The action was brought by respondent, under section 3493 1/2 of the Political Code, to determine the validity of an assessment levied on the lands of appellants and others situated within said reclamation district. The amount involved was sixteen thousand five hundred dollars, and it was to be expended principally for the purpose of erecting a levee along the north line of the district, this line being the south bank of a certain watercourse known as Murphy Slough. It is stated by appellants that "the regularity of the organization of plaintiff is not involved in the action and the matters at issue were the legality of the method adopted by the commissioners of assessment in apportioning the amount of the assessment on the different parcels of land in the district."
The assessment is questioned on various grounds, one of which is that "the commissioners of assessment, in estimating the benefits which the various pieces of land in the district will derive from the proposed works of reclamation, failed to take into consideration the greater proportionate increase in market value of lands adjoining Murphy Slough which will by the construction of the new levee and for the first time be reclaimed from overflow and the less proportionate increase in market value of lands in other portions of the district already reclaimed and protected from overflow at the time of the formation of the district."
There is no doubt of the rule that, in an action like this to test the legality of the assessment, the landowner may show in defense that "there has been a material overrating of benefits and consequent injuries to the taxpayers whether such overrating be the result of fraud or negligence of the commissioners." (Hagar v. Reclamation District, 111 U.S. 701, [28 L.Ed. 569, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 663]; Reclamation District v.Phillips, 108 Cal. 310; [39 P. 630, 41 P. 335]; ReclamationDistrict v. Sels, 117 Cal. 164, [49 P. 131].)
In applying the rule, however, we must observe the principle contended for by respondent and stated in Reclamation *Page 598 District No. 7 v. Sherman, 11 Cal.App. 399, [105 P. 277], as follows: "It is clear that the statute contemplates that considerable discretion shall be exercised by the commissioners in the determination of the question as to benefits which will accrue to the several tracts of land included in the district, that while an arbitrary assessment cannot be levied, the judgment of the commissioners upon the assessment, after a view of the lands contemplated by the statute, must be presumed to have been the result of a consideration of all the elements necessary to a just apportionment of the assessment." The foregoing is manifestly in line with the provision of section 3463 of the Political Code to the effect that the assessment-list of the commissioners or a certified copy thereof is prima facie evidence of the matters therein contained and that said assessment was levied in proportion to benefits to be derived from said works of reclamation. This presumption, under some circumstances, might be, and, no doubt, often is, sufficient to support a finding of the propriety and equality of the assessment, but here it can hardly be said that there is any room for the play of the presumption since the commissioners themselves testified directly and fully as to the method pursued by them in apportioning the charges upon the land and we must look rather to their testimony as a guide to what they did.
J. B. Lewis, one of the commissioners, testified: "The scale on which we assessed the lands was one to ten. As I understood it that was as little an assessment as we could put on any piece of land — one dollar, and ten dollars was as high as we could put on. We were not permitted to put on more than that and nothing less than that. That no land could be assessed for more than ten dollars and no land could be assessed for less than one dollar." Mr. George Forsythe testified to the same effect as to the scale and furthermore: "We went on the land and estimated principally from the map. We went on every piece of land. All three of the commissioners were together at the time of the assessment and talked the matter over." The other commissioner, H. L. Ward, testified similarly and, in addition: "In arriving at what would be the proper assessment we considered the benefits derived by the land. It depended first on the quality of the land. A good piece of land can be benefited more than a poor piece *Page 599 can, that is nearly almost. The other is the way it lies with reference to the levees and land lying close to the levee gets more seepage than the piece further away, the same quality of land a quarter of a mile from the levee is really benefited more than a piece of land adjoining the levee, and also a liability of land next to the levee to be damaged more than one further away. We didn't take into consideration any of the old levied ditch banks or artificial barriers that would tend to protect some of the lands in the district, and those protected by these artificial means were assessed just the same as if the artificial protection had not been placed there. We didn't take into consideration those ditch banks and other levees because they were in private ownership. We didn't take into consideration the value of the lands at the time of the assessment and the probable enhancement of the value of the various pieces of land after the construction of these works. The basis was simply the benefit to be derived. The benefit of real property would enhance its value if it was a benefit to it. We didn't take into consideration that the lands of Mr. Cerini, lying north of the old levee, were subject to annual overflow, and were not sufficiently safe from flood to render them valuable for cultivation, while the lands lying south, and partially protected, were all in a state of cultivation. We took into consideration simply what would be the benefit, assuming that these ditches or this old levee were not there at all. We didn't take into consideration the present valuation of these lands and the probable increase of the several parcels after the construction of the new levee. I consider that the increased value is a measure of the benefit." As to other land in the district he declared also that they did not take into account its value at the time of the assessment and its probable enhancement from the construction of the improvement.
