Kimball v. Perkins

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE

In the Matter of the Estate of:

DAVID GOODWIN PERKINS, Deceased.
_________________________________
PATRICIA KIMBALL and BENJAMIN KIMBALL, husband and wife;
7 BAR, LLC, an Arizona limited liability company; BANJO, LLC, an
Arizona limited liability company; and SEVILLE EAST, an Arizona
general partnership, Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

v.

MEMI PERKINS; SILKIE PERKINS; AMANDA CALVERT; DAVID ALEX
PERKINS, DULCY MOORE PERKINS; SHIRLEY A. SEITZ; SMITH
PERKINS, and DINAH PERKINS, Appellees/Cross-Appellants.

No. 1 CA-CV 14-0657
FILED 7-5-2016

Appeal from the Superior Court in Yavapai County
Nos. P1300CV20090963 and P1300PB17174
(Consolidated)
The Honorable David L. Mackey, Judge

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED
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COUNSEL

Cavanagh Law Firm, Phoenix
By Jeffrey B. Smith, William F. Begley, David A. Selden,
Justin V. Niedzialek
Counsel for Appellants/Cross-Appellees Kimball

Dickinson Wright, PLLC, Phoenix
By Michael R. Scheurich, Michael J. Plati

Lynn Tillotson Pinker & Cox, LLP, Dallas, TX
By David S. Coale
Co-Counsel for Appellant/Cross-Appellee 7 Bar LLC, Banjo LLC, Seville East

Gallagher & Kennedy, PA, Phoenix
By Mark C. Dangerfield
Counsel for Appellees/Cross-Appellants Perkins

Amanda Calvert, Culver City, CA
Appellee/Cross-Appellant

David Alex Perkins, Prescott
Appellee/Cross-Appellant

Dulcy Moore Perkins, Scotts, MI
Appellee/Cross-Appellant

Shirley A. Seitz, Cottonwood
Appellee/Cross-Appellant

Dinah Perkins, Clarkdale
Appellee/Cross-Appellant

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Judge Kent E. Cattani delivered the decision of the Court, in which
Presiding Judge Margaret H. Downie and Judge Donn Kessler joined.

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C A T T A N I, Judge:

¶1 7 Bar LLC, Banjo LLC (collectively, the “LLCs”), and Seville
East (a general partnership closely associated with the LLCs), along with
Patricia (“Patti”) and Benjamin (“Ben”) Kimball, appeal from the superior
court’s judgment imposing a constructive trust in favor of the Estate of
David Goodwin Perkins (the “Estate”) over certain real property owned by
the LLCs. The Estate and several heirs of the Estate cross-appeal from the
judgment, contesting the scope of the constructive trust and the court’s
failure to award attorney’s fees and certain taxable costs. For reasons that
follow, we affirm the judgment as modified to include a total taxable cost
award of $15,656.30 to the Estate.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2 This appeal addresses the disposition of several hundred
acres of undeveloped real property that were originally part of David
Perkins’s estate. Perkins died intestate in mid-1991, leaving 12 heirs,
including Patti, Silkie Perkins, and Memi Perkins.1 Patti, Silkie, and one
non-heir were appointed as the Estate’s co-personal representatives. The
Estate has not been closed, and all three co-personal representatives
remained in that position during the litigation in this case.

¶3 One of the Estate’s assets when Perkins died was
approximately 550 acres of undeveloped land in Chino Valley (the
“Property”). The Property was subject to a deed of trust securing a $275,000
promissory note in favor of a group of creditors (the “Russo Group”); over
$220,000 in principal remained outstanding at the time of Perkins’s death.
When the Estate was unable to make monthly payments, the Russo Group
provided notice that a trustee’s sale of the Property would be held in April
1992.

¶4 With the assistance of the Estate’s counsel, the heirs
undertook a strategy to delay or avoid the trustee’s sale (and thus save the
Property for the heirs) by transferring the Property into a newly-formed

1 The heirs were Perkins’s children: Dorothy Diane Halter, Patti
Kimball, Shirley Seitz, David Alex Perkins, Nicholas Charles Perkins, Silkie
Perkins, Austin Goodwin Perkins (now deceased, with Dinah Perkins his
heir), Smith Perkins, Memi Calvert Perkins, Dulcy Perkins, Verd Benjamin
Calvert, and Amanda R. Calvert. Memi, Amanda, Dinah, David, Dulcy,
Shirley, and Silkie (individually and on behalf of the Estate) are the
appellees/cross-appellants in this case.
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corporation owned by the heirs—East Chino Development Company—
then causing the corporation to immediately file for bankruptcy. East
Chino was formed (albeit without any accompanying corporate
formalities), and the Estate conveyed the Property to the company at the
end of March 1992, apparently without receiving any payment or other
consideration for the transfer. East Chino then filed for bankruptcy on
April 1, 1992, and the automatic stay delayed the scheduled trustee’s sale.

¶5 In early 1993, while the stay remained in effect, Patti came up
with a plan to keep the Property with the help of family friend Harry
Robertson. Robertson would arrange to purchase the Property from the
Russo Group immediately following the trustee’s sale, then grant the
Perkins family a non-assignable, two-year option to recover the Property at
cost. The Russo Group accepted Robertson’s offer to purchase the Property
for $265,000 immediately following the trustee’s sale.

