[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 585 The defendant was charged by information with statutory rape, alleged to have been committed by one Orville Taggart, aided and abetted by her, upon the person of one May Bartol, in the county of Del Norte, on or about the eighth day of February, 1913, and the jury adjudged her guilty of an attempt to commit the crime so charged, and thereupon, as punishment for the crime, the court sentenced her to imprisonment for a term of four years in the state penitentiary. *Page 586
This appeal is by the defendant from the judgment and the order denying her a new trial.
The information charges that, on the day above named, the defendant "did then and there willfully and unlawfully and feloniously help, aid, assist and abet, one Orville Taggart, in the perpetration and accomplishment of an act of sexual intercourse, then and there committed by the said Orville Taggart, with and upon one May Bartol, who was then and there a female under the age of sixteen years, to wit: of the age of eleven years, and not then and there the wife of the said Orville Taggart," etc.
The trial was had in the superior court of Humboldt County, the cause having been removed to said county for trial on the motion of the defendant for a change of venue.
The first point advanced and earnestly urged by the defendant is that the evidence fell so far short of justifying the verdict that it becomes necessary for this court to now hold that, as a matter of law, it is wholly insufficient to support the conclusion of the jury as thus evidenced.
We are unable, after a full and painstaking examination of the record, to assent to that proposition.
This case is one of a number growing out of substantially the same set of circumstances and of which two have hitherto been submitted to, heard, and decided by this court. (SeePeople v. Bartol, 24 Cal.App. 659, [142 P. 510], and People v. Hoosier, 24 Cal.App. 746, [142 P. 514].)
The facts brought out in this case are substantially the same as those developed in the above mentioned cases, in both of which the evidence is given an extended review. It would involve what is conceived would be unnecessary repetition to reproduce herein in detail the testimony taken at the trial of the present case. It will be enough to say that the testimony in this case shows, as it was incidentally shown in the other cases named, that the defendant's part in the transaction was in deliberately holding the prosecutrix down while Taggart was engaged in the act either of accomplishing or of attempting to accomplish copulation with the child. For further and fuller details of the crime reference is made to the cases above referred to.
1. In the Bartol and Hoosier cases, it was vigorously argued that the testimony of the prosecutrix and that of her brother (younger than she), upon which, largely, convictions were *Page 587 accomplished, was inherently untrue, because of certain inconsistencies and weaknesses appearing therein. We there held that, while there appeared in said testimony some discrepancies, it was a matter entirely within the legal competency of the jury to determine whether, notwithstanding such discrepancies, the testimony of those witnesses was, in the main, entitled to credit and sufficient to generate a conviction, beyond a reasonable doubt, of the guilt of the defendants. In this case, the same is said of the testimony of the same witnesses, and it may be conceded that said testimony is to some extent subject to the criticism so made. We can perceive no reason, however, for forming and entertaining any different view of the testimony of the prosecutrix and her brother in this case from that expressed by this court in the Bartol and Hoosier cases. As stated, the story of the prosecutrix, implicating the defendant in this case in the crime which was perpetrated upon her, is practically the same as that given by her in the other cases, and it was peculiarly a function of the jury to decide the question whether the inconsistencies developed in her testimony were sufficient to impeach the integrity of her declaration that Taggart, aided and assisted by Josie Horn, committed an act of sexual intercourse with and upon her person at the time specified in the information.
2. It was proper, under the information, to allow evidence disclosing that the crime was committed on another day than that fixed in said pleading. The complaint is, in effect, that, because the information states that the offense charged was committed on the eighth day of February, 1913, and the proof shows that it was committed on the thirteenth day of said month, there is a fatal variance between the pleading and proof in that regard, or that a different crime from that alleged was proved.
The information declares, as seen, that the crime charged was committed "on or about the 8th day of February, 1913," and "before the filing of this information." Time is not of the essence of the crime of rape and, under the allegations of the information as to time, it was competent for the people to show that the crime described in the information was committed on some other day than that specially named as the day in near proximity to which the criminal act occurred. Of course, where, in a rape case, it is claimed that several different felonious acts of sexual intercourse have taken place on *Page 588 as many different days between the defendant and the prosecutrix, it is the duty of the people, in the prosecution of the defendant, to select some particular time at which such act was committed and address their proof to the establishment of the crime at such time. This course is necessary in order that the accused may be informed of the particular criminal act against which he will be required to defend himself, and it is the course pursued by the district attorney in this case. In fact, we do not understand that more than one act of intercourse is claimed to have been committed in this case.
3. The action of the court in the giving and the refusal to give certain instructions is assailed. The assignments under this head are so numerous that we feel compelled to refrain from attempting to give each special notice. Indeed, we do not think it is necessary to do so.