In the first place, it may be remarked that the integrity of the commissioners is not called in question nor is it doubted that they acted in good faith, the attack being upon the method of the assessment and the accuracy of the result. Nor is it claimed that absolute equality is possible or that insubstantial irregularities in the course pursued should vitiate the assessment made. The contention is, however, that "direct and invidious discrimination was practiced in favor of the landowners adjoining Murphy Slough," principally for the *Page 600 reason that "this commission in apportioning the assessment failed to take into consideration the effect of the proposed improvement on the value of the lands adjoining Murphy Slough and which lands, previous to the construction of the levee, had never been and could not be cultivated, and which lands as shown by the evidence would increase to treble its former value."
We shall not attempt a full analysis of the course adopted by the commissioners. It may be suggested, though, that there was no warrant for their assumption that one dollar an acre was the lowest and ten dollars the highest assessment that could be levied. If they were satisfied that some of the land was benefited to the extent of twenty or more dollars per acre, and other land not more than fifty cents, they should have so apportioned the assessment.
Again, the scale adopted was an arbitrary one, and though it might be a convenience and not necessarily productive of injustice, the manner of its application, as declared by the commissioners, exhibits the element of conjecture as a prominent factor in the determination of the comparative values of the various tracts of land. It is also true, we think, that the commissioners should have taken into consideration the levees that had been constructed and their relation to the protection of the land from overflow. It is true that little importance might have been attached to this circumstance and small allowance made for it but it was a feature intimately connected with the consideration of any additional benefit that might be afforded by the construction of the proposed levee. The commissioners should take into consideration existing conditions of the land as it is at the time of the assessment. (Reclamation District v. Burger, 122 Cal. 447, [55 P. 156].)
But the most serious objection grows out of the indifference of the commissioners to the consideration of the value of the land at the time of the assessment and after the completion of the improvement. The only practicable and, it would seem, the only possible measure of the benefit to the land is found in its value. The land is benefited as its value is increased. If the land is increased in value to the extent of fifty dollars an acre it is, of course, benefited to that amount. The true method is to determine, then, the value of the land before and after the construction of the improvement and the difference *Page 601 is the measure of the benefit. And this value is either the intrinsic or the market value. But whether one or the other, the result is the same, since we have no way of determining theintrinsic except by applying the test of the market value. This matter is discussed in City of Los Angeles v. Pomeroy, 124 Cal. 597, [57 P. 585], wherein it is held that the market or exchange value of the property is the only criterion of its actual value and "actual value," as used in section 1249 of the Code of Civil Procedure, means "actual market value."
There seems no dissent from the rule quoted by appellants from the authorities as follows: "Undoubtedly, the simplest, fairest, and most just rule and one which conforms to the underlying theory of local assessments is that the existence and amount of special benefits is to be determined by the effect of the improvement upon the market value of the property which it is claimed is benefited by such improvement. If the construction of such improvement increases the market value of such property, such property receives a benefit and the amount of such benefit is measured by the amount of such increase." (Chicago Union Traction Co. v. Chicago, 204 Ill. 363, [68 N.E. 519 and 69 N.E. 850]; Marion Bond Co. v. Johnson,29 Ind. App. 294, [64 N.E. 626]; City of Allegheny v. Black's Heirs, 99 Pa. St. 154.)