¶6 Robertson then drafted a real estate option agreement (the
“Option Agreement”) giving Patti a two-year right to acquire the Property
by paying Robertson’s purchase costs plus interest, in addition to repaying
a prior $10,000 loan (which had been used to hire East Chino’s bankruptcy
attorney). The Option Agreement referred to Patti as “a married woman
dealing with her sole and separate property,” but the acknowledged
purpose of the Option was to protect the Perkins family. Robertson
clarified that the Option was in Patti’s name to avoid “hassling back and
forth among the kids,” and because Patti was “the executor of the estate.”
After Patti received the Option Agreement, she on multiple occasions
reassured the other heirs that she was “acting on your behalf” and that she
was representing the heirs.

¶7 In late 1995, Patti arranged a double escrow conveyance
through which she would exercise the Option and concurrently sell the
Property to Northland Development. Northland’s down payment would
pay for Patti to exercise the Option, cover closing costs in both transactions,
and leave Patti with over $20,000 cash. Northland received 130 acres at the
time of the down payment, and financed the balance of the transaction with
an approximately $774,000 promissory note secured by a deed of trust on
the remaining 400 acres.

¶8 Northland failed to make any payments on the note and, in
April 1996, returned the 400 acres to Patti (plus additional acreage that Patti
purchased) by deed in lieu of foreclosure. At that point, Patti held
approximately 440 acres of the Property free and clear of encumbrances.
Patti then immediately sold a portion of the Property for over $122,000 cash,

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leaving approximately 402 acres of the Property remaining at the time of
trial in this case.

¶9 In March 1997, Patti and Ben Kimball borrowed $400,000 (the
“Slabine Loan”) secured by a deed of trust on the remainder of the Property,
and failed to make payments less than a year later. The creditor initiated
foreclosure proceedings, and the Kimballs sought help from John Tucker,
an experienced real estate investor and Ben’s long-time friend.

¶10 Tucker and the Kimballs then entered into a joint venture
agreement in which they agreed to form an LLC funded by Tucker’s
contribution of $500,000 (to pay off the Slabine Loan) and the Kimballs’
contribution of the Property. Although the agreement contemplated that
the LLC would be created promptly, Tucker and the Kimballs operated as
joint venturers for two years until the creation of 7 Bar in mid-2000.

¶11 During those two years, Tucker paid over $55,000 to reinstate
the Slabine Loan (avoiding foreclosure) and over $400,000 to pay off the
balance of the Slabine Loan. Tucker recorded a deed of trust against the
Property two weeks after paying the Slabine Loan in full. Tucker also
arranged payment of $80,000 to Northland to settle its pending lawsuit
against Patti (for non-payment for the extra 30 acres), and thus secure the
release of a lis pendens encumbering the Property.

¶12 In June 2000, Tucker and the Kimballs formed 7 Bar LLC, with
Patti and Ben each owning a 25% interest and Chinoco LLC (owned by
Tucker and his brothers, and managed entirely by Tucker) owning 50%.
The articles of organization of 7 Bar designated Chinoco as the manager
with “the exclusive right to control and manage” the company. The
Kimballs then conveyed the Property to 7 Bar in November 2000 as “a deed
of gift.” And in 2001, Tucker released his deed of trust encumbering the
Property.

¶13 Between 2001 and 2007, 7 Bar conveyed several lots to related
individuals (Patti, Ben, Tucker, Tucker’s wife, and Tucker’s brothers) to
divide into smaller parcels. These lots were later conveyed into Banjo LLC,
which was also owned 50% by Tucker and his brothers and 25% each by
Patti and Ben, equivalent to their respective interests in 7 Bar.

¶14 Through 2008, Tucker gave the Kimballs substantial amounts
of money (totaling approximately $1,400,000) to defer selling the Property.
Tucker’s stated desire was to hold the Property so it would appreciate in
value, something that could be accomplished with minimal expense (less
than $1,000 per year) in property taxes and liability insurance.
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Nevertheless, Tucker spent, through his various entities, around $426,000
in projects related to the Property, although only approximately $70,000
benefitted the property.

¶15 In late 2007, Memi noticed a “7 Bar” sign on the Property,
which led to this litigation after Patti told Memi in March 2008 that she was
not holding the Property on behalf of the Estate or the heirs. Memi’s
petition sought, among other relief, removal of Patti as personal
representative and a constructive trust on the Property for the benefit of the
Estate and an order quieting title in the Estate. The court consolidated a
quiet title action brought by the Kimballs and the LLCs into the probate
case, and joined other heirs as parties.

¶16 As relevant here, the superior court granted partial summary
judgment against the LLCs, ruling that 7 Bar was not a bona fide purchaser
for value. After a nine-day bench trial, the court found that Patti had
breached her fiduciary duty as personal representative of the Estate and
granted a constructive trust in favor of the Estate over an undivided one-
half interest in the Property. Although the court denied the LLCs’ requests
for equitable subrogation or an equitable lien, the court determined that the
LLCs should retain the undivided one-half interest not reached by the
constructive trust. The court initially granted Memi an award of attorney’s
fees, but later reversed that decision.