A careful examination of the entire charge of the court has convinced us that thereby the jury were fully and correctly instructed upon all the principles of the law pertinent to the charge set forth in the information. Some of the instructions which were requested by the defendant and disallowed by the court in effect involved instructions upon the facts, and hence were properly refused. For example, it is claimed that the court committed serious error by rejecting the instruction, proposed by the defendant, which would, if given, have impressed upon the jury the importance of the absence of proof that the prosecutrix made complaint of the assault immediately after it occurred. The impression which a jury would likely receive from such an instruction would be that a conviction of the crime of rape could not be legally justified where there was no proof of immediate discovery to some third party by the prosecutrix of the fact of the assault upon her person — that is to say, that the guilt of the accused could not be established beyond a reasonable doubt in the absence of proof of that fact. Of course, such an impression of the law would be obviously unsound and untenable. The fact that the prosecutrix in a case of rape might have made complaint of the assault to a third person immediately after it took place may be shown for the purpose only of corroborating her testimony of the assault. The allowance of such testimony for that purpose is an exception to the general rule against the proof of self-serving declarations. But, although the prosecutrix in this case was in a measure corroborated by the testimony of *Page 589 her brother, Robert, it is not necessary, to justify and sustain a verdict of guilty of the crime of rape, that the prosecutrix should be corroborated, and whether there has or has not been such corroboration of any character in any case where the law does not expressly require it, is a matter upon which argument may be addressed by counsel to the jury, but upon which the court cannot instruct the jury without verging very closely upon the domain of fact.
The case of People v. Hamilton, 46 Cal. 540, cited by the defendant, does not hold that it is the duty of the court to read to the jury such an instruction as the one under consideration here. The reversal in that case was grounded upon the fact that the prosecutrix, under the age of thirteen years when the alleged crime of rape was committed upon her, was the only witness to the alleged assault and that her story was of such questionable verity as to have justly created a reasonable doubt in the minds of reasonable men of the defendant's guilt. She had testified that she made no outcry at the time of the assault or made the fact of the assault known to any person until two years after it was committed, that she suffered or complained of no bodily pain and admitted that no flow of blood followed the alleged outrage. Under this testimony, the court said, and which was all that it decided in that case, that "it is almost inconceivable that a jury, free from passion or prejudice, would not, at least, have entertained a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant."
4. The court properly refused to allow the defendant's instruction No. 10, whereby the jury would have been told that it was their duty to consider, in connection with the absence of proof that the prosecutrix complained to others of her treatment by the defendant immediately following the assault, the testimony of the doctors who professionally examined the sexual organs of the prosecutrix for the purpose of determining whether there existed therein conditions indicating that she had been subjected to acts of sexual intercourse. The court, in its charge, instructed the jury that it was their duty to consider all the admitted evidence and to be governed entirely by that evidence in solving the question of the guilt or innocence of the accused, and even if the practice of pointing out and thus calling the jury's attention to particular evidence or the want of evidence on some particular point in the charge of the court to the jury were to be commended (and, as a rule, *Page 590 it certainly is not), the general instructions sufficiently covered the proposition sought to be given to the jury through the rejected instruction, and, therefore, in any event, its disallowance cannot be denominated prejudicial error.
5. The defendant's refused instruction No. 11 is not only argumentative, but would have instructed the jury that it was their duty to "scan the testimony of the prosecuting witness carefully to ascertain if she would be likely to have a design to warp her testimony to the prejudice of the defendant," and that they were at liberty to disregard her testimony. Argumentative instructions are not permissible and should never be given. As to the duty and right of the jury in the matter of disposing of the testimony of the prosecutrix or as to how they should act thereon, it is to be said that the court's charge contained such full, clear, and correct information upon the general subject of their duty with respect to the evidence that the jury could not have misapprehended the extent of their discretion in the matter of determining the credence and weight to which it was entitled. The instruction was properly disallowed.
The court refused and gave in modified form other instructions proposed by the defendant, and error in such action is assigned. We have examined these assignments carefully, and are upon such examination persuaded to say generally that, as to the instructions refused, they were either objectionable because they involved erroneous statements of the law or unnecessary because the principles therein stated were covered and fully declared in the general charge of the court. Nor do we perceive any error in the action of the court in modifying the instructions proposed by the defendant and, as so modified, given to the jury.
