[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 754 Because of personal injuries sustained by plaintiff in an automobile accident he brought an action for damages against C.W. Pendleton, Sr., C.W. Pendleton, Jr., a man by the name of Houston, and a certain corporation.
The action has been twice tried. On the first hearing a motion for nonsuit was granted. An appeal from the judgment thereon rendered resulted in a reversal thereof. (Gates v. Pendleton,184 Cal. 797 [195 P. 664].) Before the case came on for trial the second time C.W. Pendleton, Jr., died, and the action was dismissed as to all defendants excepting C.W. Pendleton, Sr. From a judgment in favor of plaintiff, defendant appeals.
[1] Appellant's first claim for reversal in substance is that the action having been brought against several defendants, a judgment against one of such defendants is unauthorized. No authority in point is submitted by appellant, and we know of none which would sustain such contention.
It is next urged that the evidence shows that defendant was but a passenger in the automobile which collided with plaintiff, and that as such passenger defendant had no control of said automobile or its movements, or the driver thereof. It appears that one General C.F.A. Last was desirous of entertaining some of his friends at a certain clubhouse situated some distance outside of the city of Los *Page 755 Angeles, but that he did not have automobile transportation at his command sufficient to accommodate his intended guests in conveying them to and from the place where the clubhouse was located. Regarding the point under consideration, the testimony of C.W. Pendleton, Sr., on the second trial was to the effect that General Last "requested him to invite appellant's son (C.W. Pendleton, Jr.) to bring with him his automobile so that he, appellant's son, could take some of the guests to the place of celebration"; that at that time defendant's son was absent from home, but was expected to return on the morning of the day on which the trip was planned; that instead of talking with his son personally regarding the matter, C.W. Pendleton, Sr., sent word to his son by a young man who was in the son's employ, and that the result was that the son, being unable to attend the "celebration," in compliance with the request thus communicated, sent his automobile with the young man as the driver thereof. It was on the return trip from the clubhouse that the accident in question occurred.
When the case was tried the first time the testimony given by C.W. Pendleton, Sr., differed in its effect in certain important respects from that given by him on the second hearing. Apparently with that fact in mind, and for the purpose of impeaching the testimony given by said defendant on the second trial, counsel for plaintiff offered a part of the testimony given by defendant on the first trial as follows: "A. Why, General Last suggested that if I knew of anyone who had a car who could take a part of his party down to the place where we were going, he would invite him along as a guest; he would be very glad to have it, because he did not have enough automobiles arranged at that time to take the party, and I told him that my son had a car, and while he was away, he was expected home early in the morning the day on which this excursion was fixed, and I would ask him to take us down and I sent word to him by Tolle (the young man in the son's employ) — as he left me at the corner, to tell my son and ask him if he would not go along and take a number of people that were there. Clarence (Tolle) came back alone and said that my son, having just come home, told him that he had some things to attend to and would not go, but would let him have the car." *Page 756 [2] While the general rule with reference to statements made by a witness which are inconsistent with the testimony of the witness is that such statements may be considered for the purpose only by reflecting upon the credibility of the witness, such rule does not wholly apply when the witness is a party to the action. Any statement so made by a party to an action may be considered not only for the purpose of impeachment, but as an admission against interest as well. In the case of Hall v. Bark "EmilyBanning," 33 Cal. 522, plaintiff sued to recover the value of the contents of a trunk. On the trial plaintiff testified to the value of the property. Regarding such value, witnesses for the defendant testified to former statements made by plaintiff which were inconsistent with the testimony which she had given at the hearing of the action. Touching the effect of such testimony the court said: "The latter testimony may be regarded in two aspects: First, as evidence tending to impeach the plaintiff as a witness: and, second, as evidence of admissions of a party to the suit. Regarding the plaintiff as a witness, her declarations made out of court, differing from her statements as a witness in the case, tend to impeach her credit. And this is their only tendency. They are not competent evidence of any fact in issue. . . .
"The rule is settled beyond all controversy that the admissions or declarations of a party to a suit are admissible as evidence against the party making them. When given in evidence, they tend, as does other competent evidence, to prove the fact in issue to which they relate. We do not understand that the result of the permission given by statute to the parties to an action to testify in their own behalf, has blended in one, the different characters of party and witness, nor obliterated the distinction between admission of parties against interest, and statements out of court contradictory to their testimony at the trial."
In the instant case we have one statement by defendant C.W. Pendleton, Sr., to the effect that General Last had requested said defendant to invite his son "to bring with him his automobile so that he, defendant's son, could take some of the guests to the place of celebration," and another important statement that General Last was desirous of having the son and his automobile for the purpose of conveying some of the guests, and that defendant had said that he *Page 757 would ask his son to take them down and sent word to his son "to tell my son and ask him if he would not go along and take a number of people that were there."
