The defendant stands convicted of the larceny of fifty dollars from the person of one Smith. The evidence tended to disclose something very much in the nature of a highway robbery. The defendant appeals from the judgment, and from an order denying him a new trial, and *Page 421 his principal contention is, that the court erred in permitting the prosecution to prove certain hearsay statements identifying defendant as having taken part in the larceny charged. The question arises this way: The conviction of defendant depends almost altogether upon the testimony of the complaining witness Smith, he being the only witness who identified the defendant as assisting in the robbery. To impeach and weaken the force of Smith's testimony in this regard, the defendant called the city marshal of Bakersfield, Ed Tibbet, who testified that about two hours after the alleged larceny Smith had, in substance, declared that he could not identify any of the parties that robbed him. The defense also called a brother of Ed, Bert Tibbet, who testified that in the evening of the same day of the robbery, or larceny, Smith had expressed himself as unable to identify the defendant as being concerned in the robbery. Smith had been intimately acquainted with the defendant for a long time before the robbery. Thereafter, the prosecution was permitted to show on the cross-examination of Bert Tibbet, and by the testimony of James McKamy, a constable, that on the day following the larceny, the complaining witness did state, in their presence, that the defendant was one of the parties who robbed him. The prosecution was also permitted to show by the testimony of McKamy that Smith subsequently stated, in the presence of defendant and to him, that he (the defendant) was one of the persons concerned in the robbery, and that defendant denied it and also denied having been with Smith at the Palace dance hall in the neighborhood of three or four o'clock, just previous to the alleged larceny.
In the foregoing we think the court erred to the prejudice of the defendant. The impeachment of a witness by showing that he has made statements in conflict with his present testimony cannot be met by the party calling such witness with evidence that at other and different times the impeached witness has made statements in harmony with his present testimony, and to permit the introduction of testimony of this latter character is prejudicial to the party against whom it is received. (Mason v. Vestal, 88 Cal. 396, [22 Am. St. Rep. 310, 26 P. 213].) Particularly is this the rule where, as here, there is nothing to show that the witness did not have the same motive or interest to deceive when he made the confirmatory *Page 422 statement that he may have had when he testified to the fact. (People v. Rodley, 131 Cal. 254, [63 P. 351]; Mason v.Vestal, 88 Cal. 396, [22 Am. St. Rep. 310, 26 P. 213].)
We are of opinion also that it was error to permit the city marshal to testify to any information that he had received from conversation with the barkeeper, Silva, as to "who one of the parties were that had robbed the complaining witness." The answers of the city marshal to the questions asked him by the district attorney were well calculated to leave the impression that Silva had told the marshal that the defendant was one of the parties engaged in the robbery. Of course, this was hearsay and prejudicial to the defendant.
We are also of opinion that the testimony of McKamy to the effect that Smith, soon after the arrest of defendant, stated that "he was one of them, he was the fellow," in the presence of and to the defendant, should have been excluded. The defendant denied this charge of Smith at once. It is not the declaration made in the presence of a defendant that can be taken as evidence against him; it is only his conduct in connection with the declaration that can be looked to for evidence of guilt, and if he flatly denies the charge there can be no evidence in this of guilt, and therefore the whole matter should be excluded, lest the jury may infer from its being admitted that they are warranted in treating it as evidence against the defendant. (People v. Teshara, 134 Cal. 544, [66 P. 798]; People v. Philbon, 138 Cal. 530, [71 P. 650].) Of course, where the act constituting the crime is clearly shown and the only question is as to whether the act was done with a criminal intent, the fact that the defendant denies the commission of the alleged criminal act may tend to show criminal intent and consciousness of crime. (People v. Cole,141 Cal. 88, [74 P. 547].) Indeed, even where the defendant flatly denies the criminal act, yet if he goes on to make exculpatory statements, for instance, as to his whereabouts at the time, and these statements can be shown to be false, then the statements, together with their falsity, may be shown on the theory that falsehood in the matter is an indication of conscious guilt. In such a case, it is the falsehood only that tells against the defendant. *Page 423
The district attorney seems to have insisted on the introduction of all the foregoing testimony upon some theory that all these statements having been made by Smith in the presence of the witness Bert Tibbet, they in some way tended to discredit his testimony as to what he claimed to have heard the complaining witness say on the day of the larceny or robbery. But, as we read the record, all these declarations of Smith to the effect that the defendant assisted in the robbery were made on the day he was arrested, being the day after the robbery, and do not tend to contradict or discredit the testimony of Bert Tibbet as to Smith's statements made on the day that he was robbed.
The judgment and order are reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Allen, J., and Smith, J., concurred.