6. Objection is, however, seriously urged against the given instruction telling the jury that, under the evidence, they were authorized to find the defendant guilty of an attempt to commit rape. The defendant contends that such instruction was not only erroneous but that the verdict cannot, as a matter of law, be upheld, because, so it is argued, the evidence, if it shows the commission of any crime at all, discloses that the crime of rape itself was committed, and that where the proofs show that the crime of rape itself has been in fact committed, a verdict finding the accused guilty of an attempt to commit said crime is not sustainable. *Page 591
In support of that proposition, counsel cite the case of theState v. Mitchell, 54 Kan. 516, [38 P. 810]. In that case, the defendant, who was charged with the crime of rape, was convicted of the crime of an attempt to commit rape upon the testimony alone of the prosecutrix, who positively testified that the defendant forcibly ravished her while they were traveling together in a buggy. The case was reversed for the reason, so it was stated, that the verdict was predicated upon the discredited testimony of the prosecutrix, the court sayinginter alia: "There is no other testimony in this case of any fact or circumstance, or of any act or declaration of the defendant, which is inconsistent with his entire innocence of any offense. The conviction, therefore, rests solely on the testimony of a witness whom the jury by their verdict have discredited and disbelieved as to the most important fact stated by her on the witness stand, and the fact concerning which, above all others, she could not possibly be mistaken. This court will not uphold a judgment resting for its only support on such a foundation. Section 418 of chapter 31 of the General Statutes of 1889, concerning crimes and punishments, provides: 'No person shall be convicted of an assault with intent to commit a crime, or of any other attempt to commit any offense, when it shall appear that the crime intended or the offense attempted was perpetrated by such person at the time of such assault, or in pursuance of such attempt.' If this witness told the truth, the section of the statute above quoted has been disregarded. If she was unworthy of belief, the jury should have acquitted altogether."
The above case is not in point here for two reasons, viz.: 1. The testimony of the doctors, so far as we are able to judge it, was sufficient to create considerable doubt — perhaps, a reasonable one — upon the question whether Taggart actually accomplished penetration of the private parts of the prosecutrix. Some doubt would also seem to have arisen from the testimony of the brother of the prosecuting witness as to whether actual penetration was accomplished. We may, therefore, assume that the jury, while convinced that Taggart, aided by the defendant, got the little girl down on the bed and pulled up her clothes and thereupon, with his pantaloons unbuttoned, got on top of her, entertained a reasonable doubt, from the testimony of the doctors and Robert Bartol, as to whether he succeeded in inserting his privates into those of the prosecutrix. *Page 592 In the Kansas case, it will be kept in mind that there was no testimony showing or tending to show any other crime than that of rape. 2. Our Penal Code (sec. 1159), unlike and, indeed, the very reverse of the Kansas law upon the subject, provides: "The jury may find the defendant guilty of any offense, the commission of which is necessarily included in that with which he is charged, or of an attempt to commit the offense." And, under our law (Pen. Code, sec. 663), a person prosecuted for an attempt to commit a crime, may be convicted thereof, although the evidence may show that the crime intended or attempted was perpetrated by the accused in pursuance of such attempt, "unless the court, in its discretion, discharges the jury and directs such person to be tried" for the crime itself. This section is evidently the outgrowth of the well-conceived theory, the crystallization of which into practical application can manifestly result only in a convenient and at the same time just administration of the criminal law, that a charge of crime in an indictment or information necessarily includes the charge of an attempt to commit such crime and that evidence of its perpetration necessarily involves evidence of an attempt to perpetrate it, for it is not conceivable that any crime can be committed in the absence of an attempt to commit it. There must be a starting point in the actual commission of crime and obviously such starting point is the attempt. The actual commission of the crime is, in brief, the execution of the attempt. We can, therefore, perceive no sound reason for holding that the principle stated in section 663 of the Penal Code should not as well be applicable in a case where the charge is of the crime itself and thus a conviction of an attempt to commit it sustainable. But, as before suggested, it is certainly applicable in such a case where there is, as here, evidence from which the jury could have concluded that, rather than the crime itself, the accused has been guilty of an attempt to commit it.
7. It is lastly contended that the defendant's motion for a new trial should have been granted on the ground of the alleged misconduct of one of the jurors during the progress of the trial.
The showing upon this point by the defendant tended to the establishment of the fact that juror Sutherland, had, while the trial of the cause was still in progress, and during the adjournments of the court, referred to the case in a conversation with *Page 593 one Colcord and on another occasion discussed with or expressed to one Sample his conception of the merits of the case and declared his intention of voting for a verdict of conviction. The juror filed a counter affidavit, in which he declared that he had no such conversations with Colcord and Sample as were testified to by them, and that at no time did he express any opinion upon the question of the guilt or innocence of the defendant or state to Sample that he intended to vote to convict the accused.
Other affidavits were filed in which the affiants deposed that the general reputation of juror Sutherland for honesty, honor, and integrity in Humboldt County was of the very best.
Without discussing the question whether the verdict of a jury may be impeached in the manner attempted here, it is enough to say that there exists in the evidence a conflict upon the question whether the juror demeaned himself in the manner imputed to him by the affidavits and testimony presented by the defendant and that the finding of the trial court in favor of the people upon that question is, therefore, binding upon this court.
We have now considered and noticed all the points pressed upon us for a reversal which, after a circumspect examination of the record, we have conceived to be entitled to special attention, and have thus encountered no just reason calling for a disturbance of the result reached by the jury or the action of the court in denying the defendant's motion for a new trial.
The judgment and the order appealed from are, accordingly, affirmed.
Chipman, P. J., and Burnett, J., concurred.
A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal was denied by the supreme court on December 5, 1914. *Page 594