[3] Again referring to the case of Hall v. Bark "EmilyBanning," 33 Cal. 522, we find the rule laid down that where the testimony given by a party to the action differs materially from his admissions, a conflict in the evidence is created. Assuming the correctness of such rule, the jury in the instant case had the right to believe the admissions of defendant, rather than the testimony which he gave. [4] When the case was formerly before the supreme court (Gates v. Pendleton, 184 Cal. 797 [195 P. 664]), the facts were assumed to be in accordance with the statements contained within defendant's said admissions, and it was held that in such circumstances, coupled with the further fact within defendant's knowledge (of which there is no dispute) that his son had declined the invitation to join the party, but had sent as a driver of the automobile the young man in his employ who had carried the message from the father to the son — the inference was reasonable that thereafter the father was in charge of the expedition and was responsible for the negligence of the driver. It will thus be seen that the testimony adduced on the second hearing of the action, and which the jury had a right to determine presented the true facts in the case, was identical with the facts when the appeal from the judgment based upon the ground of the motion for nonsuit in the first hearing was decided by the supreme court, as reported in 184 Cal. 797 [195 P. 664]. As heretofore stated, the conclusion reached by the supreme court was in effect that on such facts C.W. Pendleton, Sr., was liable. In view of the fact that there is no substantial difference between the assumed facts in the action as presented on its first hearing and the facts which the jury undoubtedly determined to be true when the cause was heard the second time, the decision in184 Cal. 797 [195 P. 664], became and is the law of the case, at least so far as the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict and judgment is concerned. (Baird v. Baird, 193 Cal. 225 [223 P. 974]; Benson v.Shotwell, 103 Cal. 163 [37 P. 147].)
[5] Complaint is made by appellant that the court erred to his prejudice in admitting in evidence on the second trial *Page 758 the testimony given by C.W. Pendleton, Jr., on the first hearing of the action. On the first trial the plaintiff called C.W. Pendleton, Jr., as a witness under the provisions of section 2055 of the Code of Civil Procedure. It is appellant's contention that because that section provides, in part, that "such witness, when so called, may be examined by his own counsel," appellant, who was represented by different counsel from that representing C.W. Pendleton, Jr., was precluded from any examination of such witness. The statute, however, is entitled to a broader construction. In itself it contains the provision that "a party to the record . . . may be examined by the adverse party as if under cross-examination, subject to the rules applicable to the examination of other witnesses"; and by section 1846 of the Code of Civil Procedure it is provided that "a witness . . . can be heard only in the presence and subject to the examination of all the parties, if they choose to attend and examine." By considering the two statutes together, it is plain that the construction for which appellant contends is untenable.
Subdivision 8 of section 1870 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that evidence may be given upon the trial of "the testimony of a witness deceased, . . . given in a former action between the same parties, relating to the same matter."
It is urged that because death had removed C.W. Pendleton, Jr., as a party to the action, the statute which requires that in order that his testimony be admissible, the action must be "between the same parties" has no application to the instant facts. In other words, when C.W. Pendleton, Jr., gave his testimony the action involved persons differing from those affected by the action when his testimony was sought to be used in evidence.
[6] The case of People v. Bird, 132 Cal. 261, 263 [64 P. 259], is authority for the statement that at common law the testimony of a witness given on a former trial of a case between the same parties was admissible for or against either party to the action, upon showing that such witness was either dead or without the jurisdiction of the court; and that before the adoption of the codes such rule was sanctioned and employed in this state (citing cases). Since the enactment of section 1870 of the Code of Civil Procedure the courts have repeatedly construed that section in accordance *Page 759 with the common-law rule and have uniformly adhered to the principle. (Meyer v. Foster, 147 Cal. 166 [81 P. 402];Mann v. Scott, 180 Cal. 550 [182 P. 281]; Benson v.Shotwell, 103 Cal. 163 [37 P. 147]; Hicks v. Lovell,64 Cal. 14 [49 Am. Rep. 679, 27 P. 942].)
Section 1910 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that "The parties are deemed to be the same when those between whom the evidence is offered were on opposite sides in the former case, and a judgment or other determination could in that case have been made between them alone, though other parties were joined with both or either."
Considering such sections in connection with the provisions of subdivision 8 of section 1870 of the Code of Civil Procedure with reference to "the same parties," it is clear that "those between whom the evidence (of C.W. Pendleton, Jr.) is offered were on opposite sides" when the case was first tried, and that "a judgment . . . could in that case have been made between" the plaintiff therein and C.W. Pendleton, Sr., "though other parties were joined with either or both."
