it was there said: "Now, upon an indictment for obtaining money `by color of any false token or writing,' the proof might be deemed sufficient to warrant conviction where it tended to show that the defendant presented and received money on a check which he knew to be worthless and would not be paid, even though there was no affirmative representation as to its validity or worth. Under that charge, guilty knowledge of the worthlessness of the check would be of itself, obtaining money by color of the false token or writing, without a positive affirmation on his part that the amount called for in the writing would be paid. Reg. v. Hazelton, supra (3 Cox C. C. 1); People v. Donaldson,70 Cal. 116."
This case is cited in a number of the annotated cases, and the annotators are not in accord as to its holding. For instance in the note to the case of People v. Mutchler, 35 A.L.R. 348, it is said: "The different jurisdictions appear to be divided upon the question of necessity of the making of a false representation, extrinsic to the paper itself, that the check or draft is good, or will be paid, in order to render criminal the obtaining of property by means of such check or draft. Thus, the making of such a representation has been held unnecessary in the following jurisdictions:" and the Maxey case is cited as among that number.
At 35 of the Chapter on False Pretenses, 11 R.C.L., p. 852, it is said: "As to whether the mere drawing *Page 537 and the delivery of a check is equivalent to a representation that the drawer has funds or credit in the bank there is diversity of opinion. One view is that it is not such a representation as will sustain a charge of swindling; but the decided weight of authority is to the contrary."
The annotated case of People v. Mutchler, supra, and of Berry v. State, 153 Ga. 169, 111 S.E. 669, 35 A.L.R. 370, and the construction of these annotations in the case of Whatley v. Alabama, 174 A.L.R. 169, cites many cases and texts on this subject which we do not review as it would be an interminable task to do so, but a summary of the cases sustains what is said in R.C.L., supra, to be the ruling according to a great weight of authority. The general effect of what we think to be the great weight of authority is that the offense here charged is one in which the intent to defraud is an essential element and is not committed, even though a check is drawn upon an account by one who knows that he has no funds to his credit with which to pay it, provided he has the honest and reasonable expectation that the check or draft will be paid upon presentation; nor is that crime committed by one who, unaware of his balance, draws a check in excess thereof. Section 785a and amendatory acts apply in that case. Here appellant makes no contention and did not offer the defense that he thought the check would be paid upon presentation. On the contrary he denied authorizing Mrs. Hale to draw the check.
In the absence of any explanation as to the validity of a check when it is presented to be cashed, a representation that it was a valid instrument is implied and if it is presented by one who knows that the check is invalid, and will not be paid when presented for payment, the law against obtaining money or property through false pretense is violated and we think that the fact that appellant caused his agent, within two days, to cash checks, one for $5,000, another for $1,600 and a third for $3,000 sustains the finding that appellant knew he was drawing or was having drawn checks against an account to the credit of which there were no funds to cash them, as all of the checks were returned unpaid. *Page 538 with the notation that they were not paid because of insufficient funds to pay them. The question whether Mrs. Hale was acting for appellant and under his orders was a disputed question of fact and was submitted to the jury and is concluded by the verdict of the jury. To the extent, if at all, the holding in the Maxey case is in conflict with the views here expressed that opinion is modified.
We think the testimony abundantly supports the verdict and that no substantial or prejudicial error was committed. The judgment must therefore be affirmed, and it is so ordered.