¶17 After the superior court entered judgment, the parties timely
appealed and cross-appealed. We have jurisdiction under Arizona Revised
Statutes (“A.R.S.”) § 12-2101(A)(1).2

DISCUSSION

¶18 The claims of error presented on appeal and on cross-appeal
relate to the superior court’s grant of partial summary judgment and its
ruling following a bench trial. We review the grant of summary judgment
de novo, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving
party. BMO Harris Bank, N.A. v. Wildwood Creek Ranch, LLC, 236 Ariz. 363,
365, ¶ 7 (2015). After a bench trial, we review the court’s legal conclusions
de novo, but defer to its findings of fact unless clearly erroneous. Town of
Marana v. Pima Cnty., 230 Ariz. 142, 152, ¶ 46 (App. 2012). We consider the
evidence presented at trial in the light most favorable to upholding the

2 Absent material revisions after the relevant date, we cite a statute’s
current version.
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court’s ruling. Id. Additional standards of review are presented, as
applicable, in context below.

I. Asserted Procedural Bars.

A. Limitations Period.

¶19 The LLCs first contend that they are protected by the five-year
statute of repose in A.R.S. § 14-1106. As relevant here, that statute allows
any person injured by “fraud” in connection with probate proceedings to
obtain relief from the perpetrator or restitution from the beneficiaries of the
fraud, but provides that “no proceeding may be brought against one not a
perpetrator of the fraud later than five years after the time of commission
of the fraud.” In the LLCs’ view, Patti’s fraud occurred at the latest when
she exercised the Option in 1995 (taking the Property in her individual
capacity instead of on behalf of the Estate), and Memi’s 2008 lawsuit is thus
time-barred.

¶20 But § 14-1106 applies to claims of fraud, and the claim for
constructive trust in this case was based not on any fraudulent acts, but
rather on Patti’s fiduciary duty to hold the Property in trust for the Estate
(and her breach of that duty). The LLCs contend that a breach of fiduciary
duty necessarily constitutes constructive fraud. Although related, the two
are distinct: constructive fraud requires a breach of fiduciary duty, but it
further requires the additional element of justifiable, detrimental reliance.
Dawson v. Withycombe, 216 Ariz. 84, 107–08, ¶ 72 (App. 2007); see also Lerner
v. DMB Realty, LLC, 234 Ariz. 397, 402, ¶ 12 (App. 2014) (enumerating the
elements of common law fraud). Because the basis for constructive trust
was not a claim of fraud, § 14-1106 does not apply to preclude the claims
against the LLCs.

B. Laches.

¶21 Both the Kimballs and the LLCs contend that the superior
court erred by concluding that Memi’s claim was not barred by laches. We
review the court’s ruling on laches for an abuse of discretion. McLaughlin
v. Bennett, 225 Ariz. 351, 353, ¶ 5 (2010).

¶22 Laches—the “equitable counterpart to the statute of
limitations”—operates to bar a claim if one party’s unreasonable delay in
filing suit results in prejudice to the other party. Sotomayor v. Burns, 199
Ariz. 81, 83, ¶ 6 (2000); French v. French, 125 Ariz. 12, 15 (App. 1980)
(addressing laches in the context of a constructive trust claim). Delay alone
is not sufficient; instead, the delay must be unreasonable under the

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circumstances, including whether or when the party gained knowledge of
the basis for its claim. League of Ariz. Cities & Towns v. Martin, 219 Ariz. 556,
558, ¶ 6 (2009); see also Flynn v. Rogers, 172 Ariz. 62, 66 (1992).

¶23 The Kimballs argue that, contrary to the superior court’s
findings, Patti unequivocally repudiated her role as fiduciary as regards the
Property at least by 1995, thus giving the Estate and the heirs knowledge of
the claim. They argue that Memi’s failure to file her petition until over a
decade later constitutes laches as a matter of law. But the evidence
regarding whether the Estate and heirs knew Patti claimed the Property as
her own was disputed at trial, and the court reasonably found Patti did not
clearly repudiate her fiduciary duty so as to give the heirs notice of their
claim.

¶24 Although Patti testified that she had told Memi, Silkie, and
other heirs on multiple occasions that she was keeping the Property for
herself, the other heirs contradicted Patti’s testimony, stating that at each
meeting Patti reassured them that she continued to act on their behalf.
Memi testified that it was not until March 2008 that Patti clearly stated she
was not holding the Property on behalf of the Estate or the heirs. The court
weighed both accounts and found the heirs’ version to be more credible,
and we defer to the court’s credibility assessments and weighing of
conflicting evidence. See Gutierrez v. Gutierrez, 193 Ariz. 343, 347, ¶ 13 (App.
1998).

¶25 The Kimballs also presented a handful of letters sent in late
1995 from Silkie’s attorney to Patti and her counsel suggesting some dispute
about whether Patti would divide the proceeds from exercising the Option
and selling the Property to Northland. Although the letters provide some
evidence regarding Silkie’s understanding of Patti’s position, they do not
show that any other heir doubted or had reason to doubt Patti’s intentions.
Nor do they reflect if or how the dispute was resolved, particularly in light
of Northland’s immediate default, leaving little to no cash proceeds from
the transaction. Accordingly, the superior court did not abuse its discretion
by crediting the heirs’ belief that Patti held the Property for the Estate
despite the 1995 attorney letters.

