In this action plaintiff sought a decree declaring certain real property, consisting of a house and lot, legal title to which was vested in defendant, to be the subject of a trust wherein, as alleged sole beneficiary and legal owner thereof, he prayed that such trustee be required to execute a deed conveying the property to him. *Page 503
The admitted facts and defendant's testimony, in accordance with which, since the only evidence in conflict therewith is the testimony of plaintiff, the court properly made its findings, show that on January 17, 1906, plaintiff, knowing that he had a legal wife then living and falsely representing that she was dead, married the defendant, with whom he cohabited and lived as her husband until March 26, 1916, during all of which period the court found that confidential relations existed between the parties. The property in question was purchased by defendant on July 28, 1913, on which occasion plaintiff, who was present, stated that it was his wife's transaction and directed that the receipt for two hundred dollars paid on account of the purchase price be issued to her, which was done. A few days later she paid eighteen hundred dollars on account of the purchase; whereupon a deed was executed by the owner conveying the property to her, subject to an existing mortgage thereon. The consideration paid for the property consisted of funds accumulated by the parties during the time they were living together as husband and wife and moneys from time to time given to defendant by plaintiff. That, as found by the court, it was the intention of plaintiff, and in pursuance of which he acted, to give the property to defendant as her own estate, conclusively appears not only from statements touching the subject contained in plaintiff's letters, but also from the fact that about March 25, 1916, upon learning that, due to the property having been conveyed to his putative wife by another, some question existed as to her power to sell and convey it without his joining therein, he, for a consideration of ten dollars, which defendant paid to him, voluntarily and of his own accord executed to her a quitclaim deed to all his right and interest in the property. The effect of the findings is to exclude the making of any promises, representations, persuasion, fraud, or anything said or done on the part of defendant to influence plaintiff's action; on the contrary, it appears therefrom that, whatever he did in the matter, was voluntary, of his own free will and accord, and without conditions, representations, or promises made on the part of defendant, and with the intention that the property should be her sole and separate estate; all of which findings are fully supported by defendant's testimony. *Page 504
Coming now to the alleged errors of which appellant complains, the defendant, in response to an allegation of the complaint that plaintiff had paid the entire purchase price of the property, and was and at all of the times mentioned had been the owner in fee thereof, denied the same and alleged that the entire consideration therefor was paid by herself. Because of this denial and counter-allegation in defendant's answer, appellant insists that the court erred in permitting respondent's attorney to interrogate plaintiff on cross-examination with reference to the property being the subject of a gift made by him to defendant. In connection with this testimony certain letters written by plaintiff to defendant were introduced in evidence, wherein he recognized the property as being the sole and separate estate of defendant, and also recognized the proceeds of a mortgage given thereon as being her sole and separate estate, and which, if used in the manner directed by him, he would pay back to her. He was then questioned as to whether he did not at the time of the purchase of the property consider that he was giving it to defendant, to all of which questions he gave negative answers. No objection was made to the questions, but after they were answered plaintiff's attorney for the first time stated: "It seems to me she is precluded from changing her tactics and claiming a gift when her answer alleges she purchased it with her own separate funds." [1] In the absence of any objection made or motion to strike out the testimony upon the ground now urged, that it pertained to a matter not within the issues, appellant is in no position to raise the question for the first time in this court. [2] Moreover, if error, since his answers were negative, he could not in any event have been prejudiced by the evidence.
It is next insisted that proof made by defendant that the real estate was the subject of a gift from plaintiff, constituted a variance between the allegations of the answer and evidence received. [3] Defendant's testimony was to the effect that she paid for the property with money accumulated from gifts thereof from time to time made by plaintiff to her, as to all of which testimony no objection whatever was interposed. Moreover, notwithstanding the purchase price of the property was concededly paid by defendant, plaintiff claimed that it was his money; hence *Page 505 the source from and manner in which defendant obtained it was a proper subject of inquiry and evidence tending to controvert his claim was properly received. As to this point we perceive no merit in appellant's contention.