It is also apparent that a judgment against all the parties defendant in the instant action would have been equally effective as to each of them and that on the payment thereof by any one of them no right in him to contribution by the others would have existed.
While, strictly speaking, after the death of C.W. Pendleton, Jr., the action as then subsisting was not "between the same parties," in common sense and understanding there was no change as to the parties affected. It is a rule of construction that the provisions of the code "are to be liberally construed" with a view to effect its objects and to promote justice. (Sec. 4, Civ. Code; sec. 4, Code Civ. Proc.) In the case of Briggs v.Briggs, 80 Cal. 253 [22 P. 334], it is declared that the long-settled and beneficial rule of evidence, like that which permits depositions taken in an action between two parties to be used in evidence in an action between the successors in interest of such parties, should not be abrogated by a strict construction of the language of the statute, and that the phrase "the same parties" should not limit the use of evidence otherwise admissible to those persons whose names appear of record in the action. See, also, Fredericks v. Judah, 73 Cal. 604 [15 P. 305], where *Page 760 an executor of a will was accorded the same rights as the testator would have had in the matter of the use of evidence given in a former action by a witness who had died before the hearing of the second action. The object of the statute in question was to make available to any party to an action the testimony of a witness given on a former hearing thereof when, because of the death of such witness, his testimony in person no longer would be possible. The construction for which appellant contends, if within the letter of the law, is surely without its spirit.
[7] But if it be assumed that plaintiff had the right to introduce in evidence on the second hearing of the action the testimony which was given by C.W. Pendleton, Jr., at the time the case was first tried, appellant urges the further objection (which was made at the time the testimony was given), that a part of such evidence was improperly admitted for the reason that it called for a conclusion of the witness, was hearsay, incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial.
The testimony to which such objection was thus made was as follows: "Q. To whom, if anyone, had you entrusted the machine? A. That day? Q. To your father at any time? A. Yes, to him and to Tolle."
The evidence shows that at no time had C.W. Pendleton, Jr., directly communicated with defendant C.W. Pendleton, Sr., regarding the matter. Apparently, with reference to the same testimony, the supreme court on the former appeal (Gates v.Pendleton, 184 Cal. 797, 800 [195 P. 664, 665]), said: "The statement of the son that he loaned the car to Tolle and his father cannot bind the latter unless he had authorized or requested Tolle to get the use of it for him, or unless, with knowledge that the auto with Tolle as its driver had been furnished to him by his son, he accepted the use and service so tendered."
Based on the evidence adduced on the first trial, and which evidence differed in no material respect from that which the jury had a right to accept on the second hearing, the supreme court ruled that "the father must have undertsood, what was the fact as shown by the son's testimony, that the car and driver were furnished for his use." At any rate, in view of the fact, according to the defendant's admission, upon which the jury necessarily acted in bringing in its verdict, that he had invited his son and had requested that *Page 761 he take several of the party to the "celebration," coupled with the fact that the son's automobile was sent to and used by defendant C.W. Pendleton, Sr., the objectionable evidence (if it can be so considered) given by the son to the effect that he had entrusted the automobile to his father on that occasion, was merely cumulative, and the error, even assuming it to be such, was harmless.
[8] It is finally contended by appellant that the court erred in denying defendant's motion for a new trial.
It appears that on the hearing of the motion the trial court made a conditional order to the effect that if within a certain fixed time plaintiff should file a written consent that the judgment be reduced in a certain amount, the motion for a new trial should be denied; otherwise that such motion be granted. Plaintiff's attorney was temporarily absent from the county where the action was tried at the time the order was made; but another attorney who (according to the several affidavits of plaintiff and his said attorneys) had been authorized both by plaintiff and by plaintiff's attorney to act in the premises filed on behalf of plaintiff and his attorney the required consent, which consent was afterward ratified and confirmed by plaintiff in person. Thereupon the motion for a new trial was denied. [9] Further question is raised by appellant because the written consent was filed in the office of the county clerk, and the order denying the motion for a new trial was made by the court and entered in the minutes of the court after regular office hours on the day fixed by the court as the date within which such consent had to be filed. In such circumstances we are unable to perceive any just cause for complaint on the part of defendant.
The judgment is affirmed.
Conrey, P.J., and Curtis, J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing of this cause was denied by the district court of appeal on April 18, 1925, and appellant's petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on May 18, 1925.
*Page 762All the Justices concurred.