¶26 The LLCs contend that Tucker’s substantial expenditures on
the Property show prejudice stemming from the delay. But prejudice alone
is not enough; laches also requires that the delay in bringing suit be
unreasonable. See Martin, 219 Ariz. at 558, ¶ 6. As discussed above, the
superior court found that the heirs did not know or have reason to know
that Patti was not holding the Property for their benefit until 2008. The

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LLCs’ argument that laches should nevertheless apply because only Patti
(not the LLCs) was a fiduciary of the Estate misses the mark. Patti’s role is
squarely relevant to the heirs’ knowledge of the existence of a claim; there
would be no claim if Patti continued to act for their benefit, but a potential
claim if she was not doing so. Based on the superior court’s findings that
the heirs did not know or have reason to know Patti was no longer acting
as the Estate’s fiduciary until 2008, the court did not abuse its discretion by
concluding that the delay in filing the petition was not unreasonable.

C. Standing.

¶27 The LLCs argue that Memi—who was not a personal
representative of the Estate and in fact filed her petition as an individual
heir—lacked standing to assert claims on behalf of the Estate. The superior
court concluded Memi had standing based on A.R.S. § 14-3709(B)–(D),
which allows a “person interested in the estate” to bring to the court’s
attention any issue of allegedly concealed estate assets. The LLCs contend
that this statute provides a non-personal representative only a limited right
of discovery, and any remedy remains in the hands of the personal
representative. See A.R.S. § 14-3709(D).

¶28 Notwithstanding any limitations on the scope of an interested
party’s role under § 14-3709, other provisions provide a basis for Memi’s
standing and the court’s authority to craft the constructive trust remedy.
Under A.R.S. § 14-3712, a personal representative is liable to “interested
persons” for breach of her fiduciary duty “to the same extent as a trustee of
an express trust.” The trust statutes authorize multiple potential remedies
for breach of trust, including compelling the trustee to restore the property,
suspending or removing the trustee, voiding a trustee’s acts, and imposing
a constructive trust on trust property (including tracing and recovering
trust property wrongfully transferred). A.R.S. § 14-11001(B)(3), (6)–(7), (9).
Although the parties did not address these provisions in their appellate
briefs, we are not limited to the arguments of counsel when construing a
statutory scheme. Lyons v. State Bd. of Equalization, 209 Ariz. 497, 502 n.2, ¶
19 (App. 2005).

¶29 Among other things, Memi’s petition sought to void transfers
of the Property, remove Patti as personal representative, and impose a
constructive trust to return the Property. As an heir and thus an “interested
person,” Memi was authorized under §§ 14-3712 and -11001 to assert these
claims against Patti as personal representative. The LLCs (along with the
Kimballs) then pressed a counterclaim to quiet title to the property and filed
a separate complaint to quiet title, which was later consolidated with the

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probate case. See Gonzalez v. Superior Court, 117 Ariz. 64, 66 (1977) (noting
that probate jurisdiction extends to quiet title actions affecting estates). This
consolidation of claims brought the full scope of the dispute before the
superior court. Although the court could have first addressed removal and
replacement of Patti as personal representative, given that the basis for
removal also related to the quiet title issue, the court reasonably considered
the issues in a single proceeding. Accordingly, Memi had standing to assert
her claims, and the superior court had authority to apply the constructive
trust remedy to quiet title to the Property.

II. Constructive Trust.

¶30 The Kimballs and the LLCs contend the superior court erred
by imposing a constructive trust in favor of the Estate over part of the
Property. Memi argues the court erred by imposing the constructive trust
over only an undivided one-half interest in the Property as opposed to 100%
of the Property. We review de novo decisions regarding the availability of
an equitable remedy like a constructive trust, but review for an abuse of
discretion the remedy crafted by the superior court. Cal X-Tra v. W.V.S.V.
Holdings, L.L.C., 229 Ariz. 377, 409, ¶ 106 (App. 2012). We defer to the
court’s conclusion that clear and convincing evidence supports imposition
of a constructive trust unless no reasonable person could find the evidence
sufficient. Id. at ¶ 108.

¶31 A constructive trust is a flexible equitable remedy used to
return property obtained through unconscionable conduct—including
breach of fiduciary duty—to its rightful owner. Id. at ¶ 107; Murphy Farrell
Dev., LLLP v. Sourant, 229 Ariz. 124, 130, ¶ 23 (App. 2012) (as amended); see
also Pioneer Annuity Life Ins. Co. v. Nat’l Equity Life Ins. Co., 159 Ariz. 148, 153
(App. 1988). A constructive trust is appropriately imposed if allowing a
legal title holder to retain the property would result in unjust enrichment.
Cal X-Tra, 229 Ariz. at 409, ¶ 107; Murphy Farrell, 229 Ariz. at 130, ¶ 23. Such
a trust arises by operation of law “to compel one who unfairly holds a
property interest to convey that interest to another to whom it justly
belongs.” Cal X-Tra, 229 Ariz. at 409, ¶ 107 (citation omitted).

¶32 A constructive trust is not restricted to a specific formula, and
instead may be shaped by and tailored to the particular circumstances
presented. Cal X-Tra, 229 Ariz. at 409, ¶¶ 107–08; Murphy Farrell, 229 Ariz.
at 130, ¶ 23 (citing Turley v. Ethington, 213 Ariz. 640, 643, ¶ 9 (App. 2006)).
The plaintiff must, however, retain at least an equitable interest in the
property at issue in order to show an entitlement to receive the property
wrongfully held by the defendant. Murphy Farrell, 229 Ariz. at 131, ¶ 23.

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A. Propriety of Imposing Constructive Trust.

