This is an action for damages alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff by reason of his discharge from defendant's employ. Plaintiff, who is a dentist, was employed by defendant as a demonstrator of operative dentistry for one year, beginning July 1, 1902, at a salary of $50 per month. Under the terms of the contract he was to give his entire time every afternoon from 1 to 5 o'clock (except Sundays) to the service of the defendant. October 4, 1902, plaintiff was discharged. During the remaining nine months of the term of the employment, both in the forenoon and the afternoon, the plaintiff practiced his profession of dentistry. October 21, 1903, he brought this action for $450, alleging that he had been wrongfully discharged. Defendant answered, averring that plaintiff had been dismissed for sufficient cause, and as a separate defense pleaded that he had suffered no damage thereby. *Page 235
The cause was tried by the court, sitting without a jury, and a judgment was entered in favor of plaintiff. From the judgment and the order denying a motion for a new trial defendant prosecutes this appeal.
As a part of his case, and after testifying as to his employment, respondent was asked: "Dr. Nuckolls, at the time you were discharged was there any reason assigned for your discharge?" Over the objection and exception of appellant the witness answered: "I was informed by the dean at the time that the board of trustees of the defendant college desired to give my place to another dentist, Dr. Baldwin, who, he said, was indebted to the college." The admission of this testimony is now assigned as error.
Respondent established a prima facie case when he proved his employment, the amount of his salary and his discharge before the end of the term of his engagement, and it was no part of his case in chief to prove the reason assigned by defendant for his dismissal. But when the appellant introduced evidence to show that he was discharged for neglect of duty, then he became entitled to rebut such defense by showing that when he was dismissed the appellant made a different and conflicting statement. The most that can be said against the admission of this testimony is that it was admitted out of order, which was a harmless irregularity. In Cashman v. Harrison, 90 Cal. 306, [27 P. 283], the supreme court passed on a similar point. There it was contended that the trial court had erroneously permitted the plaintiff to introduce in evidence in chief a bond from defendant to plaintiff against defendant's objection, on the ground that it was immaterial, irrelevant, and incompetent; and the court said: "The bond was certainly competent, relevant and material on the issue as to the consideration for the bill, raised by the answer, and insisted upon here. But it was at least irregular to introduce it in chief, since the bill was prima facie evidence of a sufficient consideration; but it was not objected to on the ground that it was offered out of the proper order, or that it could properly be offered only in rebuttal. That it became relevant in rebuttal there is no question; so that the error, if it was such, of admitting it out of the proper order was harmless."
This brings us to the other point made by appellant. By way of defense, the appellant alleged in its answer that respondent, *Page 236 between the time of his discharge, and the date of expiration of his contract, earned, in the course of the practice of his profession of dentistry, a sum greater than $450. The facts are that during his employment by appellant respondent was at his office in the forenoon of each day, and at the college of the appellant in the afternoon; that after his discharge respondent devoted his entire time to his profession; that prior to the date of expiration of the contract, and subsequent to his discharge, as aforesaid, respondent earned by so practicing his profession in the afternoon between the hours of 1 and 5 the sum of $500; that if respondent had not been discharged he could have earned (as he testified) the same amount at other times than during the afternoon. The appellant claims that, as the evidence shows that respondent, during the period in question, earned a sum greater than his salary for such period would have been, a complete defense was established, or at least such a defense as would render the damages nominal.
It is true, as contended by appellant, that the measure of damage, in cases of wrongful discharge, is the amount that would have been earned under the contract, after deduction therefrom of any sums that the employee has actually earned during the period mentioned, or which he might, by due and reasonable diligence, have earned. (Wood on Master and Servant, sec. 127; 20 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d ed., p. 37.) This rule, however, applies to cases where the contract is for the whole time and services of the employee. It certainly has no application to a case like the one at bar, where the evidence shows that the respondent could have earned the $500 in the forenoons, between the time of his dismissal and the expiration of his contract, and still have rendered to the appellant the services required by such contract. This seems so clear to us on principle that we shall merely cite, without quoting therefrom, some of the cases that sustain this view, viz.:Jaffrays v. King, 34 Md. 222; Gates v. School District,57 Ark. 376, [38 Am. St. Rep. 249, 21 S.W. 1060]; Kyle v. Pou,96 Ga. 166, [23 S.E. 114]; Toplitz v. Ullman, 2 Misc. Rep. 130, 20 N.Y. Supp. 863; Allgeyer v. Rutherford (Tex. Civ. App.), [45 S.W. 628].
This action was tried twice in the court below. As the result of the first trial, a judgment was entered for respondent. Appellant moved for a new trial, which was granted upon *Page 237 the issue of the amount of damages raised by one of the separate defenses set forth in the answer, but denied as to all the other issues. An appeal was taken from that part of the order denying appellant a new trial on the remaining issues. A new trial was thereupon had upon the issue of damages, which resulted again in a judgment for respondent. Appellant again moved for a new trial, which motion was denied, and from this order an appeal is taken. Both of these appeals are in one transcript, and have been presented in the briefs together as if but one appeal were before us, and we have so discussed them in this opinion.
In each case the judgment and order are affirmed.
Hall, J., and Cooper, P. J., concurred.