Plaintiffs sued in ejectment to recover possession of certain real property situated in the city of Berkeley, county of Alameda. The complaint was in the ordinary form, alleging that the plaintiffs were the owners by title in fee simple absolute; that, on or about July 22, 1919, the defendants wrongfully and without right entered into the possession and occupancy of said premises and excluded plaintiffs therefrom; and that the value of the use and occupation thereof was seventy-five dollars a month. Prayer followed that plaintiffs be put in possession and that they recover the value of the use and occupation from the date of the ouster.
Defendants answered jointly denying the allegations of the complaint, and, in a separate answer, alleged that defendant George Biaggi purchased the property from the state at a public tax sale held on July 10, 1919; that the sale followed the failure to pay the taxes assessed thereon for the year 1913; that on July 17, 1919, he obtained a deed thereto from the tax collector and ever since has been the owner in fee simple and in the possession of the premises; and that plaintiffs claim some interest or estate therein adverse to said defendant. Prayer followed for a decree adjudging said defendant to be the owner in fee of the property, adjudging that plaintiffs have no estate or interest therein, and for general relief. At the opening of the trial it was stipulated that all the allegations of the answer be deemed denied and the trial proceeded on the issues so framed.
The pleadings present a cause in ejectment on the part of plaintiffs, a denial and a separate answer in the nature of a cross-complaint to quiet title on the part of defendants, and a trial on these mixed issues of law and equity without objection from either party. The trial court found that the tax deed upon which defendants relied was void on account of various irregularities in the tax proceedings and gave judgment for plaintiffs, decreeing that plaintiff Maud May Munro was the owner of a life estate in the property; that plaintiff Barbara California Munro was the owner of a remainder interest subject only to said life estate; and that defendants have no right, title, or interest therein. The *Page 450 equities of the case were adjusted by awarding to defendant George Biaggi the sum paid into court by plaintiffs representing the amount of his outlay as a result of the tax sale.
The appeal is prosecuted under section 953a of the Code of Civil Procedure. The issues are plainly stated in appellants' opening brief to be: "1st. That the respondents wholly failed to show a record title chaining back to a paramount source, and hence they failed to prove a fee simple title. 2nd. That respondents wholly failed to show a prior actual possession of the premises, under a claim of ownership in fee; that any possession without such a claim, is not presumptive evidence of title. 3rd. That if the evidence had been sufficient to show in plaintiffs either a record title, or a prior actual possession taken under a claim of ownership, such title or possession of respondents, and all outstanding title to the property was, on July 10th, 1919, sold and conveyed by the State of California, through the Tax Collector of Alameda County, to George Biaggi, an appellant here."
[1] In the oral argument appellants assailed the finding of the trial court upon the issue of the validity of the tax deed, but, as this point was not raised in the briefs and as none of the evidence bearing upon that phase of the case has been printed or referred to by appellants, this court is not required to consider the point further than to say that, in a record so presented, the finding of the trial court will be deemed sufficient.
As to the first point urged by appellants, it is sufficient to say that respondents showed a record title by deed from Mrs. M. J. Woolley, dated June 9, 1905, and recorded January 24, 1907, immediately after Mrs. Woolley's death. They then showed peaceful and uninterrupted possession of the premises for over twelve years accompanied by the payment of all taxes assessed thereon for more than five years. The deed was received in evidence without objection after counsel for respondents had asked appellants' counsel if he would insist upon his showing the deraignment of title. If appellants had objected to the admission of the deed when it was finally offered in evidence, respondents would have had ample opportunity to make this proof. As they made no objection, respondents were entitled to assume that the point was waived. Thus, if the proof had been attempted and had *Page 451 showed no title in the respondents as of the date of the tax levy, such proof would have defeated the claim here asserted by the appellants as well as the respondents. If the proof had been otherwise, it would have benefited the appellants as well as the respondents.
[2] As to the second point urged by appellants, the record shows that Maud May Munro was the owner of a life estate and her coplaintiff was the owner of the remainder. Cases are cited to the effect that actual possession cannot ripen into prescriptive title unless the possession was taken under a "claim of ownership." From these it is argued that the mother could not obtain any title through possession unless possession was "taken under a claim of ownership in fee simple absolute, against all the world." Putting it in another way, the contention is that as Maud May Munro claimed a life estate only and took possession under the deed, thus recognizing the remainder interest of her daughter, she did not obtain any title at all through possession. Appellants have cited no authority directly in point, and in view of what has been said regarding the proof of title by deed, the question is not of sufficient importance to require original research by the court. It is a question which would not arise frequently because the claimant of a life estate would naturally claim under some paper title — such as by will or deed — and the matter of possession would be immaterial. But in the absence of authority, we would not hold that such a claimant could not obtain good title by adverse possession if some technical defect appeared in the paper title. Though, strictly speaking, the claimant of a life estate does not hold or claim the fee, he does "claim ownership" to the extent of the life interest. When possession is taken under such a claim of ownership with the recognition of the claim of the remainderman and with his consent there does not seem to be any sound reason why such possession may not ripen into title by prescription as against all others.
[3] Appellants' argument on their third point is that respondents could not impeach the tax deed they offered in evidence — they could not collaterally assail it — that the tax deed was not void on its face and it conveyed the absolute title to the property. The answer is that appellants themselves put this tax deed in issue by their answer and cross-complaint *Page 452 and prayed judgment quieting the title based on the deed. They offered the deed in evidence as a part of the respondents' case and the attack which respondents made was, therefore, direct and not collateral. The deed to Biaggi and nothing more is printed in appellants' brief. We are not even informed upon what grounds it was attacked. It is argued that it is conclusive evidence of the regularity of all proceedings from the assessment up to the execution of the deed, and section 3787 of the Political Code is cited as authority. But this section refers to all "other" proceedings. (Bernhard v. Wall,184 Cal. 612 [194 P. 1040, 1045].) If the grounds of attack related to the proceedings mentioned in section 3786, then, under that section, the deed was but prima facie evidence of the regularity of such proceedings. Upon the record as presented we find no error.
Judgment affirmed.
Langdon, P. J., and Sturtevant, J., concurred.
A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after decision in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on December 1, 1921.
All the Justices concurred.
Lawlor, J., was absent, and Richards, J., pro tem., was acting.