¶33 Here, the superior court concluded that Patti breached her
fiduciary duty by receiving and exercising the Option Agreement in her
individual capacity rather than doing so for the benefit of the Estate, and
that the Estate and heirs were thus entitled to an interest in the Property, to
be conveyed by constructive trust. The Kimballs counter that, because the
Property had already been conveyed out of the Estate, Patti could not have
breached her fiduciary duty as personal representative by taking the
Property for herself. The LLCs similarly contend that the prior conveyance
to East Chino and the trustee’s sale to the Russo Group extinguished any
interest the Estate once held in the Property, rendering the constructive
trust inappropriate.

¶34 In isolation, either of these conveyances might defeat a claim
for constructive trust because they removed the Property from the Estate,
and the personal representative’s power and obligation runs only to
“property of the estate.” See A.R.S. § 14-3711; cf. A.R.S. § 14-3713 (noting
that even personal representative’s self-dealing transaction is not voidable
if interested party consented or if decedent’s contract authorized). In
context, however, the superior court properly viewed these two
conveyances as a part of a plan to preserve the Property for the Estate.

¶35 Patti, acting as personal representative, crafted a design to
recover the Property from the Russo Group through Robertson’s
intervention, and the Russo Group formally accepted Robertson’s offer to
purchase the Property just days after the trustee’s sale. In context, the
trustee’s sale was a critical step in the effort to return the Property to the
Estate.

¶36 Robertson’s purchase of the property was premised on his
intent to help the Perkins heirs by allowing them an option to recover the
Property. Although the Option Agreement references Patti as “a married
woman dealing with her sole and separate property,” evidence from
Robertson and the other heirs supports the court’s conclusion that the
Option was not directed to Patti personally, but rather to her in her
fiduciary capacity as personal representative of the Estate. Although the
Kimballs claim the Option is clearly and unambiguously directed to her
alone, the language of the agreement does not specify whether it is directed
to her in her individual or representative capacity. Thus the court did not
err by considering extrinsic evidence to discern the parties’ intended
meaning. See Taylor v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 175 Ariz. 148, 154

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(1993). And although Patti disputed the extrinsic evidence, the superior
court found her position not to be credible.3

¶37 The LLCs argue that Memi’s claim must fail because it is
based on oral promises by Patti in contravention of the statute of frauds.
Arizona’s statute of frauds prohibits an action on an agreement for the sale
of real property unless based on an agreement “in writing and signed by
the party to be charged.” A.R.S. § 44-101(6). “But the statute of frauds does
not bar constructive trusts, even in real property interests.” Turley, 213
Ariz. at 643, ¶ 8. Moreover, Patti’s “promises” were not agreements for the
sale of real property, but rather restatements of her pre-existing obligations
as personal representative of the Estate.

¶38 In the context of this multifaceted scheme designed by Patti,
in her role as personal representative, to preserve the Property for the
Estate, she was required to exercise the Option in her capacity as personal
representative for the benefit of the Estate. Accordingly, despite the prior
conveyances, the court did not err by concluding that Patti breached her
fiduciary duty by exercising the Option in her own name and refusing to
hold the Property for the benefit of the Estate.

B. Bona Fide Purchaser Protection.

¶39 The LLCs assert that the superior court erred by ruling at
summary judgment that 7 Bar was not a bona fide purchaser for value.4 The
LLCs argue that 7 Bar paid valuable consideration for the Property and did
so without knowledge of the Estate’s claim, and thus was entitled to
protection as a bona fide purchaser.

¶40 Summary judgment is proper if there are no genuine issues of
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of

3 The LLCs further assert that quitclaim deeds from three of the heirs
in 2008 and 2009 undermined the relief Memi sought. But each of these
quitclaim deeds purported to convey the respective heirs’ interests in the
Property to Patti and to the LLCs (entities in which Patti held a substantial
interest) while Patti remained personal representative of the Estate. As
such, the court had authority under A.R.S. § 14-3713 to void the
conveyances due to Patti’s conflict of interest.

4 Banjo asserted at trial that it should receive bona fide purchaser
protection, but the superior court concluded otherwise, and the LLCs do
not challenge that ruling on appeal.
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law. Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Orme Sch. v. Reeves, 166 Ariz. 301, 305 (1990). We
review the grant of summary judgment de novo, and will affirm summary
judgment if it is correct on any basis supported by the record, even if not
relied upon by the superior court. See Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Allen, 231
Ariz. 209, 213, ¶ 14 (App. 2012); Mutschler v. City of Phx., 212 Ariz. 160, 162,
¶ 8 (App. 2006).

¶41 Arizona law provides bona fide purchasers protection against
prior unrecorded interests in land. Under A.R.S. § 33-412, unrecorded
interests in land are void as to “subsequent purchasers for valuable
consideration without notice”; subsequent purchasers with notice of the
unrecorded interest, however, take the property subject to the prior interest.

¶42 For these purposes, notice to an agent (and the agent’s
relevant knowledge) is imputed to the principal. See In re Milliman’s Estate,
101 Ariz. 54, 65 (1966); see also Restatement (Second) of Agency § 272 (1958)
(“[T]he liability of a principal is affected by the knowledge of an agent
concerning a matter as to which he acts within his power to bind the
principal or upon which it is his duty to give the principal information.”).
In the case of a manager-managed LLC, the manager acts as agent for the
company; a member is not the company’s agent simply by virtue of
membership. A.R.S. § 29-654(B)(1)–(2). In the case of a joint venture, each
party is an agent of the other parties (as well as a principal of the others).
Sparks v. Republic Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 132 Ariz. 529, 540 (1982).

