The defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree and sentenced to imprisonment for life, and appeals from the judgment and from an order denying his motion for a new trial.
The only point seriously urged for a reversal of the case is that the evidence is insufficient to establish, so as to justify the verdict of the jury, either that the defendant killed the deceased or aided and abetted in said killing.
The person killed was of Chinese nationality as is also the defendant and two other persons who with the defendant pursued the deceased across a public street in the city of Oakland, firing revolvers at him, as the result of which attack he died. Four gunshot wounds were inflicted upon the deceased, of which three with thirty-eight caliber and one with a thirty-two caliber bullet. One of the thirty-eight caliber bullet wounds was necessarily fatal, and the wound made by the thirty-two caliber pistol, although serious, was not necessarily a fatal wound. The defendant, pursued and apprehended immediately after the killing, had on his person a thirty-two *Page 643 caliber pistol, of which at least one of its charges had been fired. The appellant's argument is that since the fatal wound was caused by a thirty-eight caliber bullet, and it is not shown that the defendant fired any but a bullet of thirty-two caliber, he cannot lawfully be convicted as a principal in the crime unless there be evidence that the killing was the result of a conspiracy in which he participated, or unless the evidence shows that he aided in the crime of his fellow-countrymen.
Section 31 of the Penal Code provides that all persons concerned in the commission of a crime are principals.
In the present case there is much evidence from which the existence of a conspiracy between the defendant and his two companions to kill the deceased might justly be inferred, as, for instance, that the defendant and his companions were acting together in their pursuit of the deceased, and that the murder occurred during the existence of and as part of a tong war between two associations, of one of which the deceased was a member, and to the other of which the defendant — and presumably his companions — belonged; and that the defendant immediately after the killing fled to his tong's headquarters; but we think it is not necessary to rely on this principle of law to uphold the verdict and judgment, for we think the facts outlined as to the defendant's participation in the offense clearly amount to an aiding and abetting. The wound inflicted by the thirty-two caliber bullet was of so serious, although not necessarily fatal, a character that the jury were entitled to infer that it had contributed to the death of the deceased. The common pursuit of the deceased by the three persons intent upon his murder was in itself aid of the most effective character one to the other, as much so, in our opinion, as if one of them had seized their fleeing victim and held him down while the other two killed him. The cases cited by the appellant from other jurisdictions which appear to take a different view of the character of the common action of two or more persons in a simultaneous attack upon another do not commend themselves to us as based on sound reasoning. We prefer to follow a case decided in our own courts. (People v. Petruzo,13 Cal.App. 569, 581, [110 P. 324, 329]), in which it was said: "It certainly would be a reproach to the law if it countenanced the doctrine that where A and B deliberately and unlawfully fire at C with intent to kill him, and one shot takes effect causing his death, but it *Page 644 is uncertain whether A or B fired it, neither can be convicted of murder unless a conspiracy should be shown between them. In any rational view each must be considered as aiding and abetting the other, and both responsible for the homicide." It is evident that the same reasoning applies to a case where both fire at the deceased and it is apparent whose shot proved fatal.
For the reasons given the contention of the appellant must be disallowed and the judgment and order affirmed. It is so ordered.