In re Furman Street, 17 Wend. (N.Y.) 649, in an action to determine the damages and benefits from the opening of a street, it was said, through Bronson, J.: "There can be no other practicable guide for the commissioners than the intrinsic value of the land and that value depends on the uses to which it may be applied or the price it will bring in the market."
In the case of Lipes v. Hand, 104 Ind. 503, [1 N.E. 871, 4 N.E. 160], in the consideration of an assessment for the construction of drains, the court quotes with approval the following from Judge Cooley: "The only safe and practicable course and the one which will do equal justice to all parties is to consider what will be the influence of the proposed improvement on the market price of the property."
It is admitted that the landowner should not be charged with general but with special benefits only and it is equally *Page 602 clear that special benefits are coextensive with the augmentation of value.
Of course, the consideration of market value is a matter largely of opinion as is the question of benefits, but it is impossible to determine the latter apart from the former and no better test can be suggested or applied to the problem than the increased price that the land would probably bring in the market after the improvement is completed. Indeed, bearing in mind the fact that the benefit to the land is to be estimated by a pecuniary standard, it seems hard to conceive how any conclusion could be reached without considering the probable increase in the market value. The proper course is manifestly, as we have suggested, the commissioners applying their own knowledge of values and supplementing this, if necessary, by information obtained from others. Substantially this course should be adopted although there may be no conscious recognition of each definite step in the process.
It does not necessarily follow from the foregoing that an assessment made according to the method pursued by the commissioners here should be set aside. Such scale may be adopted and the land classified as was done, and unless the apportionment were shown to be clearly unequal and unjust, it should not be disturbed. Of course, the main desideratum is the conclusion as to the proportionate benefits. And the commissioners might make a substantially just and accurate adjustment by the method which they adopted. The trouble here is, however, that all the evidence shows a wide departure in the result reached from the proportionate increase in the respective values of the various tracts of land. We may take the testimony of S. Zanolini as an example of all the evidence on the subject: "I am familiar with land values in that neighborhood. I know what the prices have been for the last twenty years, what has been sold. I know the market value of property generally in that neighborhood. I consider the market value of my land there about $125 an acre. In my judgment my land will not increase in value by reason of the old levee. I think Mrs. Adams's land without this new reclamation worth about as much as mine — the same with Mr. Andrews and Mr. Hancock. The lands lying north of this old levee and were subject to overflow only was worth about $30 an acre for what pasture they could get out of it. I would consider $30 an *Page 603 acre a fair price for it. Assuming that this new reclamation levee will make that land as safe as the land south of the old levee, that land will be worth $125 an acre. It is better land than I have got, richer land. . . . I think that Mr. Harlan's, Mr. Barritt's and Mr. Schmidt's land north of the levee would have been worth about $30 an acre without reclamation. The land belonging to Mr. Barritt, Mr. Harlan and a portion of Mr. Schmidt's reclaimed by the new levee is worth about $125 to $150 an acre because it is good rich land."
It is not contended that the assessment was anything like what the foregoing estimate would require, nor was any attempt made at the trial to refute the testimony of defendants and their other witnesses as to values.
It is stated by respondent that "Many of the landowners within the district have paid their assessments without complaint. A few more objected to paying. We submit that, if any irregularities are found to exist in the assessment, they are not of sufficient importance to justify the invalidation of the entire assessment and the consequent entanglement of the affairs of the district." Such consequences, if possible, should, of course, be avoided. But according to the record before us the inequalities of the assessment are palpable and important and it would be a gross injustice to some of the landowners to enforce the charges as made by the commissioners. It may be suggested, also, that on a new trial plaintiff might be able to show that the assessment is not so greatly disproportionate to the increase in the values of the land as to demand a different adjustment.
But, as before indicated, the record showing no substantial conflict and all the evidence pointing to the conclusion that the assessment was not at all in proportion to benefits, we think the judgment and order denying the motion for a new trial should be reversed and it is so ordered.
Chipman, P. J., and Hart, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing of this cause was granted by the district court of appeal on January 26, 1914, and on May 23, 1914, on the rehearing thereof, the following opinion was rendered: *Page 604