¶43 The LLCs argue that the superior court erred in imputing
Patti’s knowledge of the Estate’s interest in the Property to 7 Bar because,
under the articles of organization, Patti was only a member, not a manager
of 7 Bar. See A.R.S. § 29-654(B)(1). 7 Bar’s articles of organization specified
Chinoco as its manager; thus Tucker, as manager of Chinoco, acted in effect
as 7 Bar’s manager as well. The articles listed Patti only as a member.

¶44 But 7 Bar developed out of a prior joint venture between
Tucker and the Kimballs. In mid-1998, they agreed to create an LLC funded
by Tucker’s $500,000 contribution and the Kimballs’ contribution of the
Property. For the next two years until the creation of 7 Bar in mid-2000,
Patti, Ben, and Tucker operated as joint venturers. As such, Patti’s
knowledge relevant to the Property (a subject of the joint venture),
including the Estate’s interest, was imputed to Tucker as a co-joint venturer.
See Sparks, 132 Ariz. at 540. After 7 Bar was formed with Tucker (through
Chinoco) as manager, Tucker’s knowledge (imputed from Patti) was
imputed to 7 Bar. See A.R.S. § 29-654(B)(2); In re Milliman’s Estate, 101 Ariz.

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at 65. Accordingly, the superior court did not err by ruling that 7 Bar was
not a bona fide purchaser based on imputed knowledge.5

C. Scope of Constructive Trust.

1. Equitable Subrogation.

¶45 The LLCs argue that, because Tucker paid off the $400,000
Slabine Loan encumbering the Property, the superior court erred by
denying 7 Bar’s request for a lien equitably subrogated to the Slabine Loan.
We review de novo the court’s assessment of whether equitable relief is
available and appropriate. Andrews v. Blake, 205 Ariz. 236, 240, ¶ 12 (2003).
We defer, however, to the court’s factual findings and its balancing of the
equities involved. See Cal X-Tra, 229 Ariz. at 409, ¶¶ 106, 108.

¶46 Equitable subrogation serves to prevent unjust enrichment by
allowing a party who pays off an encumbrance to be substituted in place of
the creditor, so that the payor succeeds to the rights and priority of the
creditor. Sourcecorp, Inc. v. Norcutt, 229 Ariz. 270, 272, ¶ 5 (2012) (as
amended). More specifically, “[o]ne who fully performs an obligation of
another, secured by a mortgage, becomes by subrogation the owner of the
obligation and the mortgage to the extent necessary to prevent unjust
enrichment.” Id. at 275, ¶ 26 (quoting Restatement (Third) of Property:
Mortgages § 7.6(a) (1997)). The subrogee acquires the same position as if
the superior lien had been expressly assigned. Weitz Co. L.L.C. v. Heth, 235
Ariz. 405, 410, ¶ 15 (2014). The court may appropriately consider any
inequities that would result when determining whether or to what extent
equitable subrogation is required to prevent unjust enrichment to other
parties. See id. at 411, ¶ 21. The availability of equitable subrogation
depends on the specific facts and circumstances presented. Sourcecorp, 229
Ariz. at 272, ¶ 7.

¶47 Here, Tucker prevented a pending trustee’s sale by bringing
the Slabine Loan current and then paying off the Loan in its entirety in mid-
to late 1998. Weeks after doing so, Tucker recorded a $500,000 deed of trust
against the Property (which, absent any other lienholder, held equivalent

5 We further note that, after trial, the superior court found that, despite
the language of 7 Bar’s articles of organization, Patti in fact acted as an agent
for the LLC regarding, among other things, replatting and recording
CC&Rs for the Property. That finding supports imputation of Patti’s
knowledge of the Estate’s interest in the Property directly from Patti to 7
Bar.
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priority as the Slabine encumbrance had before), but later voluntarily
released the deed of trust in 2001.

¶48 Whether Tucker (or 7 Bar) is subrogated to the priority of the
Slabine encumbrance is not dispositive in this case because the Estate
already held a superior, preceding interest. When Patti exercised the
Option and acquired title to the Property, by operation of law she did so for
the benefit of and as trustee of the Estate. At that time, and particularly
after Northland’s default and deed in lieu of foreclosure, the Estate’s
interest reached the entire, unencumbered Property. Slabine’s
subsequently acquired interest to which 7 Bar wishes to be subrogated is
thus junior to that of the Estate. As such, the Estate is not unjustly enriched
by simply retaining the interest it held from the beginning. And as
equitable subrogation is designed to prevent unjust enrichment, see
Sourcecorp, 229 Ariz. at 275, ¶ 26 (citation omitted), the court reasonably
denied it under these circumstances.

2. Award of Undivided One-Half Interest.

¶49 Memi argues the superior court erred by granting the Estate
a constructive trust in only an undivided one-half interest in the Property
rather than over the entire Property. We review the scope of the equitable
remedy crafted by the superior court for an abuse of discretion. See Cal X-
Tra, 229 Ariz. at 409, ¶ 106.