The evidence conclusively shows that following the marriage ceremony the parties lived together and cohabited as man and wife for some ten years, during all of which time plaintiff was fully cognizant of his bigamous marriage, and of which fact defendant had no knowledge until shortly before this action was commenced, when she learned that he had a wife then living from whom he had not been divorced, and thereupon separated from him. Due to this fact appellant insists that, notwithstanding the relation was illicit, the law presumes that a gift of either the property or money with which it was purchased was the result of undue influence exercised by defendant, and, therefore, the transfer was invalid. Plaintiff did not base his alleged right to the property upon the ground that it was the subject of a gift; on the contrary, he denied that it was so held by defendant, claiming that he paid the purchase price thereof out of his separate funds and caused the title to be vested in defendant merely as a matter of convenience and in reliance upon her parol promise to convey to him upon request, as to which, as stated, the court made adverse findings. As tried, however, and without objection, the case took a wider scope, and while it was made to appear that the allegations of the complaint as to alleged actual fraud were untrue, the evidence disclosed that, in part at least, the property was purchased with money which plaintiff, who at times received a salary of sixteen hundred dollars per month, had given to defendant. [4] Since, although the parties were not husband and wife, the court found at the times such gifts were madeconfidential relations existed between the donor and donee, it devolved upon the latter not only to show the making of the gifts with which she acquired the property, but, since the law from the relation found to exist presumes the existence of fraud or exercise of undue influence as against the one who profits in the transaction, the further burden rested upon her to overcome this presumption by showing that the making thereof was not the result of such fraud or influence. (Secs. 2219 and 2235, Civ. Code; White v. Warren, 120 Cal. 322, [49 P. 129, *Page 506 52 P. 723]; Frantz v. Porter, 132 Cal. 53, [64 P. 92];Odell v. Moss, 130 Cal. 352, [62 P. 555].) As to such transactions, "the party benefited by it will be under the necessity of showing that no advantage was taken, and that it was the result of free volition." (Cooley on Torts, 3d ed., p. 982.) [5] While in the findings the trial court omits the use of the words "undue influence," it does in effect and upon sufficient evidence find that the gifts by plaintiff were, in the absence of fraud, made voluntarily and of his own free will and accord, thus excluding the theory that they were due to any influence exercised by defendant over him, and under the rule that findings should be construed most favorably in support of the judgment, we deem them sufficient.
Appellant next argues that, conceding defendant contracted the marriage with plaintiff in good faith, believing his representation that the wife to whom he had theretofore been married was dead, nevertheless, and notwithstanding her innocence, she acquired no marital rights in his property. A sufficient answer to this contention is that she does not claim the property by virtue of any marital rights as the wife of plaintiff. In the case of Jackson v. Jackson, 94 Cal. 446, [29 P. 957], cited by appellant, the facts are readily distinguishable from those in the instant case. What is there said is based upon the fact that when the husband contracted the marriage, the former wife had, due to her desertion of him in a foreign country, been absent for a period of more than five years, was reputed to be and in good faith by him believed to be dead, in which case, under subdivision 2 of section 61 of the Civil Code, his second marriage was valid until annulled; whereas, in the present case, the complaint discloses that plaintiff knew at the time he contracted the marriage with defendant he had a wife then living from whom he had not been divorced. Moreover, in the Jackson case it was made to appear that the deeds to the property involved were obtained by gross fraud and the exercise of undue influence by the donee whose relation to the donor was, as provided in sections 2219 and 2235 of the Civil Code, that of a trustee, facts which the findings herein exclude.
[6] In reply to appellant's contention that, since plaintiff had a legal wife living, he could not give away the *Page 507 community property, it may be said that, conceding the funds to have been the community property of himself and wife, she is not complaining. However this may be, he has no power to revoke his own gift of community property, for the reason that his wife did not consent to the making of it. As to him, he is as fully bound as though it was his separate estate. (Spreckels v. Spreckels, 172 Cal. 775, [158 P. 537].)
There is no merit in the claim that the findings are contradictory. While following the complaint, which contains a vast deal of surplusage and immaterial matter repeatedly stated and restated, no inconsistency appears in the material findings.
Taking the voluminous record as a whole, it is clear that in arriving at its conclusion the trial court properly excluded the testimony of plaintiff as unworthy of belief and accepted that of defendant as true, thus, in our opinion, reaching a decision which, in the absence of any errors resulting in a miscarriage of justice, is a righteous one.
The judgment is affirmed.
Conrey, P. J., and James, J., concurred.
A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on December 6, 1920.
All the Justices concurred. *Page 508