¶50 Memi asserts that Patti was holding the Property in
constructive trust for the Estate from at least 1996 (after the Northland deed
in lieu of foreclosure), so the LLCs’ subsequent actions had no legal or
equitable basis to alter the Estate’s interest. Memi relies on authority that a
constructive trust declares “the rights and interests at the time of the
questioned transaction, and it reverts back to the time of the transaction
which gave rise to the constructive trust.” King v. Uhlmann, 103 Ariz. 136,
149 (1968); Pioneer Annuity, 159 Ariz. at 154.

¶51 But the time at which a constructive trust is deemed to exist
does not necessarily dictate the scope of the trust in light of all equitable
considerations. As an equitable remedy, a constructive trust is tailored to
the particular circumstances presented. Cal X-Tra, 229 Ariz. at 409, ¶¶ 107–
08. “The equity of the transaction must shape the measure of relief.” Markel
v. Phx. Title & Tr. Co., 100 Ariz. 53, 58 (1966) (citation omitted).

¶52 Here, the superior court appropriately addressed the equities
to tailor the remedy ordered. The court considered how the significant
passage of time (although insufficient to establish laches) nevertheless
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affected the LLCs’ position. It expressly found that Tucker (manager of 7
Bar through his role as manager of Chinoco) did not have actual knowledge
of the Estate’s claim to the Property. And in light of that lack of knowledge,
the court noted Tucker’s substantial expenditures that, absent some
retained interest in the Property, would be wholly lost—and at least $70,000
of which directly benefitted the Property. Under the circumstances, the
superior court did not abuse its discretion in shaping the scope to the
Estate’s remedy in consideration of the broader equities presented.

III. Patti’s Share as Heir.

¶53 Memi argues that the superior court erred by allowing Patti
to retain her one-twelfth heir’s interest in the Estate’s share of the Property.
In Memi’s view, this omission allows Patti to unjustly retain a significant
benefit despite her breach of fiduciary duty.

¶54 The superior court reasoned that Patti took extraordinary
actions to retain the Property—without which, the Property would be “long
gone”—and that, despite her other misconduct, Patti should therefore
retain her interest as an heir. Memi minimizes Patti’s role, describing it as
simply part of Patti’s duty as personal representative to “take all steps
reasonably necessary for the management, protection and preservation of,
the estate.” A.R.S. § 14-3709(A).

¶55 But the superior court could reasonably conclude that Patti’s
early actions on behalf of the Estate went beyond the duties of a personal
representative. By securing Robertson’s participation, Patti crafted a
scheme through which she successfully recovered the Property despite the
trustee’s sale to Russo Group. Although Patti later converted the Property
to her own purposes, the Property would have been lost after the initial
trustee’s sale absent her efforts. The court could properly have determined
that Patti had already received excess benefit from the Property. But the
court did not abuse its substantial discretion by considering Patti’s early
actions that secured the availability of the Property for the Estate to
recover.6 See Loiselle v. Cosas Mgmt. Group, LLC, 224 Ariz. 207, 210, ¶ 8 (App.
2010) (“Fashioning an equitable remedy is within the trial court’s discretion,
and it will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse thereof.”).

6 The ruling also left in place Patti’s 25% membership interest (and
Ben’s 25% interest) in each of the LLCs. Any claims to those interests as
between Tucker and the Kimballs are beyond the scope of this litigation.
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IV. Fees and Costs in Superior Court.

A. Denial of Memi’s Attorney’s Fees.

¶56 Memi argues the superior court erred by denying her request
for an award of attorney’s fees under A.R.S. § 12-1103(B) (quiet title) and
A.R.S. § 14-3709(D) (probate).7 We generally review the court’s denial of a
discretionary award of attorney’s fees for an abuse of that discretion,
although we review de novo the applicability of a particular attorney’s fees
statute. See Vicari v. Lake Havasu City, 222 Ariz. 218, 224, ¶ 23 (App. 2009);
Scottsdale Mem’l Health Sys., Inc. v. Clark, 164 Ariz. 211, 215 (App. 1990).

1. Fees Under § 12-1103(B).

¶57 A.R.S. § 12-1103(B) authorizes a discretionary award of
attorney’s fees in a quiet title action against a person who wrongfully
refuses to execute a quitclaim deed presented 20 days prior to the action.
Here, the court reasoned that § 12-1103(B) did not support an award of fees
under the circumstances both because the court imposed a constructive
trust on an undivided percentage of the Property (not a discrete portion that
could have been quitclaimed) and because neither side was the prevailing
party.

¶58 Memi asserts that the court erred because, under Jones v. Burk,
the fact that she requested the LLCs quitclaim more of the Property than
she eventually recovered is not dispositive; instead, she claims that the
LLCs should have quitclaimed “the lesser amount, the amount to which the
other party is entitled.” 164 Ariz. 595, 597–98 (App. 1990). But because the
court did not abuse its discretion by determining neither party had
prevailed for these purposes, we need not address whether—in the context
of a quiet title action based on the equitable remedy of constructive trust—
Jones would require the LLCs to divine the court’s eventual balancing of the
equities and quitclaim an undivided one-half interest in the Property.

¶59 Although Memi asserts that, having recovered half of the
Property, she was necessarily the successful party, neither party obtained
the full measure of relief it sought. Both sides claimed a right to the entire
Property, and the court awarded each side half. Although failure to recover
the full measure of relief requested does not necessarily preclude a finding

7 Memi also sought fees under the common fund doctrine. The court
denied that request without prejudice to asserting that claim as an
administrative expense of the Estate, and Memi does not challenge that
ruling.
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of success, see Ocean W. Contractors, Inc. v. Halec Const. Co., 123 Ariz. 470,
473 (1979), the court retains discretion to measure the relative success of the
opposing parties. See Berry v. 352 E. Virginia, L.L.C., 228 Ariz. 9, 13–14, ¶¶
21–22 (App. 2011). Accordingly, the court did not err by declining to award
Memi her attorney’s fees under § 12-1103(B). See Clark, 164 Ariz. at 215.

2. Fees Under § 14-3709(D).

¶60 Memi next argues the superior court erred by denying her
request for attorney’s fees under A.R.S. § 14-3709. This court has noted that
the statute creates:

a process whereby a personal representative may commence
an “action to recover possession of property,” authorized by
subsection (A). Before the trial on that action, subsection (D)
authorizes a process by which the personal representative
may obtain an order of disclosure against an individual
believed to have wrongfully “concealed, embezzled,
conveyed or disposed of” property. § 14–3709(D). That order,
if obtained, may be used in the subsection (A) trial to recover
the property. At trial, the personal representative may obtain
a judgment for double the value of the property in the event
it succeeds on the action to recover, including proof of the
wrongful conduct which formed the basis of the order of
disclosure.

In re Estate of Newman, 219 Ariz. 260, 266–67, ¶ 19 (App. 2008) (as amended).
Subsection (D), in addition to authorizing an order of disclosure and double
damages in the following action to recover possession, permits the court to
award reasonable attorney’s fees. A.R.S. § 14-3709(D).8

8 In its entirety, § 14-3709(D) provides:
If on examination or from other evidence adduced at the
hearing it appears that a person has concealed, embezzled,
conveyed or disposed of any property of a decedent, or
possesses or has knowledge of deeds, bonds, contracts or
other writings tending to disclose the right, interest or claim
of a decedent to any property, or the will of a decedent, the
court may order that person to turn over the documents or
disclose knowledge to the personal representative and may
commit the person cited to jail until the order is complied with

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¶61 This court has held that Subsection (D) only authorizes an
award of double damages after issuance of an order of disclosure, Estate of
Newman, 219 Ariz. at 269, ¶ 26, and the superior court here reasoned that
an award of fees under Subsection (D) should similarly be conditioned on
prior issuance of an order of disclosure. Memi argues that the statute
contains no such restriction.

¶62 We need not decide whether an order of disclosure is a
necessary prerequisite to an award of attorney’s fees under § 14-3709(D),
however, because at the very least that statute’s authorization of a fee
award applies only to a proceeding under that statute. Here, although
Memi’s petition requested a § 14-3709 proceeding, the court did not engage
in the § 14-3709 process and did not rule based on that procedure.
Accordingly, the court did not err by concluding that an award of fees
under § 14-3709 was not appropriate in this case.

B. Denial of Mediation Fees as Taxable Costs.

¶63 Memi argues the superior court erred by excluding $4,058.75
in mediation fees from the award of taxable costs. When the LLCs objected
to including mediation fees as taxable costs, Memi “acknowledge[d] that
the $4,058.75 in mediation fees would also more correctly be classified as a
component of her compensable legal fees.” The court’s calculation of
taxable costs thus excluded mediation fees based on the agreement of the
parties.

¶64 On appeal, Memi relies on Reyes v. Frank’s Service & Trucking,
LLC—which was decided several months after the superior court rendered
judgment in this case—for the proposition that mediation fees may
constitute taxable costs if “the parties agreed to incur the costs.” 235 Ariz.
605, 612, ¶ 29 (App. 2014); see also A.R.S. § 12-332(A)(6) (stating that taxable

or the person is discharged according to law. The
examination shall be reduced to writing and filed in court.
The order for the disclosure made on this examination is
prima facie evidence of the right of the personal
representative to the property in an action brought for
recovery of that property, and a judgment shall be for double
the value of the property, or for return of the property and
damages in addition to the property equal to the value of the
property. The court may also award reasonable attorney fees
and costs.

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costs include “[o]ther disbursements that are made or incurred pursuant to
an order or agreement of the parties”). Neither the LLCs nor the Kimballs
respond to this argument, conceding the point.

¶65 Because mediation fees may be taxed as disbursements
pursuant to an agreement of the parties, A.R.S. § 12-332(A)(6), and absent
any dispute that the parties voluntarily agreed to private mediation, Memi
was entitled to recoup the $4,058.75 in mediation fees as taxable costs, and
we modify the judgment accordingly to reflect a total cost award of
$15,656.30.

V. Attorney’s Fees and Costs on Appeal.

¶66 The LLCs request an award of attorney’s fees and costs on
appeal under A.R.S. § 12-1103. Memi seeks an award of attorney’s fees and
costs on appeal under A.R.S. §§ 12-1103 and 14-3709(D); in the alternative,
Memi and Silkie seek an award of fees from the Estate under the common
fund doctrine and A.R.S. § 14-3720, respectively. As described above, § 14-
3709 is inapplicable. In an exercise of our discretion, we decline to award
either side fees under § 12-1103. We grant Memi and Silkie’s request to
recover fees from the Estate, subject to compliance with ARCAP 21. As the
overall prevailing party, Memi is entitled to her costs on appeal under
A.R.S. § 12-342 upon compliance with ARCAP 21.

CONCLUSION

¶67 The judgment is affirmed as modified to include a total
taxable cost award of $15,656.30.

:AA

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